{
  "schemaVersion": 1,
  "scope": {
    "en": "A source-checked starting dossier of distinct proceedings, not a complete census of Cicero’s career. Political reverses, counsel outcomes and clemency remain separate.",
    "zh": "按不同诉讼编成的核源起始档案，并非西塞罗全生涯案件普查。政治挫折、代理诉讼结果与宽赦分别列示。"
  },
  "review": "Machine-assisted editorial synthesis; exact source extraction verified. Independent scholarly review pending.",
  "cases": [
    {
      "id": "sestius-56",
      "title": {
        "en": "Sestius · public violence",
        "zh": "塞斯提乌斯 · 暴力案"
      },
      "year": -56,
      "role": "defence",
      "result": "acquittal",
      "assessment": "favourable",
      "workIds": [
        "phi022",
        "phi023"
      ],
      "passageIds": [
        "qfr-2-4-1",
        "qfr-2-3-5",
        "sest-86-92"
      ],
      "interpretation": {
        "en": "A reported unanimous acquittal. Cicero presents consensus as politically valuable and his own service as exemplary. The speech supplies a rationale for protective force; the letter does not say the jurors adopted it.",
        "zh": "据报全票开释。西塞罗称一致具有政治价值，又称自己尽力报恩。演说提出防护性武力的理由；信未说陪审者采纳了它。"
      },
      "limit": {
        "en": "Causa names the case or the cause; the word alone establishes no binding or informal precedent. Andrew M. Riggsby reads the letter as Cicero presenting the acquittal as an informal precedent (“Did the Romans Believe in Their Verdicts?”, Rhetorica 15 (1997) 239); the jurors’ own reasons are not recorded.",
        "zh": "causa 指案件或事业，单凭此词不能确立正式或非正式判例。Andrew M. Riggsby 认为西塞罗在信中把此次开释视为一项非正式判例（“Did the Romans Believe in Their Verdicts?”，Rhetorica 15，1997年，第239页）；陪审者自己的理由未见记载。"
      },
      "precedent": {
        "en": "No adopted general rule established by the assembled evidence.",
        "zh": "现有证据未能确立法庭采纳了一般规则。"
      },
      "review": "source-grounded editorial classification; independent scholarly review pending",
      "dateBasis": "Q. fr. 2.3.5 dates the accusation to a. d. iiii Idus Febr., 10 February 56 BC. Q. fr. 2.4.1 dates the acquittal, and the editions differ on the day: a. d. v Idus Martias, 11 March, in Purser’s text; a. d. ii Id. Mart., 14 March, in Shackleton Bailey’s, the day given by Alexander, Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC, no. 271.",
      "biographyLinks": [],
      "readerLinks": [
        {
          "workId": "phi022",
          "bookKey": "phi022",
          "cite": "1",
          "url": "/cicero-reader/cicero_orations.html#reader/phi022/1"
        },
        {
          "workId": "phi023",
          "bookKey": "phi023",
          "cite": "1",
          "url": "/cicero-reader/cicero_orations.html#reader/phi023/1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "milo-52",
      "title": {
        "en": "Milo · killing of Clodius",
        "zh": "米洛 · 杀害克洛狄乌斯案"
      },
      "year": -52,
      "role": "defence",
      "result": "conviction",
      "assessment": "adverse",
      "workIds": [
        "phi031"
      ],
      "passageIds": [
        "dio-milo",
        "plut-milo"
      ],
      "interpretation": {
        "en": "A defence loss is reported by later narratives. The famous written speech and the performance at trial must be distinguished.",
        "zh": "后世记述报告辩护败诉；著名传世演说与庭上表现须区分。"
      },
      "limit": {
        "en": "The narratives do not allow a controlled attribution of the defeat to Cicero’s performance alone.",
        "zh": "记述不能证明败诉单由西塞罗的表现造成。"
      },
      "precedent": {
        "en": "No adopted general rule established by the assembled evidence.",
        "zh": "现有证据未能确立法庭采纳了一般规则。"
      },
      "review": "source-grounded editorial classification; independent scholarly review pending",
      "dateBasis": "Dio and Plutarch give no date. Milo was charged on 26 March 52 BC and tried in early April (Alexander, Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC, no. 309).",
      "biographyLinks": [],
      "readerLinks": [
        {
          "workId": "phi031",
          "bookKey": "phi031",
          "cite": "1",
          "url": "/cicero-reader/cicero_orations.html#reader/phi031/1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "gabinius-maiestas-54",
      "title": {
        "en": "Gabinius · first proceeding",
        "zh": "加比尼乌斯 · 首案"
      },
      "year": -54,
      "role": "witness",
      "result": "acquittal",
      "assessment": "outside-counsel-score",
      "workIds": [],
      "passageIds": [
        "qfr-gabinius",
        "qfr-gabinius-role"
      ],
      "interpretation": {
        "en": "An acquittal Cicero opposed: 32 votes to condemn out of 70, according to his letter. He explains declining the prosecution and identifies himself as a witness.",
        "zh": "西塞罗反对的开释：其信称70票中32票定罪。他解释未承任起诉，并自述作证。"
      },
      "limit": {
        "en": "This proceeding is separate from the later repetundae trial, in which Cicero defended Gabinius. In this letter the conviction on repetundae is still a forecast.",
        "zh": "此案与后来西塞罗为加比尼乌斯辩护的勒索案是两次诉讼；信中所说勒索案定罪，此时仍只是预测。"
      },
      "precedent": {
        "en": "No adopted general rule established by the assembled evidence.",
        "zh": "现有证据未能确立法庭采纳了一般规则。"
      },
      "review": "source-grounded editorial classification; independent scholarly review pending",
      "dateBasis": "The verdict was given on 23 October 54 BC (Alexander, Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC, no. 296); Cicero reports it in Q. fr. 3.4.1, dated by Shackleton Bailey to the following day.",
      "biographyLinks": [],
      "readerLinks": []
    },
    {
      "id": "gabinius-repetundae-54",
      "title": {
        "en": "Gabinius · subsequent conviction",
        "zh": "加比尼乌斯 · 后案定罪"
      },
      "year": -54,
      "role": "defence",
      "result": "conviction",
      "assessment": "adverse",
      "workIds": [],
      "passageIds": [
        "dio-gabinius",
        "qfr-gabinius"
      ],
      "interpretation": {
        "en": "Dio reports conviction with Cicero as counsel. The earlier letter anticipates this repetundae proceeding; the two trials end differently, in acquittal and then conviction.",
        "zh": "狄奥记有西塞罗辩护而仍定罪。早信已预见此勒索案；两次诉讼结局不同，先获释，后定罪。"
      },
      "limit": {
        "en": "Dio’s account of bribery and popular pressure is his explanation; his account of Cicero’s role at the earlier trial is challenged by the contemporary letters.",
        "zh": "贿赂与民众压力为狄奥之解释；其对首案西塞罗角色的描述受到同期书信挑战。"
      },
      "precedent": {
        "en": "No adopted general rule established by the assembled evidence.",
        "zh": "现有证据未能确立法庭采纳了一般规则。"
      },
      "review": "source-grounded editorial classification; independent scholarly review pending",
      "dateBasis": "The hearing to choose the prosecutor (divinatio) was held on 12 October 54 BC; Alexander, Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC, no. 303, notes the question whether the trial ran on into 53.",
      "biographyLinks": [],
      "readerLinks": []
    },
    {
      "id": "clodius-61",
      "title": {
        "en": "Clodius · Bona Dea trial",
        "zh": "克洛狄乌斯 · 善女神案"
      },
      "year": -61,
      "role": "witness",
      "result": "acquittal",
      "assessment": "outside-counsel-score",
      "workIds": [],
      "passageIds": [
        "att-clodius"
      ],
      "interpretation": {
        "en": "Cicero reports an acquittal contrary to his testimony and treats it as a political and moral reverse.",
        "zh": "西塞罗报告与自己证言相违的开释，并将其视为政治与道德挫败。"
      },
      "limit": {
        "en": "His hostile explanation is not a reasoned judgement and does not make him the prosecutor.",
        "zh": "其敌意解释不是附理由判决，也不使其成为控告者。"
      },
      "precedent": {
        "en": "No adopted general rule established by the assembled evidence.",
        "zh": "现有证据未能确立法庭采纳了一般规则。"
      },
      "review": "source-grounded editorial classification; independent scholarly review pending",
      "dateBasis": "The trial was over by 15 May 61 BC (Alexander, Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC, no. 236); Cicero reports the verdict in Att. 1.16.5.",
      "biographyLinks": [],
      "readerLinks": []
    },
    {
      "id": "roscius-amerinus-80",
      "title": {
        "en": "Sextus Roscius · parricide",
        "zh": "塞克斯图斯·罗斯基乌斯 · 弑父案"
      },
      "year": -80,
      "role": "defence",
      "result": "successful-defence-reported",
      "assessment": "favourable",
      "workIds": [
        "phi002"
      ],
      "passageIds": [
        "plut-roscius"
      ],
      "interpretation": {
        "en": "Plutarch remembers a successful defence and a gain in reputation. This is later reported success, with no vote count or jurors’ rationale in the assembled passage.",
        "zh": "普鲁塔克记辩护成功及声望上升；这是后世报告，此段无票数或陪审理由。"
      },
      "limit": {
        "en": "Do not confuse him with Quintus Roscius the actor, or treat the biographer’s explanation of Sulla’s involvement as an uncontested court record.",
        "zh": "勿与演员昆图斯·罗斯基乌斯混淆，亦勿把传记关于苏拉涉案的解释当作无争议法庭记录。"
      },
      "precedent": {
        "en": "No adopted general rule established by the assembled evidence.",
        "zh": "现有证据未能确立法庭采纳了一般规则。"
      },
      "review": "source-grounded editorial classification; independent scholarly review pending",
      "dateBasis": "Plutarch gives no date. The trial fell in late 81 or early 80 BC (Alexander, Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC, no. 129).",
      "biographyLinks": [],
      "readerLinks": [
        {
          "workId": "phi002",
          "bookKey": "phi002",
          "cite": "1",
          "url": "/cicero-reader/cicero_orations.html#reader/phi002/1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "verres-70",
      "title": {
        "en": "Verres · provincial extortion",
        "zh": "维雷斯 · 行省勒索案"
      },
      "year": -70,
      "role": "prosecution",
      "result": "conviction",
      "assessment": "favourable",
      "workIds": [
        "phi004",
        "phi005"
      ],
      "passageIds": [
        "plut-verres"
      ],
      "interpretation": {
        "en": "The later account reports conviction and contested financial consequences. The selection of Cicero as prosecutor and the eventual case outcome are separate stages.",
        "zh": "后世记述报告定罪与有争议的金钱后果。选任西塞罗为控告者与案件最终结果是不同阶段。"
      },
      "limit": {
        "en": "The five Actio II books are not five additional wins. A published accusation cannot supply a verdict for every alleged act.",
        "zh": "第二次诉辩五卷不是另赢五案；出版控词不能给每项被指行为分别补出判决。"
      },
      "precedent": {
        "en": "No adopted general rule established by the assembled evidence.",
        "zh": "现有证据未能确立法庭采纳了一般规则。"
      },
      "review": "source-grounded editorial classification; independent scholarly review pending",
      "dateBasis": "Plutarch gives no date. The prosecution ran from about January to about October 70 BC (Alexander, Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC, no. 177).",
      "biographyLinks": [
        {
          "id": "cic-008",
          "url": "/cicero-reader/biography/index.html#claim=cic-008",
          "title": "The Sicilian quaestorship claimed as a bond"
        },
        {
          "id": "cic-009",
          "url": "/cicero-reader/biography/index.html#claim=cic-009",
          "title": "An advocate justifies becoming prosecutor"
        },
        {
          "id": "cic-010",
          "url": "/cicero-reader/biography/index.html#claim=cic-010",
          "title": "Sicilian suffering reported within Cicero’s speech"
        }
      ],
      "readerLinks": [
        {
          "workId": "phi004",
          "bookKey": "phi004",
          "cite": "1",
          "url": "/cicero-reader/cicero_orations.html#reader/phi004/1"
        },
        {
          "workId": "phi005",
          "bookKey": "phi005.1.1",
          "cite": "1.1.1",
          "url": "/cicero-reader/cicero_orations.html#reader/phi005.1.1/1.1.1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ligarius-46",
      "title": {
        "en": "Ligarius · appeal to Caesar",
        "zh": "利加里乌斯 · 向凯撒求情"
      },
      "year": -46,
      "role": "clemency-advocate",
      "result": "release-clemency",
      "assessment": "favourable-nonjury",
      "workIds": [
        "phi033"
      ],
      "passageIds": [
        "lig-29-30",
        "plut-ligarius"
      ],
      "interpretation": {
        "en": "Cicero frames his appeal as mercy. Plutarch reports Caesar releasing Ligarius: a favourable result in a distinct decision setting.",
        "zh": "西塞罗以求宽恕组织演说。普鲁塔克记凯撒解除指控；结果有利，但决断机制不同。"
      },
      "limit": {
        "en": "Caesar decided the case himself; Plutarch’s account of his emotions is a later report.",
        "zh": "此案由凯撒亲自裁断；普鲁塔克所述凯撒情绪是后世报告。"
      },
      "precedent": {
        "en": "No adopted general rule established by the assembled evidence.",
        "zh": "现有证据未能确立法庭采纳了一般规则。"
      },
      "review": "source-grounded editorial classification; independent scholarly review pending",
      "dateBasis": "Neither the speech nor Plutarch dates the hearing. Gotoff places it in the first of the two intercalary months inserted between November and December 46 BC (Harold C. Gotoff, Cicero’s Caesarian Speeches: A Stylistic Commentary, Chapel Hill 1993, xxxvii).",
      "biographyLinks": [],
      "readerLinks": [
        {
          "workId": "phi033",
          "bookKey": "phi033",
          "cite": "1",
          "url": "/cicero-reader/cicero_orations.html#reader/phi033/1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "roscius-comoedus",
      "title": {
        "en": "Quintus Roscius · civil dispute",
        "zh": "昆图斯·罗斯基乌斯 · 民事争议"
      },
      "year": null,
      "role": "defence",
      "result": "not-established",
      "assessment": "unresolved",
      "workIds": [
        "phi003"
      ],
      "passageIds": [
        "rosc-com-2"
      ],
      "interpretation": {
        "en": "The surviving argument concerns accounts and financial liability. No verdict is recorded.",
        "zh": "传世论证关涉账簿与金钱责任；判决未见记载。"
      },
      "limit": {
        "en": "The speech gives no year, and dates of 76, 68 and 66 BC have been proposed; Alexander places the trial between 76 and 68 (Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC, no. 166). The list of speeches files it under 76.",
        "zh": "演说未记年份，前人有公元前76、68、66年三说；Alexander 定此案于前76至前68年之间（Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC，第166号）。演说编年将其列于前76年。"
      },
      "precedent": {
        "en": "No adopted general rule established by the assembled evidence.",
        "zh": "现有证据未能确立法庭采纳了一般规则。"
      },
      "review": "source-grounded editorial classification; independent scholarly review pending",
      "dateBasis": "The speech gives no year; Alexander dates the trial between 76 and 68 BC (Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC, no. 166).",
      "biographyLinks": [],
      "readerLinks": [
        {
          "workId": "phi003",
          "bookKey": "phi003",
          "cite": "1",
          "url": "/cicero-reader/cicero_orations.html#reader/phi003/1"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "passages": [
    {
      "id": "qfr-2-4-1",
      "edition": "quintus",
      "citation": "Cicero, Q. fr. 2.4.1",
      "locators": [
        "2.4.1"
      ],
      "before": [],
      "after": [
        "2.4.2"
      ],
      "title": {
        "en": "Sestius: unanimity, gratitude and the attack on Vatinius",
        "zh": "塞斯提乌斯：全票、报恩与攻击瓦提尼乌斯"
      },
      "reading": {
        "en": "Cicero reports a unanimous acquittal and stresses how important the appearance of agreement was for the commonwealth in a case of this kind. The same paragraph then boasts of satisfying a difficult client and defeating Vatinius in cross-examination.",
        "zh": "西塞罗报告全票开释，强调共和国需要在此类案件中呈现一致。同一段随即夸说自己使难以应付的当事人满意，并在诘问中击败瓦提尼乌斯。"
      },
      "narrativeBefore": {
        "en": "This is the opening paragraph of the letter: there is no preceding paragraph within it. For the earlier accusation, compare Q. fr. 2.3.5 separately. Cicero writes to his brother after defending a political ally involved in his recall from exile.",
        "zh": "这是该信首段，信内没有前一段。此前指控另见 Q. fr. 2.3.5，不能当成本信连续上文。西塞罗在为参与促成自己回归的政治盟友辩护后致信弟弟。"
      },
      "narrativeAfter": {
        "en": "The letter moves from public unanimity to Cicero’s own obligations and performance, then in 2.4.2 to Quintus’ education, building work and Tullia’s engagement. Read with this continuation, the political news sits among Cicero’s personal and family concerns.",
        "zh": "信先论公共一致，继而谈西塞罗自己的义务与表现，2.4.2 又转入侄儿教育、营建与图利娅婚约。连同后文读，此信的政治消息与私事、家事并列。"
      },
      "limit": {
        "en": "The verdict and its unanimity are a participant’s report; the jurors’ reasons, and whether they adopted a general legal principle, are not recorded. The editions differ on the day, counted inclusively back from the Ides (15 March): Purser’s text, printed here, reads a. d. v Idus Martias, 11 March; Shackleton Bailey’s (Cicero: Epistulae ad Quintum fratrem et M. Brutum, Cambridge 1980) reads a. d. ii Id. Mart., 14 March, and records v in one manuscript.",
        "zh": "判决及全票出自参与者报告，未载陪审者的理由，也未载其是否采纳一般法律原则。日期各版不同（自3月15日 Idus 倒数，首尾皆计）：此处所印 Purser 本作 a. d. v Idus Martias，即3月11日；Shackleton Bailey 本（Cicero: Epistulae ad Quintum fratrem et M. Brutum，剑桥，1980年）作 a. d. ii Id. Mart.，即3月14日，并记一抄本作 v。"
      },
      "citationNote": "",
      "review": "machine-assisted editorial synthesis; exact source extraction checked; independent scholarly review pending",
      "editionUrn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi058.perseus-lat1",
      "language": "lat",
      "units": {
        "before": [],
        "selected": [
          {
            "locator": "2.4.1",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi058.perseus-lat1:2.4.1",
            "text": "Sestius noster absolutus est a. d. v Idus Martias et, quod vehementer interfuit rei publicae nullam videri in eius modi causa dissensionem esse, omnibus sententiis absolutus est. illud quod tibi curae saepe esse intellexeram ne cui iniquo relinqueremus vituperandi locum qui nos ingratos esse diceret nisi illius perversitatem quibusdam in rebus quam humanissime ferremus, scito hoc nos in eo iudicio consecutos esse ut omnium gratissimi iudicaremur ; nam defendendo moroso homini cumulatissime satis fecimus et, id quod ille maxime cupiebat, Vatinium a quo palam oppugnabatur arbitratu nostro concidimus dis hominibusque plaudentibus. quin etiam Paulus noster, cum testis productus esset in Sestium, confirmavit se nomen Vatini delaturum si Macer Licinius cunctaretur, et Macer ab Sesti subselliis surrexit ac se illi non defuturum adfirmavit. quid quaeris? homo petulans et audax ⟦Vatinius⟧ valde perturbatus debilitatusque discessit.",
            "sha256": "81816d663f0d2574d76935cf5bcc1ebcc512221c6dcf68b13be774b5eed21480",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/quintus-2.4.1.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "80c89136e175b4fe2c303f1accce3079ea8c611e1aa180355be2a4891c5321a4",
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        "after": [
          {
            "locator": "2.4.2",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi058.perseus-lat1:2.4.2",
            "text": "Quintus ⟦filius⟧ tuus, puer optimus, eruditur egregie. hoc nunc magis animum adverto quod Tyrannio docet apud me. domus utriusque nostrum aedificatur strenue. redemptori tuo dimidium pecuniae curavi. spero nos ante hiemem contubernalis fore. de nostra Tullia tui me hercule amantissima spero cum Crassipede nos confecisse. dies erant duo qui post is Latinas habentur religiosi ; †cetero confectum erat Latiar erat†.",
            "sha256": "8a8f74a14644774ed55a7961a0f354387688a039c727bea0b74d51ae22072e6c",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/quintus-2.4.2.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "bac8d63b55617a98666c11e91e9bf07f43d4901fe6f02b0da5934a6bcd7de146",
            "apparatus": []
          }
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "qfr-2-3-5",
      "edition": "quintus",
      "citation": "Cicero, Q. fr. 2.3.5",
      "locators": [
        "2.3.5"
      ],
      "before": [
        "2.3.4"
      ],
      "after": [
        "2.3.6"
      ],
      "title": {
        "en": "The accusations before the acquittal",
        "zh": "开释以前的指控"
      },
      "reading": {
        "en": "The letter distinguishes an ambitus accusation from a vis accusation on the same day; Cicero reports visiting the sick Sestius and committing himself to his support.",
        "zh": "信区分同日的贿选指控与暴力指控；西塞罗称自己探望患病的塞斯提乌斯并承诺相助。"
      },
      "narrativeBefore": {
        "en": "The preceding paragraph concerns Clodius’ mobilization and Pompey’s position. Against this account of political pressure, Cicero records formal accusations and his own response.",
        "zh": "前段涉及克洛狄乌斯的动员与庞培处境；在政治压力的叙述中，西塞罗记下正式指控及自己的回应。"
      },
      "narrativeAfter": {
        "en": "The following paragraph describes Cicero using his defence of Bestia to praise the wounded Sestius. Advocacy for one man can prepare the audience for another man’s trial.",
        "zh": "下段描述西塞罗借为贝斯提亚辩护赞颂负伤的塞斯提乌斯。替一人辩护，也可能为另一人的案件预备听众。"
      },
      "limit": {
        "en": "Neither accusation has a verdict in this letter; the acquittal reported in Q. fr. 2.4.1 was on the charge of vis. The text is corrupt at †ista ei†.",
        "zh": "此信未载两项指控的判决；Q. fr. 2.4.1 所报开释属暴力一案。†ista ei† 一处文本有讹。"
      },
      "citationNote": "",
      "review": "machine-assisted editorial synthesis; exact source extraction checked; independent scholarly review pending",
      "editionUrn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi058.perseus-lat1",
      "language": "lat",
      "units": {
        "before": [
          {
            "locator": "2.3.4",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi058.perseus-lat1:2.3.4",
            "text": "itaque magnae mihi res iam moveri videbantur. nam Pompeius haec intellegit nobiscumque communicat, insidias vitae suae fieri, C. Catonem a Crasso sustentari, Clodio pecuniam suppeditari, utrumque et ab eo et a Curione, Bibulo, ceterisque suis obtrectatoribus confirmari; vehementer esse providendum ne opprimatur contionario illo populo a se prope alienato, nobilitate inimica, non aequo senatu, iuventute improba. itaque se comparat, homines ex agris accersit operas autem suas Clodius confirmat ; manus ad Quirinalia paratur. in eo multo sumus superiores ipsius copiis ; sed magna manus ex Piceno et Gallia exspectatur, ut etiam Catonis rogationibus de Milone et Lentulo resistamus.",
            "sha256": "559a2895caa98a18bf172a29da73f400ae428d3e7133427d84ad8047a0f300b1",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/quintus-2.3.4.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "82f43732c5b0ed26591c6157399264e57eb3e308799e40e1e2b4c42a3c6117f3",
            "apparatus": []
          }
        ],
        "selected": [
          {
            "locator": "2.3.5",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi058.perseus-lat1:2.3.5",
            "text": "A. d. iiii Idus Febr. Sestius ab indice Cn. Nerio Pupinia de ambitu est postulatus et eodem die a quodam P. Tullio de vi. is erat aeger. domum, ut debuimus, ad eum statim venimus eique nos totos tradidimus idque fecimus praeter hominum opinionem qui nos ei iure suscensere putabant, at humanissimi gratissimique et ipsi et omnibus videremur, taque faciemus. sed idem Nerius index edidit ad allegatos Cn. Lentulum vatiam et C. Cornelium †ista ei†. eodem die senatus consultum factum est ut sodalitates decuriatique discederent lexque de iis ferretur, ut qui non discessissent ea poena quae est de vi tenerentur.",
            "sha256": "6ec1f52b2ba686c28158af3bf350da6cd87f3084463ba22bdc0e113ff23c5204",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/quintus-2.3.5.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "87ccc0b9671b93e95eab1bd7012080fd806c9d26f74d5d756476d4463042780e",
            "apparatus": []
          }
        ],
        "after": [
          {
            "locator": "2.3.6",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi058.perseus-lat1:2.3.6",
            "text": "A. d. iii Idus Febr. dixi pro Bestia de ambitu apud praetorem Cn. Domitium in foro medio maximo conventu incidique in eum locum in dicendo, cum Sestius multis in templo Castoris vulneribus acceptis subsidio Bestiae servatus esset. hic προῳκονομησάμην quiddam εὐκαίρωσ de iis quae in Sestium adparabantur crimina, et eum ornavi veris laudibus magno adsensu omnium. res homini fuit vehementer grata. quae tibi eo scribo, quod me de retinenda Sesti gratia litteris saepe monuisti.",
            "sha256": "e173d21ae376f36bd651d1550f4b859f4c58f6d738b2498e16f99ccd72375f0b",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/quintus-2.3.6.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "b038a36de5eabcccb545f6c504bc72d9a0dfbee41b4899baf00e320e32eb58ec",
            "apparatus": []
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    },
    {
      "id": "sest-86-92",
      "edition": "sestio",
      "citation": "Cicero, Pro Sestio 86–92",
      "locators": [
        "86",
        "87",
        "88",
        "89",
        "90",
        "91",
        "92"
      ],
      "before": [
        "85"
      ],
      "after": [
        "93"
      ],
      "title": {
        "en": "When courts fail: the defence’s argument for armed protection",
        "zh": "法庭失效时：为武装自卫所作的辩论"
      },
      "reading": {
        "en": "At 86 Cicero praises Milo for trying law first and using protection when law and courts failed. At 87 he explicitly transfers the comparison to Sestius; 90 and 92 connect Sestius’ wounds and protection to that argument.",
        "zh": "第86节赞许米洛先求诸法律，而在法律与法庭失效时组织保护；第87节明言将米洛比于塞斯提乌斯，第90、92节把后者的创伤及护卫纳入论证。"
      },
      "narrativeBefore": {
        "en": "These paragraphs follow the account of attacks on Sestius. Cicero must explain why a defendant accused of vis assembled armed protection, while the prosecutor apparently praised Milo’s conduct.",
        "zh": "这些段落承接塞斯提乌斯遭袭叙述。被告既被控暴力，西塞罗便须解释其为何组织武装护卫，并利用控方似曾赞许米洛的立场。"
      },
      "narrativeAfter": {
        "en": "The speech now asks what hope remains for public service when the men Cicero calls destructive prosper. The verdict is known from Cicero’s letter (Q. fr. 2.4.1); neither the speech nor the letter records the jurors’ reasons.",
        "zh": "演说继而追问：被西塞罗视为败坏国家的人享有富贵，公共服务还能寄望于什么？判决见于西塞罗书信（Q. fr. 2.4.1）；演说与书信都没有记载陪审者的理由。"
      },
      "limit": {
        "en": "A preserved defence speech states the advocate’s case. It is neither a neutral record of the violence nor a judicial opinion.",
        "zh": "传世辩护辞记载辩方立论，既非暴力事件的中立记录，亦非法院判决书。"
      },
      "citationNote": "",
      "review": "machine-assisted editorial synthesis; exact source extraction checked; independent scholarly review pending",
      "editionUrn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi022.perseus-lat2",
      "language": "lat",
      "units": {
        "before": [
          {
            "locator": "85",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi022.perseus-lat2:85",
            "text": "captum erat forum anno superiore, aede Castoris tamquam arce aliqua ⟨a⟩ fugitivis occupata: silebatur. omnia hominum cum egestate tum audacia perditorum clamore, concursu, vi, manu gerebantur: perferebatis. magistratus templis pellebantur, alii omnino aditu ac foro prohibebantur: nemo resistebat. gladiatores ex praetoris comitatu comprensi, in senatum introducti, confessi, in vincla coniecti a Milone, emissi a Serrano: mentio nulla. forum corporibus civium Romanorum constratum caede nocturna: non modo nulla nova quaestio, sed etiam vetera iudicia sublata. tribunum plebis plus viginti vulneribus acceptis iacentem moribundumque vidistis: alterius tribuni plebis divini hominis—dicam enim quod sentio et quod mecum sentiunt omnes—divini, insigni quadam, inaudita, nova magnitudine animi, gravitate, fide praediti, domus est oppugnata ferro, facibus, exercitu Clodiano.",
            "sha256": "8b2ecacd45d22e36f2e211a57afbdba4262efb3edc0837aec2c0b0e375f88d29",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/sestio-85.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "92d60dabbd19d4a20f32f1e115d94530899d04a01b0047a8a2f6cefa41ea751d",
            "apparatus": [
              "anno sup. secl. Koch",
              "aliquando Schlenger (Liv. iii. 15. 5)",
              "templis templo Pluygers",
              "conprensi PG: comprehensi B edd.",
              "divini secl. Momms.: sed cf. cogitaris, Vat. § 19.",
              "omnes divina ed. R.: omnes divini viri Jacob: omnes boni viri coni. Halm (omnes boni k): omnes honesti viri Maehly",
              "Alterum divini (l. 8) om. k, in parenth. inclusit Hertz, quod sentio ... divini, — insigni etc."
            ]
          }
        ],
        "selected": [
          {
            "locator": "86",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi022.perseus-lat2:86",
            "text": "et tu hoc loco laudas Milonem et iure laudas. quem enim umquam virum tam immortali virtute vidimus? qui nullo praemio proposito praeter hoc, quod iam contritum et contemptum putatur, iudicium bonorum, omnia pericula, summos labores, gravissimas contentiones inimicitiasque suscepit, qui mihi unus ex omnibus civibus videtur re docuisse, non verbis, et quid oporteret a praestantibus viris in re publica fieri et quid necesse esset: oportere hominum audacium, eversorum rei publicae, sceleri legibus et iudiciis resistere; si leges non valerent, iudicia non essent, si res publica vi consensuque audacium armis oppressa teneretur, praesidio et copiis defendi vitam et libertatem necesse esse. hoc sentire prudentiae est, facere fortitudinis; et sentire vero et facere perfectae cumulataeque virtutis.",
            "sha256": "eff73ebb09c0ff501762c970364abe8ddc20467937038e7c67e18496b68722e6",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/sestio-86.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "1727d830a7325da36330ad6369a39c0bfa353eef9e4d0513acf9e09ff20e0f9e",
            "apparatus": [
              "virtute laude praeditum k",
              "et quid Car. Steph.: sed quid codd. (quid Hk)",
              "(civium) vitam K. Busche"
            ]
          },
          {
            "locator": "87",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi022.perseus-lat2:87",
            "text": "adiit ad rem publicam tribunus plebis Milo—de cuius laude plura dicam, non quo aut ipse haec dici quam existimari malit aut ego hunc laudis fructum praesenti libenter impertiam, praesertim cum verbis consequi non possim, sed quod existimo, si Milonis causam accusatoris voce conlaudatam probaro, vos in hoc crimine parem Sesti causam existimaturos: adiit igitur T. Annius ad causam rei publicae sic ut civem patriae reciperare vellet ereptum. simplex causa, constans ratio, plena consensionis omnium, plena concordiae. conlegas adiutores habebat; consulis alterius summum studium, alterius animus paene placatus, de praetoribus unus alienus, senatus incredibilis voluntas, equitum Romanorum animi ad causam excitati, erecta Italia. duo soli erant empti ad impediendum; qui si homines despecti et contempti tantam rem sustinere non potuissent, se causam quam susceperat nullo labore peracturum videbat. agebat auctoritate, agebat consilio, agebat per summum ordinem, agebat exemplo bonorum ac fortium civium: quid re publica, quid se dignum esset, quis ipse esset, quid sperare, quid maioribus suis reddere deberet, diligentissime cogitabat.",
            "sha256": "dce19d195632300f85731b1e5e645b3c7489c84f928ad189a94fc137b24cd36e",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/sestio-87.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "948cf22b7c9371d89a7166a1138476575c2ab46a770862877b92d2a16d29edeb",
            "apparatus": [
              "trib. pleb. secl. Bake",
              "ereptum Pantagathus: e rep. ereptum Hertz: e re .p. tum P rell.",
              "Conl. adiut. hab. post Italia l. 9) transf. Paul"
            ]
          },
          {
            "locator": "88",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi022.perseus-lat2:88",
            "text": "huic gravitati hominis videbat ille gladiator se, si moribus ageret, parem esse non posse; ad ferrum, faces, ad cotidianam caedem, incendia, rapinas se cum exercitu suo contulit; domum oppugnare, itineribus occurrere, vi lacessere et terrere coepit. non movit hominem summa gravitate summaque constantia; sed quamquam dolor animi, innata libertas, prompta excellensque virtus fortissimum virum hortabatur vi vim, oblatam praesertim saepius, ut frangeret et refutaret, tanta moderatio fuit hominis, tantum consilium, ut contineret dolorem neque eadem se re ulcisceretur qua esset lacessitus, sed illum tot iam in funeribus rei publicae exsultantem ac tripudiantem legum, si posset, laqueis constringeret.",
            "sha256": "6090d96baccb3da53b34d5c66f94441fafc075b8f70f79d59aefd9c0aae06db2",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/sestio-88.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "5f310f0d5021d956c8a6ecb9089d83896d4b0db329bc2b71ac8edcc2d57ef68b",
            "apparatus": [
              "ad ferrum faces s. l. P2: ad ferrum, ad faces edd. vett.",
              "vi vim oblatam, praes. saepius edd."
            ]
          },
          {
            "locator": "89",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi022.perseus-lat2:89",
            "text": "descendit ad accusandum. quis umquam tam proprie rei publicae causa, nullis inimicitiis, nullis praemiis, nulla hominum postulatione aut etiam opinione id eum umquam esse facturum? fracti erant animi hominis; hoc enim accusante pristini illius sui iudici turpitudinem desperabat. ecce tibi consul, praetor, tribunus plebis nova novi generis edicta proponunt; ne reus adsit, ne citetur, ne quaeratur, ne mentionem omnino cuiquam iudicum aut iudiciorum facere liceat! quid ageret vir ad virtutem, dignitatem, gloriam natus vi sceleratorum hominum conroborata, legibus iudiciisque sublatis? cervices tribunus plebis privato, praestantissimus vir profligatissimo homini daret? an causam susceptam adfligeret? an se domi contineret? et vinci turpe putavit et deterreri ⟨et clam eripi: id egit⟩ ut, quoniam sibi in illum legibus uti non liceret, illius vim neque in suo neque in rei publicae periculo pertimesceret.",
            "sha256": "c7ad4c5bc206158d9787a57c1c198fece9e09b35ccb3d0036f53355093f20878",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/sestio-89.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "2c28407a14737a3cff5ddac356e6f4a8b2be49a21188c6d3bb85f7bcffc3abdb",
            "apparatus": [
              "id eum umquam Lamb. in mg. 1581: id eũquam P1: id umquam P2rell.",
              "adfligeret codd.: abiceret Ruhnken, Momms.",
              "et clam eripi: id egit ut scripsi: etiam eripere eicit (elegit G) ut P1G: etiam eripi reeicit ut P2rell.: et latere (lamentari Hertz).",
              "Perfecit ut Madv.: et clam se eripere ita ut Oehler: ita e re p. fecit ut (aut e re p. id egit ut) Richter: ⟨s⟩et amor r. p. perfecit ut Novak: et tegi ianua: manum emere et parare coepit ut Landgraf (cf. Vat. § 22; in Sen. § 4; ad Quir. § 14)"
            ]
          },
          {
            "locator": "90",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi022.perseus-lat2:90",
            "text": "quo modo igitur hoc in genere praesidi comparati accusas Sestium, cum idem laudes Milonem? an qui sua tecta defendit, qui ab aris focis ferrum flammamque depellit, qui sibi licere vult tuto esse in foro, in templo, in curia, iure praesidium comparat: qui vulneribus, quae cernit cotidie toto corpore, monetur ut aliquo praesidio caput et cervices et iugulum ac latera tutetur, hunc de vi accusandum putas?",
            "sha256": "2efd4e4664bcc998905adde7d39126fca331affaff9c8548014fbb265c5d63b6",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/sestio-90.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "56a7ede62adc9b9f5d4babfb94fb4d61632f6af19cbd8eb04e9bb7e51a58b933",
            "apparatus": [
              "praesid. compar. secl. Pluygers"
            ]
          },
          {
            "locator": "91",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi022.perseus-lat2:91",
            "text": "quis enim nostrum, iudices, ignorat ita naturam rerum tulisse ut quodam tempore homines nondum neque naturali neque civili iure descripto fusi per agros ac dispersi vagarentur, tantumque haberent quantum manu ac viribus per caedem ac vulnera aut eripere aut retinere potuissent? qui igitur primi virtute et consilio praestanti exstiterunt, ii perspecto genere humanae docilitatis atque ingeni dissupatos unum in locum congregarunt eosque ex feritate illa ad iustitiam atque ad mansuetudinem transduxerunt. tum res ad communem utilitatem, quas publicas appellamus, tum conventicula hominum, quae postea civitates nominatae sunt, tum domicilia coniuncta, quas urbis dicimus, invento et divino iure et humano moenibus saepserunt.",
            "sha256": "49d0c9b0baf11c84fb52425b223271b0ce27d4a95b7f0e8713e333cacce2c8a1",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/sestio-91.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "c5f9e48b403e4a9d51b1fc7397fb456948df9687c0c8610a1debde6ab4280576",
            "apparatus": [
              "vestrum ks",
              "dissup. P: dissip. Bk ed. R.",
              "feritate HGk: ecferitate P: effer. B rell.",
              "res communem utilitatem continentes Lamb.",
              "post nominatae sunt suppl. instituerunt Madv.",
              "ut moenibus Rau"
            ]
          },
          {
            "locator": "92",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi022.perseus-lat2:92",
            "text": "atque inter hanc vitam perpolitam humanitate et illam immanem nihil tam interest quam ius atque vis. Horum utro uti nolumus, altero est utendum. vim volumus exstingui, ius valeat necesse est, id est iudicia, quibus omne ius continetur; iudicia displicent aut nulla sunt, vis dominetur necesse est. hoc vident omnes: Milo et vidit et fecit, ut ius experiretur, vim depelleret. altero uti voluit, ut virtus audaciam vinceret; altero usus necessario est, ne virtus ab audacia vinceretur. eademque ratio fuit Sesti, si minus in accusando—neque enim per omnis fuit idem fieri necesse—at certe in necessitate defendendae salutis suae praesidioque contra vim et manum comparando.",
            "sha256": "176dee8c9f642684f27421a56024a274d2c8aaf14d4e01cea1311d5368e710bf",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/sestio-92.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "79f3a33757556ff222acd39f603cbc0a24afa51559c6090c700446d9285e3bde",
            "apparatus": [
              "volumus Hk: nolimus P rell. praeter s (nolumus)",
              "ut ... depelleret secl. Pluygers"
            ]
          }
        ],
        "after": [
          {
            "locator": "93",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi022.perseus-lat2:93",
            "text": "O di immortales! quemnam ostenditis exitum nobis? quam spem rei publicae datis? quotus quisque invenietur tanta virtute vir qui optimam quamque causam rei publicae amplectatur, qui bonis viris deserviat, qui solidam laudem veramque quaerat? cum sciat duo illa rei publicae paene fata, Gabinium et Pisonem, alterum haurire cotidie ex pacatissimis atque opulentissimis Syriae gazis innumerabile pondus auri, bellum inferre quiescentibus, ut eorum veteres inlibatasque divitias in profundissimum libidinum suarum gurgitem profundat, villam aedificare in oculis omnium tantam tugurium ut iam videatur esse illa villa quam ipse tribunus plebis pictam olim in contionibus explicabat, quo fortissimum ac summum civem in invidiam homo castus ac non cupidus vocaret;",
            "sha256": "87150265d56074e3009117a15c3c86311526196aa93b9cb684df6566e4fcd70a",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/sestio-93.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "a72b73acbb6cdf0412a034f8360b78593395609ec6ec59caed8bbbc72e58fb48",
            "apparatus": [
              "amplectatur ... rei pub. om. ex homoeotel. P1: ad imam paginam suppl. P2",
              "Gab. et Pis. secl. Pluygers",
              "paratissimis C. Fr. Hermann: beatissimis Kiessling: optatissimis K. Busche: pacatissimae atque opulentissimae Hein., Hirschf.",
              "quiescentibus quietis gentibus Weidner: gentibus Richter"
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "dio-milo",
      "edition": "dio",
      "citation": "Cassius Dio, Roman History 40.54.1–4",
      "locators": [
        "40.54.1",
        "40.54.2",
        "40.54.3",
        "40.54.4"
      ],
      "before": [
        "40.53.1",
        "40.53.2",
        "40.53.3"
      ],
      "after": [
        "40.55.1",
        "40.55.2"
      ],
      "title": {
        "en": "Milo: conviction and the later speech",
        "zh": "米洛：定罪与后成的演说"
      },
      "reading": {
        "en": "Dio reports Milo’s conviction despite Cicero’s defence, distinguishes the courtroom performance from the later written speech, and labels the exchange about exile as a transmitted story.",
        "zh": "狄奥记米洛虽有西塞罗辩护仍被定罪，区分庭上表现与后来写成的演说，并将流亡后的应答作为传说引入。"
      },
      "narrativeBefore": {
        "en": "The preceding chapter situates the hearing under Pompey’s armed control of the court. The setting matters to Dio’s explanation of Cicero’s fear.",
        "zh": "前章将审讯置于庞培以武力控制法庭的环境中；狄奥据此解释西塞罗的惊惧。"
      },
      "narrativeAfter": {
        "en": "The narrative continues with other convictions. Milo’s reported joke about the fish of Massilia belongs to the reception of the speech, not to an official record of the vote.",
        "zh": "叙述继而列举其他定罪。米洛谈马赛鱼味的笑语属于演说接受史材料，并非法定投票记录。"
      },
      "limit": {
        "en": "Dio writes centuries later. The conviction is distinct from his causal account of fear and from the anecdote about publication; no causal share can be assigned to Cicero from this alone.",
        "zh": "狄奥写作距事发数百年。定罪、对恐惧的因果解释及出版轶事须分别处理，不能据此量化西塞罗对败诉的责任。"
      },
      "citationNote": "",
      "review": "machine-assisted editorial synthesis; exact source extraction checked; independent scholarly review pending",
      "editionUrn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0385.tlg001.perseus-grc2",
      "language": "grc",
      "units": {
        "before": [
          {
            "locator": "40.53.1",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0385.tlg001.perseus-grc2:40.53.1",
            "text": "ἄλλοι τε οὖν ἐκ τούτου πολλοὶ ἑάλωσαν καὶ Πλαύτιος Ὑψαῖος ἀνταιτήσας τῷ τε Μίλωνι καὶ τῷ Σκιπίωνι τὴν ὑπατείαν. τῶν γὰρ δὴ τριῶν",
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            "apparatus": [
              "e(a/lwsan Bs., kai\\ e(a/lwsan L."
            ]
          },
          {
            "locator": "40.53.2",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0385.tlg001.perseus-grc2:40.53.2",
            "text": "δωροφορησάντων μόνος ἐκεῖνος κατεδικάσθη. ὅ τε γὰρ Σκιπίων ἐγράφη μὲν καὶ ὑπὸ δυοῖν γε, οὐκ ἐκρίθη δὲ διὰ τὸν Πομπήιον· καὶ ὁ Μίλων ἐπὶ μὲν τούτῳ οὐκ ἐσήχθη (τὸ γὰρ τοῦ φόνου ἔγκλημα μεῖζον εἶχενʼ, ὑπαχθεὶς δὲ ἐπʼ ἐκείνῳ ἑάλω, μηδὲν δυνηθεὶς βίαιον δρᾶσαι. ὁ γὰρ Πομπήιος τήν τε ἄλλην πόλιν διὰ φυλακῆς ἐποιήσατο, καὶ",
            "sha256": "6c09c4baac642a41c88393e0930177ace19f1e9bff4b63b21de7615661e64797",
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            "apparatus": [
              "tou/tw| St., tou/tou L."
            ]
          },
          {
            "locator": "40.53.3",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0385.tlg001.perseus-grc2:40.53.3",
            "text": "ἐς τὸ δικαστήριον σὺν ὁπλίταις ἐσῆλθε, θορυβησάντων τε ἐπὶ τούτῳ τινῶν προσέταξε τοῖς στρατιώταις ἐκδιῶξαι αὐτοὺς ἐκ τῆς ἀγορᾶς πλαγίοις καὶ πλατέσι τοῖς ξίφεσι παίοντας. ἐπειδή τε οὐχ ὑπεῖκον ἀλλὰ καὶ καθάπερ ἐν παιδιᾷ τινι πλαγιαζόμενοι ὕβριζον, καὶ ἐτρώθησάν τινες αὐτῶν καὶ ἀπέθανον.",
            "sha256": "5f700c15356c85de185228add3ac8762162a4ac49f18dbe11e02886304437f95",
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        ],
        "selected": [
          {
            "locator": "40.54.1",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0385.tlg001.perseus-grc2:40.54.1",
            "text": "τά τε οὖν δικαστήρια ἡσύχως ἐκ τούτων συνήγετο, καὶ ἐδικαιώθησαν ἐπί τε ἑτέροις τισὶ πολλοὶ καὶ ἐπὶ τῷ τοῦ Κλωδίου φόνῳ ἄλλοι τε καὶ ὁ Μίλων, καίτοι τὸν Κικέρωνα συναγωνιστὴν ἔχων.",
            "sha256": "8994e4590b1d021bce4f8fea11e9ded14b0de4e8087f198f8753042e53999cd9",
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          },
          {
            "locator": "40.54.2",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0385.tlg001.perseus-grc2:40.54.2",
            "text": "ὁ γὰρ ῥήτωρ ἐκεῖνος τόν τε Πομπήιον καὶ τοὺς στρατιώτας ἐν τῷ δικαστηρίῳ παρὰ τὸ καθεστηκὸς ἰδὼν ἐξεπλάγη καὶ κατέδεισεν, ὥστε τῶν μὲν παρεσκευασμένων μηδὲν εἰπεῖν, βραχὺ δέ τι καὶ τεθνηκὸς χαλεπῶς φθεγξάμενος ἀγαπητῶς μεταστῆναι. τοῦτον γὰρ τὸν λόγον τὸν νῦν φερόμενον ὡς καὶ ὑπὲρ τοῦ Μίλωνος τότε λεχθέντα χρόνῳ ποθʼ ὕστερον καὶ κατὰ σχολὴν ἀναθαρσήσας ἔγραψε·",
            "sha256": "a850fa2cde0c8584047ffcbebee5872bec446fe27280dc5814c88bb0be634cc4",
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          },
          {
            "locator": "40.54.3",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0385.tlg001.perseus-grc2:40.54.3",
            "text": "καὶ δὴ καὶ τοιόνδε τι περὶ αὐτοῦ παραδέδοται. ὁ Μίλων τῷ λόγῳ πεμφθέντι οἱ ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ ἐντυχών (ἐπεφυγάδευτο γὰρʼ ἀντεπέστειλε λέγων ὅτι ἐν τύχῃ αὐτῷ ἐγένετο τὸ μὴ ταῦθʼ οὕτω καὶ ἐν τῷ δικαστηρίῳ λεχθῆναι· οὐ γὰρ ἂν τοιαύτας ἐν τῇ Μασσαλίᾳ (ἐν ᾗ κατὰ τὴν φυγὴν ἦνʼ τρίγλας",
            "sha256": "f5b753fcd7c5346abbe62e53051d479c48ee89a803e95bf600736874a79e08de",
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            "apparatus": [
              "a)ntepe/steile Reim., a)ntape/steile L."
            ]
          },
          {
            "locator": "40.54.4",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0385.tlg001.perseus-grc2:40.54.4",
            "text": "ἐσθίειν, εἴπερ τι τοιοῦτον ἀπελελόγητο. τοῦτο δὲ ἔγραψεν οὐχ ὅτι τοῖς παροῦσιν ἠρέσκετο (πολλὰ γὰρ ἐπὶ τῇ καθόδῳ ἐπετόλμησενʼ ἀλλʼ ἐς τὸν Κικέρωνα ἀποσκώπτων, ὅτι μηδὲν χρηστὸν ἐν τῷ τῆς ἀπολογίας καιρῷ εἰπὼν ἔπειτα ἀκάρπους λόγους καὶ ἐμελέτα καὶ ἔπεμπεν αὐτῷ, ὥσπερ τι ὠφελῆσαι τότε αὐτὸν δυναμένους.",
            "sha256": "e527fe0ffaf514e0f15bddc3ca3da9542e8fb9d861726a03444d8865e5aa7fa2",
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            "xmlSha256": "f632d4876eb3b06354cc144e0eed1c27590983e032c312655fec480a080a8834",
            "apparatus": [
              "e)/pempen Leuncl., ei)=pen L.",
              "duname/nous Leuncl., duna/menos L."
            ]
          }
        ],
        "after": [
          {
            "locator": "40.55.1",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0385.tlg001.perseus-grc2:40.55.1",
            "text": "ὅ τε οὖν Μίλων οὕτως ἑάλω, καὶ ὁ Ῥοῦφος ὅ τε Πλάγκος ἐπειδὴ πρῶτον ἐκ τῆς ἀρχῆς ἐξῆλθον, ἄλλοι τε σὺν αὐτοῖς συχνοὶ διὰ τὴν τοῦ βουλευτηρίου ἔμπρησιν, καίτοι τῷ Πλάγκῳ καὶ τοῦ Πομπηίου συσπουδάσαντος, ὥστε καὶ βιβλίον ἔπαινόν τε ἅμα αὐτοῦ καὶ",
            "sha256": "ee85ebed07907065b33fd7c40c4f3b024f135e55ff05f0902da827e6040fe6c7",
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            "apparatus": [
              "*pla/gkos R. Steph., pla/xnos L.",
              "suspouda/santos R. Steph., spouda/santos L."
            ]
          },
          {
            "locator": "40.55.2",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0385.tlg001.perseus-grc2:40.55.2",
            "text": "ἱκετείαν ἔχον ἐς τὸ δικαστήριον ἔπεμψεν· ὁ γὰρ Κάτων ὁ Μᾶρκος (δικάζειν δὲ ἔμελλενʼ οὐκ ἔφη τὸν ἐπαινέτην ἐπὶ τῇ τῶν ἑαυτοῦ νόμων καταλύσει προσίεσθαι. καὶ ὁ μὲν οὐκέτι τὴν ψῆφον ἔδωκεν· ὁ γὰρ Πλάγκος ὡς καὶ τὴν καθαιρήσουσαν αὐτὸν οἴσοντα ἐξέκρινεν (ἐξῆν γάρ, ἐκ τῶν Πομπηίων νόμων, πέντε ἑκατέρῳ τῶν διαδικούντων ἐκ τῶν δικάσειν σφίσι μελλόντων",
            "sha256": "994fbf7ef796568004400846b043a15f1573a6ed8415a5d2e0f685d05560d7f4",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/dio-40.55.2.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "a16a2c862fdf33e69050e3ebdbf4cbe34e2e94c3523a795a64cc747718aafdd8",
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    },
    {
      "id": "plut-milo",
      "edition": "plutarch",
      "citation": "Plutarch, Cicero 35.4",
      "locators": [
        "35.4"
      ],
      "before": [
        "35.2",
        "35.3"
      ],
      "after": [
        "36.1"
      ],
      "title": {
        "en": "A biographer evaluates courage and loyalty",
        "zh": "传记作者评判勇气与友谊"
      },
      "reading": {
        "en": "Plutarch describes Cicero’s distress and Milo’s defiant bearing, associates the latter with the conviction, and concludes that Cicero looked loyal to a friend.",
        "zh": "普鲁塔克描述西塞罗惊惧与米洛不屈的仪态，将后者与定罪相联系，并说西塞罗因此更显忠于朋友。"
      },
      "narrativeBefore": {
        "en": "The surrounding narrative compares Cicero’s anxiety about speaking in different cases. Its interest is character as well as courtroom action.",
        "zh": "周围叙事把西塞罗在不同案件中临场焦虑相互比较，关注人物性格，也关注法庭行动。"
      },
      "narrativeAfter": {
        "en": "The next chapter changes to a priesthood and a provincial appointment; Plutarch’s account of the trial ends here.",
        "zh": "下一章转入祭司职与行省职任，普鲁塔克对此案的记述至此结束。"
      },
      "limit": {
        "en": "Plutarch and Dio are separate surviving accounts, but their ultimate source independence is not established here. Their character judgements are not verdict reasons.",
        "zh": "普鲁塔克与狄奥是分别传世的记述，但此处未能确定其最终材料相互独立；人物评判不是陪审理由。"
      },
      "citationNote": "",
      "review": "machine-assisted editorial synthesis; exact source extraction checked; independent scholarly review pending",
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      "language": "grc",
      "units": {
        "before": [
          {
            "locator": "35.2",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg055.perseus-grc2:35.2",
            "text": "ἐκείνου δὲ τὴν ἀγορὰν ἔτι νυκτὸς ἀπὸ τῶν ἄκρων περιλαβόντος τοῖς στρατιώταις, ὁ Μίλων τὸν Κικέρωνα δείσας μὴ πρὸς τὴν ὄψιν ἀηθείᾳ διαταραχθεὶς χεῖρον διαγωνίσηται, συνέπεισεν ἐν φορείῳ κομισθέντα πρὸς τὴν ἀγορὰν ἡσυχάζειν, ἄχρι οὗ συνίασιν οἱ κριταὶ καὶ πληροῦται τὸ δικαστήριον.",
            "sha256": "26988ada3848603166df0170305bdea9d247892363c09fa85ace208aeaa36d80",
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          {
            "locator": "35.3",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg055.perseus-grc2:35.3",
            "text": "ὁ δʼ οὐ μόνον ἦν, ὡς ἔοικεν, ἐν ὅπλοις ἀθαρσής, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῷ λέγειν μετὰ φόβου προσῄει, καὶ μόλις ἂν ἐπαύσατο παλλόμενος καὶ τρέμων ἐπὶ πολλῶν ἀγώνων ἀκμὴν τοῦ λόγου καὶ κατάστασιν λαβόντος. Λικιννίῳ δὲ Μουρήνᾳ φεύγοντι δίκην ὑπὸ Κάτωνος βοηθῶν, καὶ φιλοτιμούμενος Ὁρτήσιον ὑπερβαλεῖν εὐημερήσαντα, μέρος οὐδὲν ἀνεπαύσατο τῆς νυκτός, ὡς ὑπὸ τοῦ σφόδρα φροντίσαι καὶ διαγρυπνῆσαι κακωθεὶς ἐνδεέστερος αὐτοῦ φανῆναι.",
            "sha256": "792aee1edc85ec7031bcbc5d5c423f5d49bba8de46d4fbf1ff771b2a0fa82432",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/plutarch-35.3.xml",
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            "apparatus": [
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        ],
        "selected": [
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            "locator": "35.4",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg055.perseus-grc2:35.4",
            "text": "τότε δʼ οὖν ἐπὶ τὴν τοῦ Μίλωνος δίκην ἐκ τοῦ φορείου προελθών καὶ θεασάμενος τὸν Πομπήϊον ἄνω καθεζόμενον ὥσπερ ἐν στρατοπέδῳ, καὶ κύκλῳ τὰ ὅπλα περιλάμποντα τὴν ἀγοράν, συνεχύθη καὶ μόλις ἐνήρξατο τοῦ λόγου, κραδαινόμενος τὸ σῶμα καὶ τὴν φωνὴν ἐνισχόμενος, αὐτοῦ τοῦ Μίλωνος εὐθαρσῶς καὶ ἀνδρείως παρισταμένου τῷ ἀγῶνι καὶ κόμην θρέψαι καὶ μεταβαλεῖν ἐσθῆτα φαιὰν ἀπαξιώσαντος· ὅπερ οὐχ ἥκιστα δοκεῖ συναίτιον αὐτῷ γενέσθαι τῆς καταδίκης· ἀλλʼ ὅ γε Κικέρων διὰ ταῦτα φιλέταιρος μᾶλλον ἢ δειλὸς ἔδοξεν εἶναι.",
            "sha256": "fcaffde9c0c77ed4c2157d3d80b3ba2a3f6b63373db1f633210917b28f396ecf",
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        ],
        "after": [
          {
            "locator": "36.1",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg055.perseus-grc2:36.1",
            "text": "γίνεται δὲ καὶ τῶν ἱερέων οὓς Αὔγουρας Ῥωμαῖοι καλοῦσιν, ἀντὶ Κράσσου τοῦ νέου μετὰ τὴν ἐν Πάρθοις αὐτοῦ τελευτήν. εἶτα κλήρῳ λαχὼν τῶν ἐπαρχιῶν Κιλικίαν καὶ στρατὸν ὁπλιτῶν μυρίων καὶ δισχιλίων, ἱππέων δὲ δισχιλίων ἑξακοσίων, ἔπλευσε, προσταχθὲν αὐτῷ καὶ τὰ περὶ Καππαδοκίαν Ἀριοβαρζάνῃ τῷ βασιλεῖ φίλα καὶ πειθήνια παρασχεῖν.",
            "sha256": "34938885996460bb1dae6c5301a463e09b441f8ec92299293d7d930ecdbbbe0c",
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            "xmlSha256": "5531f1e86e9b1aae6bf84a92085aeb6dd321d12eeaf9b1f21009f3f051772477",
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    },
    {
      "id": "dio-gabinius",
      "edition": "dio",
      "citation": "Cassius Dio, Roman History 39.63.1–5",
      "locators": [
        "39.63.1",
        "39.63.2",
        "39.63.3",
        "39.63.4",
        "39.63.5"
      ],
      "before": [
        "39.62.2",
        "39.62.3"
      ],
      "after": [
        "39.64.1"
      ],
      "title": {
        "en": "Gabinius: a second proceeding ends differently",
        "zh": "加比尼乌斯：另案结局相反"
      },
      "reading": {
        "en": "After an earlier acquittal, Dio reports conviction on the remaining charges, with Cicero now supporting Gabinius. He also reports exile and a later restoration by Caesar.",
        "zh": "在此前开释之后，狄奥记其因余下指控被定罪，西塞罗此时支持加比尼乌斯；又记其流亡及后来由凯撒召回。"
      },
      "narrativeBefore": {
        "en": "The preceding chapter discusses the restoration of Ptolemy and the first trial. These are separate proceedings, not successive votes in one trial.",
        "zh": "前章讨论复位托勒密与第一次审判；两者是分别的诉讼，不能读成一场审判先后两次投票。"
      },
      "narrativeAfter": {
        "en": "Dio explains the reversal through public anger, payments and Pompey’s influence, before turning to Julia’s death. These explanations are Dio’s.",
        "zh": "狄奥以民愤、钱款与庞培影响解释反转，继而转向尤利娅之死；这些因果说法出自狄奥。"
      },
      "limit": {
        "en": "Dio’s description of Cicero as an accuser in the first trial needs comparison with Q. fr. 3.4.1–2 and 3.9.1, where Cicero denies taking the prosecution and describes himself as a witness.",
        "zh": "狄奥称西塞罗在首案控告，须与 Q. fr. 3.4.1—2、3.9.1 对读：西塞罗否认自己承任起诉，并称自己作证。"
      },
      "citationNote": "",
      "review": "machine-assisted editorial synthesis; exact source extraction checked; independent scholarly review pending",
      "editionUrn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0385.tlg001.perseus-grc2",
      "language": "grc",
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          {
            "locator": "39.62.2",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0385.tlg001.perseus-grc2:39.62.2",
            "text": "συχναῖς πάνυ ἡμέραις μὴ τολμῆσαι φανῆναι. τὰ μὲν οὖν ἐγκλήματα πολλὰ ἦν, καὶ κατηγόρους οὐκ ὀλίγους εἶχε. πρῶτον δʼ οὖν περὶ τῆς τοῦ Πτολεμαίου καθόδου, ἅτε καὶ μεγίστου, ἐδικάσθη. καὶ ὅ γε δῆμος σύμπας ὡς εἰπεῖν πρός τε τὸ δικαστήριον συνερρύη καὶ διασπάσασθαι πολλάκις αὐτὸν ἠθέλησεν, ἄλλως τε καὶ ὅτι οὔθʼ ὁ Πομπήιος παρῆν καὶ ὁ Κικέρων δεινότατα αὐτοῦ κατηγόρησεν.",
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          {
            "locator": "39.62.3",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0385.tlg001.perseus-grc2:39.62.3",
            "text": "οὕτω δὲ αὐτῶν διακειμένων ὅμως ἀφείθη· αὐτός τε γάρ, ἅτε ἐπὶ τηλικούτοις κρινόμενος, παμπληθῆ χρήματα ἀνάλωσε, καὶ οἱ τοῦ Πομπηίου τοῦ τε Καίσαρος ἑταῖροι προθυμότατα αὐτῷ συνήραντο, λέγοντες ἄλλον τέ τινα καιρὸν καὶ ἄλλον βασιλέα πρὸς τῆς Σιβύλλης εἰρῆσθαι, καὶ τὸ μέγιστον ὅτι μηδεμία τῶν πραχθέντων τιμωρία ἐν τοῖς ἔπεσιν αὐτῆς ἐνεγέγραπτο.",
            "sha256": "ea7eb65ae1ae5f7887269042c04bc8158723c3a8e63b152efa3ee14b1b7b2824",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/dio-39.62.3.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "1246a5f5e434428ae7fd9142e5d777e9222494d43330e94f5b0f06bb3ff1183e",
            "apparatus": [
              "o(/mws a)fei/qh Rk., a)fei/qh L."
            ]
          }
        ],
        "selected": [
          {
            "locator": "39.63.1",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0385.tlg001.perseus-grc2:39.63.1",
            "text": "ὁ δʼ οὖν δῆμος ὀλίγου μὲν καὶ τοὺς δικαστὰς ἀπέκτεινε, διαφυγόντων δὲ αὐτῶν ἐπετήρει τὰ λοιπὰ αὐτοῦ ἐγκλήματα, καὶ ἐποίησεν ἐπʼ ἐκείνοις",
            "sha256": "3ccc412ac85e3f7859b512a3bc57f28e959ebffa1b2e69c503dc539859dcc336",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/dio-39.63.1.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "924c02846ba4a0948c301513ac2d4dc080ff7cd69d905378128f909f400cb3ed",
            "apparatus": []
          },
          {
            "locator": "39.63.2",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0385.tlg001.perseus-grc2:39.63.2",
            "text": "γοῦν αὐτὸν ἁλῶναι. οἱ γὰρ λαχόντες περὶ αὐτῶν κρῖναι, τό τε πλῆθος ἅμα φοβηθέντες καὶ μηδὲν μέγα παρὰ τοῦ Γαβινίου εὑρόμενοι (ὡς γὰρ ἐπί τε βραχυτέροις εὐθυνόμενος καὶ προσδοκῶν καὶ τότε κρατήσειν οὐ πολλὰ ἐδαπάνησἐ κατεψηφίσαντο αὐτοῦ, καίτοι τοῦ τε Πομπηίου πλησίον ὄντος καὶ τοῦ Κικέρωνος συναγορεύοντος αὐτῷ.",
            "sha256": "10960cf9ddd904086a21e2cb0586846e04225f7551e46faebf6737a557970abe",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/dio-39.63.2.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "75910446492b3f09e44856c0d1eddb6c4cda4db2fef142be56a50b8cf9fa353c",
            "apparatus": [
              "w(s *bk., o(\\ L.",
              "sunagoreu/ontos Xyl., a)goreu/ontos L."
            ]
          },
          {
            "locator": "39.63.3",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0385.tlg001.perseus-grc2:39.63.3",
            "text": "ὁ γὰρ Πομπήιος κατὰ τὴν τοῦ σίτου πρόνοιαν, ἐπειδὴ πολὺς ὑπὸ τοῦ ποταμοῦ διέφθαρτο, ἐκδημήσας ὥρμησε μὲν ὡς καὶ ἐς τὸ πρότερον δικα- στήριον ἀπαντήσων (ἐν γὰρ τῇ Ἰταλίᾳ ἦνʼ, ὑστερήσας δὲ αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἀπεχώρησεν ἐκ τοῦ",
            "sha256": "095189c18188d9ab4a2564e2cb932abbe6a0a55a353d574e8b8f620dd170a2bb",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/dio-39.63.3.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "429d0e6f1e245a5f597bba2f7b3313c95c8ff411c8a54fac8e7f594adf0153d6",
            "apparatus": []
          },
          {
            "locator": "39.63.4",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0385.tlg001.perseus-grc2:39.63.4",
            "text": "προαστείου πρὶν καὶ ἐκεῖνο τελεσθῆναι. καὶ μέντοι καὶ τοῦ δήμου ἔξω τοῦ πωμηρίου (τὴν γὰρ ἀρχὴν ἤδη τὴν τοῦ ἀνθυπάτου ἔχων οὐκ ἠδυνήθη ἐς τὴν πόλιν ἐσελθεῖνʼ ἀθροισθέντος πολλὰ ὑπὲρ τοῦ Γαβινίου ἐδημηγόρησε, καὶ γράμματά τέ τινα παρὰ τοῦ Καίσαρος πρὸς ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ πεμφθέντα",
            "sha256": "b237cd3ca8f7af7651cf85055f03176640a00c72864d86600524f015ea0a3530",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/dio-39.63.4.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "1baf7caefb3a2359ecc6afa2ca5fe41ff62b264c9e55cd37c2f75398fd938455",
            "apparatus": []
          },
          {
            "locator": "39.63.5",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0385.tlg001.perseus-grc2:39.63.5",
            "text": "ἀνέγνω, καὶ τοὺς δικαστὰς ἱκέτευσε, τόν τε Κικέρωνα οὐχ ὅπως κατηγορῆσαι ἔτʼ αὐτοῦ ἐκώλυσεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὑπερδικῆσαι ἔπεισεν, ὥστε καὶ ἐκ τούτου τὸ τοῦ αὐτομόλου ἔγκλημα καὶ ὄνομα ἐπὶ πλεῖόν οἱ αὐξηθῆναι. οὐ μέντοι καὶ ὠφέλησέ τι τὸν Γαβίνιον, ἀλλὰ τότε μὲν ἔφυγεν ἁλούς, ὥσπερ εἶπον, ὕστερον δʼ ὑπὸ τοῦ Καίσαρος κατήχθη.",
            "sha256": "26f64ac37e49bece31926ddc4b4678a005e0441f7aef3e37b6aadc1704d152ed",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/dio-39.63.5.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "21eff4faa84813fbfdc1689124118fdc72d598080741de9d40823c961cdb5140",
            "apparatus": [
              "e)/peisen Reim., kai\\ e)/peisen L."
            ]
          }
        ],
        "after": [
          {
            "locator": "39.64.1",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0385.tlg001.perseus-grc2:39.64.1",
            "text": "ἐν δὲ τῷ αὐτῷ τούτῳ χρόνῳ καὶ ἡ τοῦ Πομπηίου γυνὴ θυγάτριόν τι τεκοῦσα ἀπέθανε· καὶ αὐτήν, εἴτε διαπραξαμένων τῶν τε ἐκείνου καὶ τῶν τοῦ Καίσαρος φίλων, ἢ καὶ ἄλλως πως χαρίσασθαί τινες αὐτοῖς ἐθελήσαντες συνήρπασαν, ἐπειδὴ τάχιστα τῶν ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ ἐπαίνων ἔτυχε, καὶ ἐν τῷ Ἀρείῳ πεδίῳ ἔθαψαν, καίτοι τοῦ Δομιτίου ἀνθισταμένου καὶ λέγοντος ἄλλα τε καὶ ὅτι οὐχ ὁσίως ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ τόπῳ ἄνευ τινὸς ψηφίσματος θάπτοιτο.",
            "sha256": "66a23165a7eaefc9d432697bea22d2d4490f8d977d5bf8b73a799e1fc134d2a4",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/dio-39.64.1.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "1885834691fd4964a31897bb9b684afdbc85e0e6a1a58bda81b8101313d7a682",
            "apparatus": []
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        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "qfr-gabinius",
      "edition": "quintus",
      "citation": "Cicero, Q. fr. 3.4.1–2",
      "locators": [
        "3.4.1",
        "3.4.2"
      ],
      "before": [],
      "after": [
        "3.4.3"
      ],
      "title": {
        "en": "An acquittal Cicero resents",
        "zh": "西塞罗不满的一次开释"
      },
      "reading": {
        "en": "Cicero reports Gabinius’ acquittal, with 32 votes to condemn among 70 votes cast, attacks the prosecution and jury, and explains why he did not prosecute. His expectation of failure at a future repetundae trial is still a forecast here.",
        "zh": "西塞罗记加比尼乌斯获释，70票中32票定罪；他攻击控方与陪审团，并解释自己何以未任起诉。关于后来勒索案败诉的说法，在此时仍是预测。"
      },
      "narrativeBefore": {
        "en": "This letter opens with news of the first verdict. Cicero’s hostility gives access to contemporary reception of an unwelcome result.",
        "zh": "此信开头即报首案结果。西塞罗的敌意让我们得见时人如何理解不合己意的裁决。"
      },
      "narrativeAfter": {
        "en": "In 3.4.3 Cicero answers Sallustius’ alternative suggestion that he should have defended Gabinius for Pompey’s sake. He invokes lasting disgrace and recalls his own forceful testimony. The following paragraph confirms how role and reputation matter to this letter.",
        "zh": "3.4.3 中西塞罗回应萨卢斯提乌斯的另一建议：为庞培而替加比尼乌斯辩护。他谈到永久的恶名，并回顾自己的严正证言。下文由此表明，诉讼角色与名誉正是此信的关切。"
      },
      "limit": {
        "en": "This was not a lost defence brief by Cicero. Vote counts are reported by an interested contemporary, not preserved ballot records.",
        "zh": "这不是西塞罗辩护败诉；票数来自利害相关的时人报告，并非存世选票。"
      },
      "citationNote": "",
      "review": "machine-assisted editorial synthesis; exact source extraction checked; independent scholarly review pending",
      "editionUrn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi058.perseus-lat1",
      "language": "lat",
      "units": {
        "before": [],
        "selected": [
          {
            "locator": "3.4.1",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi058.perseus-lat1:3.4.1",
            "text": "Gabinius absolutus est. omnino nihil accusatore Lentulo subscriptoribusque eius infantius, nihil illo consilio sordidius. sed tamen nisi incredibilis contentio, preces Pompei, dictaturae etiam rumor plenus timoris fuisset, ipsi Lentulo non respondisset, qui tamen illo accusatore illoque consilio sententiis condemnatus sit xxxii cum lxx tulissent est omnino tam gravi fama hoc iudicium ut videatur reliquis iudiciis periturus et maxime de pecuniis repetundis. sed vides nullam esse rem publicam, nullum senatum, nulla iudicia, nullam in ullo nostrum dignitatem. quid plura de iudicibus? duo praetorii sederunt, Domitius Calvinus (is aperte absolvit ut omnes viderent) et Cato (is diribitis tabellis de circulo se subduxit et Pompeio primus nuntiavit). aiunt non nulli ut Sallustius me oportuisse accusare.",
            "sha256": "389f26a855f6bdb2f67cf941e5a8cc728cace0c0e8894bf0834e2c967f076296",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/quintus-3.4.1.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "9cd66ea3c748eaf7709c942bbceb8b3d1db147a0d76a1abc3bd6e1791366876c",
            "apparatus": []
          },
          {
            "locator": "3.4.2",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi058.perseus-lat1:3.4.2",
            "text": "his ego iudicibus committerem? quid essem, si me agente esset elapsus? sed me alia moverunt non putasset sibi Pompeius de illius salute sed de sua dignitate mecum esse certamen ; in urbem introisset ; ad inimicitias res venisset ; cum Aesernino Samnite Pacideianus comparatus viderer ; auriculam fortasse mordicus abstulisset, cum Clodio quidem certe redisset in gratiam. ego vero meum consilium, si praesertim tu non improbas, vehementer adprobo. ille cum a me singularibus meis studiis ornatus esset cumque ego illi nihil deberem, ille mihi omnia, tamen in re publica me a se dissentientem non tulit (nihil dicam gravius) et minus potens eo tempore quid in me florentem posset ostendit ; nunc cum ego ne curem quidem multum posse, res publica certe nihil possit, unus ille omnia possit, cum illo ipso contenderem? sic enim faciendum fuisset. non existimo, te putare id mihi suscipiendum fuisse.",
            "sha256": "702e634c138007559b88ba6a02d6a7c1484cfb5eac31eba6db61217a48d1a1b7",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/quintus-3.4.2.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "c489385145d0569e57ecaefadb1f6d105abfa2cf661d6bcaac001f4d392d641d",
            "apparatus": []
          }
        ],
        "after": [
          {
            "locator": "3.4.3",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi058.perseus-lat1:3.4.3",
            "text": "'alterutrum,' inquit idem Sallustius, 'defendisses idque Pompeio contendenti dedisses; etenim vehementer orabat.' Lepidum is amicum Sallustium, qui mihi aut inimicitias putet periculosas subeundas fuisse aut infamiam sempiternam! ego vero hac mediocritate delector, ac mihi illud iucundum est quod, cum testimonium secundum fidem et religionem gravissime dixissem, reus dixit, si in civitate licuisset sibi esse, mihi se satis facturum, neque me quicquam interrogavit.",
            "sha256": "55ef8790dcda8aa7d02d0a2312271ae51d8c338bf88e92958f4d6ef02099eb30",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/quintus-3.4.3.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "a207acdb2bc70610e801aa69d74ce3737e22f26800a57320043d267429d15ddd",
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        ]
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    },
    {
      "id": "qfr-gabinius-role",
      "edition": "quintus",
      "citation": "Cicero, Q. fr. 3.9.1",
      "locators": [
        "3.9.1"
      ],
      "before": [],
      "after": [
        "3.9.2"
      ],
      "title": {
        "en": "Cicero describes his role as witness",
        "zh": "西塞罗自述作证角色"
      },
      "reading": {
        "en": "Cicero says he was a forceful witness and otherwise stayed quiet; he also reports his reaction to the result.",
        "zh": "西塞罗说自己激烈作证，此后不再行动，并谈及自己面对结果的反应。"
      },
      "narrativeBefore": {
        "en": "The letter responds to Quintus’ suggestions about Gabinius. Read it alongside the account of declining to prosecute.",
        "zh": "此信回应昆图斯关于加比尼乌斯的建议，应与不承任起诉的自述并读。"
      },
      "narrativeAfter": {
        "en": "The next paragraph turns to books, study, leisure, villas and the children, then to Milo’s pursuit of the consulship and his finances. Cicero’s withdrawal from one contest coexists with continued investment in another.",
        "zh": "下段转入书籍、学问、闲暇、别墅与孩子，继而谈米洛竞选执政官及其财务。西塞罗从一个争端退身，并未停止投入另一个。"
      },
      "limit": {
        "en": "Cicero’s role differs between the two Gabinius trials: a witness in this one, counsel for the defence in the later trial for repetundae. The Greek words and the punctuation are printed as in Purser’s edition.",
        "zh": "西塞罗在两次加比尼乌斯案中角色不同：此案作证，后来的勒索案则为其辩护。希腊引句与标点均照 Purser 本。"
      },
      "citationNote": "",
      "review": "machine-assisted editorial synthesis; exact source extraction checked; independent scholarly review pending",
      "editionUrn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi058.perseus-lat1",
      "language": "lat",
      "units": {
        "before": [],
        "selected": [
          {
            "locator": "3.9.1",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi058.perseus-lat1:3.9.1",
            "text": "de Gabinio nihil fuit faciendum istorum quae a te amantissime cogitata sunt. Τότε μοι χάνοι—! feci summa cum gravitate, ut omnes sentiunt, et summa cum lenitate quae feci. illum neque ursi neque levavi, testis vehemens fui, praeterea quievi. exitum iudici foedum et perniciosum levissime tuli; quod quidem bonum mihi nunc denique redundat, ut his malis rei publicae licentiaque audacium, qua ante rumpebar, nunc ne movear quidem. nihil est enim perditius his hominibus, his temporibus.",
            "sha256": "01bec0414f9e9f16746cd98d154d1fc791311c2e58ea48dfd9b0c9cef0af043e",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/quintus-3.9.1.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "1c6d0c8b760d4a9be8f72631ee19e1b51a6f3e6cd1b956e3c477d0763a776b40",
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          }
        ],
        "after": [
          {
            "locator": "3.9.2",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi058.perseus-lat1:3.9.2",
            "text": "itaque ex re publica quoniam nihil iam voluptatis capi potest, cur stomacher nescio. Litterae me et studia nostra et otium villaeque delectant maximeque pueri nostri. angit unus Milo. sed velim finem adferat consulatus ; in quo enitar non minus quam sum enisus in nostro tuque istinc, quod facis, adiuvabis. de quo cetera, nisi plane vis eripuerit, recte sunt ; de re familiari timeo. ὁ δὲ μαίνεται οὐκ ἔτ' ἀνεκτῶς, qui ludus HS †cccↃ† comparet. cuius in hoc uno inconsiderantiam et ego sustinebo ut potero, et tu ut possis est tuorum nervorum.",
            "sha256": "269575c5f9ae1c32bb5e5006115d978f8de618954262d212c8b97cff20d3e865",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/quintus-3.9.2.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "f7e2a17ba405e9fdc052eca6d99777e86936deec2b6e4cb1b760fe0c5a640b31",
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        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "att-clodius",
      "edition": "atticus",
      "citation": "Cicero, Att. 1.16.5–6",
      "locators": [
        "1.16.5",
        "1.16.6"
      ],
      "before": [
        "1.16.4"
      ],
      "after": [
        "1.16.7"
      ],
      "title": {
        "en": "Clodius: the witness rejects the verdict’s meaning",
        "zh": "克洛狄乌斯：证人拒绝接受裁决的意义"
      },
      "reading": {
        "en": "Cicero reports 25 hostile votes and 31 favourable ones, attributes the acquittal to corruption, and says the result overturned the political settlement he valued.",
        "zh": "西塞罗报告25票反对、31票赞成开释，将结果归因于腐败，并说其推翻了自己所珍视的政治秩序。"
      },
      "narrativeBefore": {
        "en": "The earlier paragraph describes Cicero’s testimony and the courtroom response. He writes as a hostile witness and political participant.",
        "zh": "前段描述西塞罗作证与法庭反应；作者既是敌对证人，也是政治参与者。"
      },
      "narrativeAfter": {
        "en": "The following paragraph resists treating the outcome as the end of Cicero’s own standing. An adverse verdict and a claim to personal vindication can coexist in one letter.",
        "zh": "下段并不承认此结果终结了西塞罗自己的地位。同一封信可以并存不利裁决与自我辩白。"
      },
      "limit": {
        "en": "The bribery explanation is Cicero’s allegation. This acquittal is not a prosecution loss to be credited to him as counsel.",
        "zh": "贿赂说是西塞罗的指控；他以证人身份参与，不能把此开释计为其担任控告代理人的败诉。"
      },
      "citationNote": "",
      "review": "machine-assisted editorial synthesis; exact source extraction checked; independent scholarly review pending",
      "editionUrn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi057.perseus-lat1",
      "language": "lat",
      "units": {
        "before": [
          {
            "locator": "1.16.4",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi057.perseus-lat1:1.16.4",
            "text": "hic ut quaeque res ad consilium primis postulationibus referebatur, incredibilis erat severitas nulla varietate sententiarum. nihil impetrarat reus; plus accusatori dabatur quam postulabat; triumphabat (quid quaeris?) Hortensius se vidisse tantum; nemo erat qui illum reum ac non miliens condemnatum arbitraretur. me vero teste producto credo te ex acclamatione Clodi advocatorum audisse quae consurrectio iudicum facta sit, ut me circumsteterint, ut aperte iugula sua pro meo capite P. Clodio ostentarint. quae mihi res multo honorificentior visa est quam aut illa, cum iurare tui cives Xenocratem testimonium dicentem prohibuerunt, aut cum tabulas Metelli Numidici, cum eae ut mos est circumferrentur, nostri iudices aspicere noluerunt.",
            "sha256": "74030d48a737ab7faecce371117fba778e03ff22093235eee5d55196cec96c03",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/atticus-1.16.4.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "6fb97a0c1f938aaa6d14e12f5e0d863fd0486c020f01e10801e5672c3e7f6346",
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        ],
        "selected": [
          {
            "locator": "1.16.5",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi057.perseus-lat1:1.16.5",
            "text": "multo haec inquam nostra res maior. itaque iudicum vocibus, cum ego sic ab iis ut salus patriae defenderer, fractus reus et una patroni omnes conciderunt; ad me autem eadem frequentia postridie convenit quacum abiens consulatu sum domum reductus. clamare praeclari Ariopagitae se non esse venturos nisi praesidio constituto. refertur ad consilium. una sola sententia praesidium non desideravit. defertur res ad senatum. gravissime ornatissimeque decernitur; laudantur iudices; datur negotium magistratibus. responsurum hominem nemo arbitrabatur. ἔσπετε νῦν μοι, Μοῦσαι ὅππωσ δὴ πρῶτον πῦρ ἔμπεσε. nosti Calvum ex Nanneianis illum, illum laudatorem meum, de cuius oratione erga me honorifica ad te scripseram. biduo per unum servum et eum ex ludo gladiatorio confecit totum negotium; arcessivit ad se, promisit, intercessit, dedit. iam vero (o di boni, rem perditam!) etiam noctes certarum mulierum atque adulescentulorum nobilium introductiones non nullis iudicibus pro mercedis cumulo fuerunt. ita summo discessu bonorum, pleno foro servorum xxv iudices ita fortes tamen fuerunt ut summo proposito periculo vel perire maluerint quam perdere omnia. XXXI fuerunt quos fames magis quam fama commoverit. quorum Catulus cum vidisset quendam, quid vos inquit praesidium a nobis postulabatis? an ne nummi vobis eriperentur timebatis?",
            "sha256": "9d3696e3704347d5e0c5413761ad4024286e29dded2794b339747e970de9a6a5",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/atticus-1.16.5.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "630895fa82ede650e6e133c76e519ce26693ed1bc25e332777e374a402fc90c3",
            "apparatus": []
          },
          {
            "locator": "1.16.6",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi057.perseus-lat1:1.16.6",
            "text": "habes, ut brevissime potui, genus iudici et causam absolutionis. quaeris deinceps qui nunc sit status rerum et qui meus. rei publicae statum illum, quem tu meo consilio, ego divino confirmatum putabam, qui bonorum omnium coniunctione et auctoritate consulatus mei fixus et fundatus videbatur, nisi quis nos deus respexerit, elapsum scito esse de manibus uno hoc iudicio, si iudicium est triginta homines populi Romani levissimos ac nequissimos nummulis acceptis ius ac fas omne delere et, quod omnes non modo homines verum etiam pecudes factum esse sciant, id Thalnam et Plautum et Spongiam et ceteras huius modi quisquilias statuere numquam esse factum.",
            "sha256": "d07e73945b894b39a433ceecaa239e351f66b4e649afb5fdc27b763810522496",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/atticus-1.16.6.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "c979a39cef73cdf48238ca521868f1fbcf5517da91fd57b08b1f63074bba3681",
            "apparatus": []
          }
        ],
        "after": [
          {
            "locator": "1.16.7",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi057.perseus-lat1:1.16.7",
            "text": "sed tamen ut te de re publica consoler, non ita, ut sperarunt mali tanto imposito rei publicae vulnere, alacris exsultat improbitas in victoria. nam plane ita putaverunt, cum religio, cum pudicitia, cum iudiciorum fides, cum senatus auctoritas concidisset, fore ut aperte victrix nequitia ac libido poenas ab optimo quoque peteret sui doloris quem improbissimo cuique inusserat severitas consulatus mei.",
            "sha256": "4f1a060759e20416cc4136cfd4a57a024c1729434f28c31acf4c407530440046",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/atticus-1.16.7.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "060c1f57e3ff5f1b0aab2a4a3aea32ea65204cec44d7492ecbba1853360847fe",
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    },
    {
      "id": "plut-roscius",
      "edition": "plutarch",
      "citation": "Plutarch, Cicero 3.4",
      "locators": [
        "3.4"
      ],
      "before": [
        "3.2",
        "3.3"
      ],
      "after": [
        "3.5"
      ],
      "title": {
        "en": "Roscius of Ameria: a defence remembered as a success",
        "zh": "阿梅里亚的罗斯基乌斯：被记为成功的辩护"
      },
      "reading": {
        "en": "Plutarch says Cicero took the defence, succeeded and gained admiration, then left for Greece.",
        "zh": "普鲁塔克称西塞罗承任辩护、取得成功并受赞赏，此后赴希腊。"
      },
      "narrativeBefore": {
        "en": "The preceding narrative associates the prosecution with Chrysogonus and the disposal of the elder Roscius’ estate under Sulla.",
        "zh": "前文把起诉联系于克里索戈努斯及苏拉时期老罗斯基乌斯财产的处置。"
      },
      "narrativeAfter": {
        "en": "The continuation develops the account of health and rhetorical training. Plutarch’s story gives the trial a place in a life of the orator.",
        "zh": "后文展开健康与修辞训练叙事，把审判置入演说家的一生。"
      },
      "limit": {
        "en": "The later biographical report supports a successful defence, not a surviving jurors’ explanation. It concerns Sextus Roscius of Ameria, not the actor Quintus Roscius.",
        "zh": "后世传记支持辩护成功，未保存陪审理由；对象是阿梅里亚的塞克斯图斯·罗斯基乌斯，并非演员昆图斯·罗斯基乌斯。"
      },
      "citationNote": "The Greek text numbers this passage 3.4; Perrin’s English translation, linked here, numbers the same account 3.6.",
      "review": "machine-assisted editorial synthesis; exact source extraction checked; independent scholarly review pending",
      "editionUrn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg055.perseus-grc2",
      "language": "grc",
      "units": {
        "before": [
          {
            "locator": "3.2",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg055.perseus-grc2:3.2",
            "text": "εἶθʼ ὁρῶν εἰς στάσιν, ἐκ δὲ τῆς στάσεως εἰς ἄκρατον ἐμπίπτοντα τὰ πράγματα μοναρχίαν, ἐπὶ τὸν σχολαστὴν καί θεωρητικὸν ἐλθὼν βίον Ἕλλησί συνῆν φιλολόγοις καί προσεῖχε τοῖς μαθήμασιν, ἄχρι οὗ Σύλλας ἐκράτησε καί κατάστασίν τινα λαμβάνειν ἔδοξεν ἡ πόλις. ἐν δὲ τῷ χρόνῳ τούτῳ Χρυσόγονος ἀπελεύθερος Σύλλα προσαγγείλας τινὸς οὐσίαν ὡς ἐκ προγραφῆς ἀναιρεθέντος αὐτὸς ἐωνήσατο δισχιλίων δραχμῶν.",
            "sha256": "0798dfc852a574c0766651ea3112179bbaf4aa812685b7c36e2f58620364d8ef",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/plutarch-3.2.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "187296a8fa1bea7a8798bdfff1c15141651fdb849349f43cd7dde8f3d1202466",
            "apparatus": []
          },
          {
            "locator": "3.3",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg055.perseus-grc2:3.3",
            "text": "ἐπεὶ δὲ Ῥώσκιος ὁ υἱὸς καί κληρονόμος τοῦ τεθνηκότος. ἠγανάκτει καί τὴν οὐσίαν ἀπεδείκνυε πεντήκοντα καί διακοσίων ταλάντων οὖσαν ἀξίαν, ὅ τε Σύλλας ἐλεγχόμενος ἐχαλέπαινε καί δίκην πατροκτονίας ἐπῆγε τῷ Ῥωσκίῳ, τοῦ Χρυσογόνου κατασκευάσαντος, ἐβοήθει δʼ οὐδείς, ἀλλʼ ἀπετρέποντο τοῦ Σύλλα τὴν χαλεπότητα δεδοικότες,",
            "sha256": "a6da9530a1f4c795c4346ee9e99a6c5bd849de7bb25a90ffb21e68a24a98bbb6",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/plutarch-3.3.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "035d738df7e4e8805bc4ffef808ee3301729b003a219244d5d0318a9d1cab09d",
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        ],
        "selected": [
          {
            "locator": "3.4",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg055.perseus-grc2:3.4",
            "text": "οὕτω δὴ διʼ ἐρημίαν τοῦ μειρακίου τῷ Κικέρωνι προσφυγόντος οἱ φίλοι συμπαρώρμων, ὡς οὐκ ἂν αὐτῷ λαμπροτέραν αὖθις ἀρχὴν πρὸς δόξαν ἑτέραν οὐδὲ καλλίω γενησομένην. ἀναδεξάμενος οὖν τὴν συνηγορίαν καὶ κατορθώσας ἐθαυμάσθη· δεδιὼς δὲ τὸν Σύλλαν ἀπεδήμησεν εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα, διασπείρας λόγον ὡς τοῦ σώματος αὐτῷ θεραπείας δεομένου.",
            "sha256": "8499c27f62ae7e85e9f1a089168e799dbf3fe17f60211cdd82c7b864bcd0a015",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/plutarch-3.4.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "d75ec5a535007e56a1d18573e329a917c93a3772038fdbd3542d79680faa67c4",
            "apparatus": []
          }
        ],
        "after": [
          {
            "locator": "3.5",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg055.perseus-grc2:3.5",
            "text": "καί γὰρ ἦν ὄντως ἰσχνὸς καί ἄσαρκος, ἀρρωστίᾳ στομάχου μικρὰ καί γλίσχρα μόγις ὀψὲ τῆς ὥρας προσφερόμενος· ἡ δὲ φωνὴ πολλὴ μὲν καί ἀγαθή, σκληρὰ δὲ καί ἄπλαστος, ὑπὸ δὲ τοῦ λόγου σφοδρότητα καί πάθος ἔχοντος ἀεὶ διὰ τῶν ἄνω τόνων ἐλαυνομένη φόβον παρεῖχεν ὑπὲρ τοῦ σώματος.",
            "sha256": "26d3b5ce8a2c68930aef60659929d196943dc266318130a495f5a001350f5b8f",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/plutarch-3.5.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "c1ddcfd02a9af40c1c8fc9a640abc10fdc1e12056a3a9faaa275b1cfdc9b39ad",
            "apparatus": []
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        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "plut-verres",
      "edition": "plutarch",
      "citation": "Plutarch, Cicero 8.1",
      "locators": [
        "8.1"
      ],
      "before": [
        "7.6"
      ],
      "after": [
        "8.2"
      ],
      "title": {
        "en": "Verres: conviction and disputed consequences",
        "zh": "维雷斯：定罪及有争议的后果"
      },
      "reading": {
        "en": "Plutarch reports conviction, an assessed sum, an allegation against Cicero over its size, and Sicilian gratitude.",
        "zh": "普鲁塔克记定罪、估定金额、针对西塞罗所定数额的指控及西西里人的感激。"
      },
      "narrativeBefore": {
        "en": "The previous chapter narrates the trial through witness testimony and anecdotes, including the assessment of the penalty.",
        "zh": "前章以证人证言与轶事叙述审判，也谈到罚额估定。"
      },
      "narrativeAfter": {
        "en": "The next unit describes Cicero’s property, household resources and way of life. Plutarch places forensic success and the accusation about the remedy beside a portrait of private conduct.",
        "zh": "下一单元叙述西塞罗的地产、家产来源与生活方式。普鲁塔克把司法成功及有关赔罚的指控置于私人行为画像旁边。"
      },
      "limit": {
        "en": "This later narrative is compressed. It does not establish the exact procedural date, a reliable recovery total, or that all five published Actio II books were delivered.",
        "zh": "此后世记述高度压缩，不能确定精确程序日期、可靠追偿总数，也不能证明第二次诉辩五卷均曾现场宣读。"
      },
      "citationNote": "",
      "review": "machine-assisted editorial synthesis; exact source extraction checked; independent scholarly review pending",
      "editionUrn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg055.perseus-grc2",
      "language": "grc",
      "units": {
        "before": [
          {
            "locator": "7.6",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg055.perseus-grc2:7.6",
            "text": "τοῦ δὲ ῥήτορος Ὁρτησίου τὴν μὲν εὐθεῖαν τῷ Βέρρῃ συνειπεῖν μὴ τολμήσαντος, ἐν δὲ τῷ τιμήματι πεισθέντος παραγενέσθαι καὶ λαβόντος ἐλεφαντίνην Σφίγγα μισθόν, εἶπέ τι πλαγίως ὁ Κικέρων πρὸς αὐτόν τοῦ δὲ φήσαντος αἰνιγμάτων λύσεως ἀπείρως ἔχειν, καὶ μὴν ἐπὶ τῆς οἰκίας ἔφη, τὴν Σφίγγα ἔχεις.",
            "sha256": "a788dbfc6e1cc09fc5cd5748c7c9f3325dcf378fe8c19e0acd1b531efdb61cdf",
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            "apparatus": [
              "οἰκιας, ἔφη, τὴν Graux with Ma: οἰκίας τήν."
            ]
          }
        ],
        "selected": [
          {
            "locator": "8.1",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg055.perseus-grc2:8.1",
            "text": "οὕτω δὲ τοῦ Βέρρου καταδικασθέντος, ἑβδομήκοντα πέντε μυριάδων τιμησάμενος τὴν δίκην ὁ Κικέρων διαβολὴν ἔσχεν ὡς ἐπʼ ἀργυρίῳ τὸ τίμημα καθυφειμένος. οὐ μὴν ἀλλʼ οἱ Σικελιῶται χάριν εἰδότες ἀγορανομοῦντος αὐτοῦ πολλὰ μὲν ἄγοντες ἀπὸ τῆς νήσου, πολλὰ δὲ φέροντες ἧκον, ὧν οὐδὲν ἐποιήσατο κέρδος, ἀλλʼ ὅσον ἐπευωνίσαι τὴν ἀγορὰν ἀπεχρήσατο τῇ φιλοτιμίᾳ τῶν ἀνθρώπων.",
            "sha256": "f076f70a8d489a747af231dcc5b66db7389e4f4d1e650858c717dfbdced65fff",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/plutarch-8.1.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "46bc95020ccd23a152e2474f1eb683a2c35d9bdc66d160cf6c2069580761a450",
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        ],
        "after": [
          {
            "locator": "8.2",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg055.perseus-grc2:8.2",
            "text": "ἐκέκτητο δὲ χωρίον καλὸν ἐν Ἄρποις, καὶ περὶ Νέαν πόλιν ἦν ἀγρὸς καὶ περὶ Πομπηΐους ἕτερος, οὐ μεγάλοι· φερνή τε Τερεντίας τῆς γυναικὸς προσεγένετο μυριάδων δέκα, καὶ κληρονομία τις εἰς ἐννέα δηναρίων συναχθεῖσα μυριάδας, ἀπὸ τούτων ἐλευθερίως ἅμα καὶ σωφρόνως διῆγε μετὰ τῶν συμβιούντων Ἑλλήνων καὶ Ῥωμαίων φιλολογῶν, σπάνιον, εἴ ποτε, πρὸ δυσμῶν ἡλίου κατακλινόμενος, οὐχ οὕτω διʼ ἀσχολίαν, ὡς διὰ τὸ σῶμα τῷ στομάχῳ μοχθηρῶς διακείμενον.",
            "sha256": "76f6fa15dd538795b3c57c949036fa61211ebed424395aaffce9c9c2c1c11055",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/plutarch-8.2.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "50dfbfeffc989718a5f8a6705394fd38684fc10f5b8cd21aff4e7ede952c8cfd",
            "apparatus": []
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        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "lig-29-30",
      "edition": "ligario",
      "citation": "Cicero, Pro Ligario 29–30",
      "locators": [
        "29",
        "30"
      ],
      "before": [
        "28"
      ],
      "after": [
        "31"
      ],
      "title": {
        "en": "Asking Caesar for mercy",
        "zh": "向凯撒请求宽恕"
      },
      "reading": {
        "en": "Cicero explicitly directs his plea toward humanity, clemency and mercy, contrasting a plea to a parent with denial of the facts before jurors.",
        "zh": "西塞罗明言将请求归于人情、宽大与怜悯，区分向父亲认错求情与向陪审者否认事实。"
      },
      "narrativeBefore": {
        "en": "The speech has challenged the accuser Tubero’s position. Cicero now makes the nature of his appeal explicit.",
        "zh": "前文质疑控方图贝罗的立场，至此西塞罗明白说明其请求的性质。"
      },
      "narrativeAfter": {
        "en": "In 31 Cicero says Caesar considers the grounds of those who petition and the justice of their grief, rather than merely their closeness to him. For the reported result, consult Plutarch separately.",
        "zh": "第31节说凯撒考察求情者的理由及哀痛是否正当，并非仅看他们与自己的亲疏。案件结果须另查普鲁塔克。"
      },
      "limit": {
        "en": "A release won by an appeal for mercy is a different kind of result from a jury’s acquittal.",
        "zh": "因求情而获释，与陪审团开释性质不同。"
      },
      "citationNote": "",
      "review": "machine-assisted editorial synthesis; exact source extraction checked; independent scholarly review pending",
      "editionUrn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2",
      "language": "lat",
      "units": {
        "before": [
          {
            "locator": "28",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:28",
            "text": "quid? cum ista res nihil commovisset eius animum ad quem veneratis, languidiore, credo, studio in causa fuistis; tantum modo in praesidiis eratis, animi vero a causa abhorrebant: an, ut fit in civilibus bellis—nec in vobis magis quam in reliquis; omnes enim vincendi studio tenebamur. pacis equidem semper auctor fui, sed tum sero; erat enim amentis, cum aciem videres, pacem cogitare. omnes, inquam, vincere volebamus; tu certe praecipue, qui in eum locum venisses ubi tibi esset pereundum, nisi vicisses. quamquam, ut nunc se res habet, non dubito quin hanc salutem anteponas illi victoriae.",
            "sha256": "2323f19d03fc6165a527255d3ebec8126fac4a44e0b02a425b2e90a72495a973",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/ligario-28.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "0828faf6c16c25bc89d193ded6c1685b70ace5c7abc8f5e92ba13343e499cec0",
            "apparatus": [
              "cum iniuria γ",
              "post bellis lacunam statuit Madvig: anacoluthian ex parenthesi ortam defendit Rau",
              "neque Cα",
              "praecipue om. α",
              "veneras β",
              "tibi om. α"
            ]
          }
        ],
        "selected": [
          {
            "locator": "29",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:29",
            "text": "haec ego non dicerem, Tubero, si aut vos constantiae vestrae aut Caesarem benefici sui paeniteret. nunc quaero utrum vestras iniurias an rei publicae persequamini. si rei publicae, quid de vestra in illa causa perseverantia respondebitis? si vestras, videte ne erretis qui Caesarem vestris inimicis iratum fore putetis, cum ignoverit suis. itaque num tibi videor in causa Ligari esse occupatus, num de eius facto dicere? quicquid dixi, ad unam summam referri volo vel humanitatis vel clementiae vel misericordiae.",
            "sha256": "409593a3e73fab9d0b2cde69819aff2c9b0443c88625148bde14101e3b5ce7b1",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/ligario-29.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "d1a3183305465b86dada8e731664e4b810ddc40ea7035f14a76717d4a2966c77",
            "apparatus": [
              "misericordiae β, Zielinski: misericordiae tuae αγ"
            ]
          },
          {
            "locator": "30",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:30",
            "text": "causas, Caesar, egi multas equidem tecum, dum te in foro tenuit ratio honorum tuorum, certe numquam hoc modo: ignoscite, iudices; erravit, lapsus est, non putavit; si umquam posthac. ad parentem sic agi solet, ad iudices: non fecit, non cogitavit; falsi testes, fictum crimen. dic te, Caesar, de facto Ligari iudicem esse; quibus in praesidiis fuerit quaere: taceo, ne haec quidem conligo, quae fortasse valerent etiam apud iudicem: legatus ante bellum profectus, relictus in pace, bello oppressus, in eo ipso non acerbus, totus animo et studio tuus. ad iudicem sic, sed ego apud parentem loquor: erravi, temere feci, paenitet; ad clementiam tuam confugio, delicti veniam peto, ut ignoscatur oro. si nemo impetravit, adroganter: si plurimi, tu idem fer opem qui spem dedisti.",
            "sha256": "f8085e942372bde617537ab8a5622d4a430d83c65a56c10d6e816b9be9c9bd32",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/ligario-30.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "8ac710bb7418cab287e481f2232250c47f0a590af9f564f412240068dc748882",
            "apparatus": [
              "equidem Aah: et quidem HVDβm",
              "quaere βh: quaerere αam",
              "acerbus fuit γ",
              "totus animo αa: tametsi totus hm: tametsi totus animo β: iam est totus animo Madvig",
              "ac studio β",
              "sic αh: sic agi solet βa",
              "apud β: ad αγ",
              "erravit... fecit γ",
              "ignoscas γ"
            ]
          }
        ],
        "after": [
          {
            "locator": "31",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:31",
            "text": "an sperandi de Ligario causa non erit, cum mihi apud te locus sit etiam pro altero deprecandi? quamquam nec in hac oratione spes est posita causae nec in eorum studiis qui a te pro Ligario petunt tui necessarii. vidi enim et cognovi quid maxime spectares, cum pro alicuius salute multi laborarent: causas apud te rogantium gratiosiores esse quam voltus, neque te spectare quam tuus esset necessarius is qui te oraret, sed quam illius pro quo laboraret. itaque tribuis tu quidem tuis ita multa ut mihi beatiores illi videantur interdum qui tua liberalitate fruantur quam tu ipse qui illis tam multa concedas; sed video tamen apud te, ut dixi, causas valere plus quam preces, ab eisque te moveri maxime quorum iustissimum videas dolorem in petendo.",
            "sha256": "df477d7c5f0decb3ec87ad9c2df1e9ab15ad583e1531a8232348d7f03bb5a857",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/ligario-31.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "e6377da7d46b4e9458f155265ab2a5f15322328afb0a9f58cb8eac168509293c",
            "apparatus": [
              "de Lig. causa non erit α: Lig. causa non sit βγ",
              "vultus αγ: preces β",
              "quam illius αβa: quae (quam m) illius causa hm",
              "tribuis tu α: tribuisti γ: tribuis β",
              "esse ante illi add. E, post illi BD, ante beat. γ",
              "fruantur αa: fruuntur βhm",
              "ut dixi causas α: causas ut dixi β: ut dixi caus. rogantium γ"
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "plut-ligarius",
      "edition": "plutarch",
      "citation": "Plutarch, Cicero 39.5–6",
      "locators": [
        "39.5",
        "39.6"
      ],
      "before": [
        "39.4"
      ],
      "after": [
        "40.1"
      ],
      "title": {
        "en": "The later story of Caesar moved by Cicero",
        "zh": "西塞罗打动凯撒的后世故事"
      },
      "reading": {
        "en": "Plutarch introduces a story in which Caesar listens, is moved by the speech, and releases Ligarius from the accusation.",
        "zh": "普鲁塔克以传说口吻引入凯撒聆听演说、受到感动并解除对利加里乌斯指控的故事。"
      },
      "narrativeBefore": {
        "en": "The surrounding chapter describes Cicero’s relationship with Caesar after the civil war. The hearing is presented within that unequal relationship.",
        "zh": "周围章节叙述内战后西塞罗与凯撒的关系，审讯置于这一不对等关系中。"
      },
      "narrativeAfter": {
        "en": "The next chapter depicts life under monarchy and Cicero’s philosophical activity. The account links rhetorical influence to a changed political order.",
        "zh": "下一章描述独裁之下的生活与西塞罗哲学活动，使修辞影响力与政治秩序变化相连。"
      },
      "limit": {
        "en": "This is later biographical storytelling, explicitly introduced as a report. Caesar’s emotions are not independently established.",
        "zh": "这是后世传记且明示为传闻；凯撒的情绪未获独立证明。"
      },
      "citationNote": "The Greek text numbers this passage 39.5–6; Perrin’s English translation, linked here, numbers the same account 39.6–7.",
      "review": "machine-assisted editorial synthesis; exact source extraction checked; independent scholarly review pending",
      "editionUrn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg055.perseus-grc2",
      "language": "grc",
      "units": {
        "before": [
          {
            "locator": "39.4",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg055.perseus-grc2:39.4",
            "text": "ὁ γὰρ Καῖσαρ, ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὸν πολὺ πρὸ τῶν ἄλλων ἀπαντῶντα, κατέβη καὶ ἠσπάσατο καὶ διαλεγόμενος μόνῳ συχνῶν σταδίων ὁδὸν προῆλθεν. ἐκ δὲ τούτου διετέλει τιμῶν καὶ φιλοφρονούμενος, ὥστε καὶ γράψαντι λόγον ἐγκώμιον Κάτωνος ἀντιγράφων τόν τε λόγον αὐτοῦ καὶ τόν βίον ὡς μάλιστα τῷ Περικλέους ἐοικότα καὶ Θηραμένους ἐπαινεῖν.",
            "sha256": "3f80dc0e8c88828fa721ca0469a93ac9eb49b9fe626b8ab2fc98266ed47043cb",
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        ],
        "selected": [
          {
            "locator": "39.5",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg055.perseus-grc2:39.5",
            "text": "ὁ μὲν οὖν Κικέρωνος λόγος Κάτων, ὁ δὲ Καίσαρος Ἀντικάτων ἐπιγέγραπται. λέγεται δὲ καὶ Κοΐντου Λιγαρίου δίκην φεύγοντος ὅτι τῶν Καίσαρος πολεμίων εἷς ἐγεγόνει, καὶ Κικέρωνος αὐτῷ βοηθοῦντος, εἰπεῖν τόν Καίσαρα πρὸς τοὺς φίλους· τί κωλύει διὰ χρόνου Κικέρωνος ἀκοῦσαι λέγοντος, ἐπεὶ πάλαι κέκριται πονηρὸς ὁ ἀνὴρ καὶ πολέμιος;",
            "sha256": "2957db15ef7da88ffad3de4d53facd805dfc013a0dc4ea5739c34f1e85ace257",
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            "xmlSha256": "5ff4f0a43cdfd8224fe2c6c2ace7818022c43c06166b553f3a0978f28aeaebb0",
            "apparatus": [
              "ὁ ἀνὴρ, Bekker, after Schaefer:ἀνήρ."
            ]
          },
          {
            "locator": "39.6",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg055.perseus-grc2:39.6",
            "text": "ἐπεὶ δʼ ἀρξάμενος λέγειν ὁ Κικέρων ὑπερφυῶς ἐκίνει καὶ προὔβαινεν αὐτῷ πάθει τε ποικίλος καὶ χάριτι θαυμαστὸς ὁ λόγος, πολλὰς μὲν ἱέναι χρόας ἐπὶ τοῦ προσώπου τόν Καίσαρα, πάσας δὲ τῆς ψυχῆς τρεπόμενον τροπὰς κατάδηλον εἶναι, τέλος δὲ τῶν κατὰ Φάρσαλον ἁψαμένου τοῦ ῥήτορος ἀγώνων ἐκπαθῆ γενόμενον τιναχθῆναι τῷ σώματι καὶ τῆς χειρὸς ἐκβαλεῖν ἔνια τῶν γραμματείων, τόν γοῦν ἄνθρωπον ἀπέλυσε τῆς αἰτίας βεβιασμένος.",
            "sha256": "b162b4c1fb58fa5403a74a6aa3d07c91d5c4e1e1bb2adff66ea6e0ce858ad314",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/plutarch-39.6.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "e61b5b063de40bc2d44ea804a5699ecf6960a1394691e50aea87f302f1ebdc46",
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        ],
        "after": [
          {
            "locator": "40.1",
            "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg055.perseus-grc2:40.1",
            "text": "ἐκ τούτου Κικέρων, εἰς μοναρχίαν τῆς πολιτείας μεθεστώσης, ἀφέμενος τοῦ τὰ κοινὰ πράττειν ἐσχόλαζε τοῖς βουλομένοις φιλοσοφεῖν τῶν νέων, καὶ σχεδὸν ἐκ τῆς πρὸς τούτους συνηθείας, εὐγενεστάτους καὶ πρώτους ὄντας, αὖθις ἴσχυεν ἐν τῇ πόλει μέγιστον.",
            "sha256": "1f7e03ae67baf3e09fd0677fa3824452fdaf185e0c0b76cd89d268af85a62ba2",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/plutarch-40.1.xml",
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    },
    {
      "id": "rosc-com-2",
      "edition": "roscio-comoedo",
      "citation": "Cicero, Pro Q. Roscio Comoedo 2",
      "locators": [
        "2"
      ],
      "before": [
        "1"
      ],
      "after": [
        "3"
      ],
      "title": {
        "en": "Accounts and a civil dispute: no recorded outcome",
        "zh": "账簿与民事争议：结局未见记载"
      },
      "reading": {
        "en": "Cicero challenges the accounting evidence and states what he would concede if Fannius produced the specified books.",
        "zh": "西塞罗质疑账目证据，并说明若范尼乌斯提交特定账簿，自己将如何让步。"
      },
      "narrativeBefore": {
        "en": "The opening is fragmentary; a gap marker is preserved in the preceding unit. The issue is documentary proof of a monetary claim.",
        "zh": "开篇残缺，上文保留缺文标记；此处争点是金钱请求的文书证明。"
      },
      "narrativeAfter": {
        "en": "The following argument continues the scrutiny of accounts. A surviving speech establishes advocacy and argument, but need not supply a verdict.",
        "zh": "下文继续审查账簿。演说传世足以证明辩护及其论点，却未必提供判决。"
      },
      "limit": {
        "en": "The passage argues over the accounts and reports no verdict; the outcome of the dispute is not recorded.",
        "zh": "此段论辩账目，未载判决；此案结局未见记载。"
      },
      "citationNote": "",
      "review": "machine-assisted editorial synthesis; exact source extraction checked; independent scholarly review pending",
      "editionUrn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi003.perseus-lat2",
      "language": "lat",
      "units": {
        "before": [
          {
            "locator": "1",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi003.perseus-lat2:1",
            "text": "[…: gap in edition] malitiam naturae crederetur. is scilicet vir optimus et singulari fide praeditus in suo iudicio suis tabulis testibus uti conatur. solent fere dicere qui per tabulas hominis honesti pecuniam expensam tulerunt: egone talem virum corrumpere potui, ut mea causa falsum in codicem referret? exspecto quam mox Chaerea hac oratione utatur: egone hanc manum plenam perfidiae et hos digitos meos impellere potui ut falsum perscriberent nomen? quod si ille suas proferet tabulas, proferet suas quoque Roscius. erit in illius tabulis hoc nomen, at ⟨in⟩ huius non erit.",
            "sha256": "a43ba95b7910e657953f6711658a571b328089faa07760f7c73721fa1ad7beec",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/roscio-comoedo-1.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "8600b2d69c788e765e5c46f7dd365b2926652e6dfdcd3addb64c22a9e3c98c61",
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        ],
        "selected": [
          {
            "locator": "2",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi003.perseus-lat2:2",
            "text": "cur potius illius quam huius credetur?— scripsisset ille, si non iussu huius expensum tulisset? —non scripsisset hic quod sibi expensum ferre iussisset? nam quem ad modum turpe est scribere quod non debeatur, sic improbum est non referre quod debeas. aeque enim tabulae condemnantur eius qui verum non rettulit et eius qui falsum perscripsit. sed ego copia et facultate causae confisus vide quo progrediar. si tabulas C. Fannius accepti et expensi profert suas in suam rem suo arbitratu scriptas, quo minus secundum illum iudicetis non recuso.",
            "sha256": "0ee406c5fdd8af6f1ca3f8d51dfa0631c256cf55fef0aaf685f0a9917c5c26dc",
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        ],
        "after": [
          {
            "locator": "3",
            "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi003.perseus-lat2:3",
            "text": "quis hoc frater fratri, quis parens filio tribuit ut, quodcumque rettulisset, id ratum haberet? ratum habebit Roscius; profer; quod tibi fuerit persuasum, huic erit persuasum, quod tibi fuerit probatum, huic erit probatum. Paulo ante M. Perpennae, P. Saturi tabulas poscebamus, nunc tuas, C. Fanni Chaerea, solius flagitamus et quo minus secundum eas lis detur non recusamus; quid ita non profers?",
            "sha256": "f556658001047c94e5ba62bc5f045bf1de1b93bf2c05ffeae985f9d121a4679e",
            "xmlUrl": "/cicero-reader/world/sources/roscio-comoedo-3.xml",
            "xmlSha256": "c91b18edb10057dbf88016babec2023ed40c7be08a2c1459456aba0be072994a",
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      "language": "lat",
      "label": "Cicero. Ciceronis, M. Tullius. Epistulae, Vol. III. Purser, Louis Claude, editor. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1901.",
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      "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi057.perseus-lat1",
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      "label": "Cicero. Ciceronis, M. Tullius. Epistulae, Vol. II. Pars Prior and Pars Posterior. Purser, Louis Claude, editor. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1903.",
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      "language": "lat",
      "label": "Cicero. M. Tulli Ciceronis Orationes, Vol. 5. Peterson, William, editor. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909.",
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      "id": "ligario",
      "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2",
      "language": "lat",
      "label": "Cicero. M. Tulli Ciceronis Orationes, Vol. 6. Clark, Albert Curtis, editor. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1918.",
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      "id": "roscio-comoedo",
      "urn": "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi003.perseus-lat2",
      "language": "lat",
      "label": "Cicero. M. Tulli Ciceronis Orationes, Volume 4. Clark, Albert Curtis, editor. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909.",
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      "changes": "Whitespace normalized; notes separated; deletions ⟦ ⟧ and additions/supplements ⟨ ⟩ marked; gaps explicit; no ancient wording supplied.",
      "attribution": "Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University; Cicero. M. Tulli Ciceronis Orationes, Volume 4. Clark, Albert Curtis, editor. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909."
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    {
      "id": "plutarch",
      "urn": "urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg055.perseus-grc2",
      "language": "grc",
      "label": "Plutarch. Plutarch's Lives, Vol. VII. Perrin, Bernadotte, editor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1919.",
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      "changes": "Whitespace normalized; notes separated; deletions ⟦ ⟧ and additions/supplements ⟨ ⟩ marked; gaps explicit; no ancient wording supplied.",
      "attribution": "Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University; Plutarch. Plutarch's Lives, Vol. VII. Perrin, Bernadotte, editor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1919."
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      "id": "dio",
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