{ "schema": "cursus-bundle/1", "title": "Magalia composition foundations · draft", "units": [ { "n": 1, "title": "01 · Latin · Who does what?" }, { "n": 2, "title": "01 · Greek · Who does what?" }, { "n": 3, "title": "02 · Latin · Describe a noun and its possessor" }, { "n": 4, "title": "02 · Greek · Describe a noun and its possessor" }, { "n": 5, "title": "07 · Latin · Distinguish the thing given from its recipient" }, { "n": 6, "title": "07 · Greek · Distinguish the thing given from its recipient" }, { "n": 7, "title": "08 · Latin · Set a background and introduce an event" }, { "n": 8, "title": "08 · Greek · Set a background and introduce an event" }, { "n": 9, "title": "03 · Latin · Give a relative pronoun its own role" }, { "n": 10, "title": "03 · Greek · Give a relative pronoun its own role" }, { "n": 11, "title": "09 · Latin · Address a command to its audience" }, { "n": 12, "title": "09 · Greek · Address a command to its audience" }, { "n": 13, "title": "04 · Latin · State an intention" }, { "n": 14, "title": "04 · Greek · State an intention" }, { "n": 15, "title": "05 · Latin · Set the circumstances of an event" }, { "n": 16, "title": "05 · Greek · Set the circumstances of an event" }, { "n": 17, "title": "06 · Latin · Report what someone says or thinks" }, { "n": 18, "title": "06 · Greek · Report what someone says or thinks" }, { "n": 19, "title": "11 · Latin · Ask a question and report it" }, { "n": 20, "title": "11 · Greek · Ask a question and report it" }, { "n": 21, "title": "12 · Latin · State the condition and its consequence" }, { "n": 22, "title": "12 · Greek · State the condition and its consequence" }, { "n": 23, "title": "13 · Latin · Explain a reason and identify whose it is" }, { "n": 24, "title": "13 · Greek · Explain a reason and identify whose it is" }, { "n": 25, "title": "10 · Latin · Connect a short narrative" }, { "n": 26, "title": "10 · Greek · Connect a short narrative" } ], "tasks": [ { "unit_n": 1, "title": "01 · Latin · Who does what?", "mode": "practice", "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-01", "lesson_revision": "2a8442531c09acfc79b3895f242006f74f4069f4d804e3c9076a390f55552be9", "target_language": "lat", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 1, "supports": { "en": "The accusative as a grammatical sign of the direct object.", "zh": "宾格标示直接宾语。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 920, "supports": { "en": "The distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs.", "zh": "及物动词与不及物动词的区别。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1553, "supports": { "en": "The accusative as the case of the direct object.", "zh": "宾格用作直接宾语。" } } ] }, "items": [ { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Compose in Latin: The Romans praise the consul. Explain your construction.", "q_zh": "用拉丁语写作：罗马人赞扬执政官。 解释所用结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Make the consul plural. Hint: Use accusative plural cōnsulēs.", "q_zh": "把执政官改为复数。 提示：用宾格复数 cōnsulēs。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Make one Roman the subject. Hint: Use Rōmānus and laudat.", "q_zh": "把主语改为一位罗马人。 提示：用 Rōmānus 及 laudat。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Reverse the roles: the consul praises the Romans. Hint: Use Rōmānōs for the object.", "q_zh": "对调角色：执政官赞扬罗马人。 提示：宾语用 Rōmānōs。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } } ] }, { "unit_n": 2, "title": "01 · Greek · Who does what?", "mode": "practice", "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-01", "lesson_revision": "2a8442531c09acfc79b3895f242006f74f4069f4d804e3c9076a390f55552be9", "target_language": "grc", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 1, "supports": { "en": "The accusative as a grammatical sign of the direct object.", "zh": "宾格标示直接宾语。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 920, "supports": { "en": "The distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs.", "zh": "及物动词与不及物动词的区别。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1553, "supports": { "en": "The accusative as the case of the direct object.", "zh": "宾格用作直接宾语。" } } ] }, "items": [ { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Compose in Greek: The Romans praise the consul. Explain your construction.", "q_zh": "用希腊语写作：罗马人赞扬执政官。 解释所用结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Make the consul plural. Hint: Use τοὺς ὑπάτους.", "q_zh": "把执政官改为复数。 提示：用 τοὺς ὑπάτους。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Make one Roman the subject. Hint: Use ὁ Ῥωμαῖος and ἐπαινεῖ.", "q_zh": "把主语改为一位罗马人。 提示：用 ὁ Ῥωμαῖος 及 ἐπαινεῖ。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Reverse the roles: the consul praises the Romans. Hint: Use τοὺς Ῥωμαίους for the object.", "q_zh": "对调角色：执政官赞扬罗马人。 提示：宾语用 τοὺς Ῥωμαίους。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } } ] }, { "unit_n": 3, "title": "02 · Latin · Describe a noun and its possessor", "mode": "practice", "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-02", "lesson_revision": "858c8c5be08ee968d0db6c5983cf9635bba65aaf5fa4b9d85ccb9193e670f87d", "target_language": "lat", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 72, "supports": { "en": "Possessive genitive; this section does not supply the whole rule of adjective agreement.", "zh": "所属属格；本节并不承担形容词一致关系的全部规则。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1154, "supports": { "en": "Attributive position within the article–noun group.", "zh": "冠词与名词组合中的定语位置。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1297, "supports": { "en": "Ownership, possession, and belonging expressed by a genitive.", "zh": "属格表达所有、占有和归属。" } } ] }, "items": [ { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Compose in Latin: The brave soldiers guard the general’s camp. Explain your construction.", "q_zh": "用拉丁语写作：勇敢的士兵守卫将军的营地。 解释所用结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Make the soldier singular. Hint: Castra remains plural: camp is a plural noun here.", "q_zh": "把士兵改为单数。 提示：Castra 仍为复数：此处“营地”为复数名词。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Make the camp belong to the citizens. Hint: Cīvium is genitive plural of cīvis.", "q_zh": "把营地改为属于公民们。 提示：Cīvium 是 cīvis 的属格复数。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Make the general, rather than the soldiers, brave. Hint: Fortis must agree with genitive ducis.", "q_zh": "把“勇敢”改为修饰将军，而非士兵。 提示：Fortis 须与属格 ducis 一致。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } } ] }, { "unit_n": 4, "title": "02 · Greek · Describe a noun and its possessor", "mode": "practice", "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-02", "lesson_revision": "858c8c5be08ee968d0db6c5983cf9635bba65aaf5fa4b9d85ccb9193e670f87d", "target_language": "grc", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 72, "supports": { "en": "Possessive genitive; this section does not supply the whole rule of adjective agreement.", "zh": "所属属格；本节并不承担形容词一致关系的全部规则。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1154, "supports": { "en": "Attributive position within the article–noun group.", "zh": "冠词与名词组合中的定语位置。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1297, "supports": { "en": "Ownership, possession, and belonging expressed by a genitive.", "zh": "属格表达所有、占有和归属。" } } ] }, "items": [ { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Compose in Greek: The brave soldiers guard the general’s camp. Explain your construction.", "q_zh": "用希腊语写作：勇敢的士兵守卫将军的营地。 解释所用结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Make the soldier singular. Hint: Use singular στρατιώτης and φυλάττει.", "q_zh": "把士兵改为单数。 提示：用单数 στρατιώτης 及 φυλάττει。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Make the camp belong to the citizens. Hint: Use genitive plural τῶν πολιτῶν.", "q_zh": "把营地改为属于公民们。 提示：用属格复数 τῶν πολιτῶν。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Make the general, rather than the soldiers, brave. Hint: Put ἀνδρείου with genitive στρατηγοῦ.", "q_zh": "把“勇敢”改为修饰将军，而非士兵。 提示：把 ἀνδρείου 放入属格 στρατηγοῦ 短语。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } } ] }, { "unit_n": 5, "title": "07 · Latin · Distinguish the thing given from its recipient", "mode": "practice", "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-07", "lesson_revision": "4aa44ff5a1d74506b21f04f41e8e928243ccdef9ff16b42c25183f941ed42723", "target_language": "lat", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 56, "supports": { "en": "The dative marks a person affected by an action.", "zh": "与格标示行动所涉及的人。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 61, "supports": { "en": "Giving, showing and telling can have a dative recipient alongside an accusative object.", "zh": "给予、展示及告知可同时带与格接受者和宾格对象。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1469, "supports": { "en": "A transitive verb can have an accusative object and a dative indirect object.", "zh": "及物动词可带宾格直接宾语和与格间接宾语。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1470, "supports": { "en": "The dative remains in the passive construction.", "zh": "改用被动结构时与格保留。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 958, "supports": { "en": "Neuter plural subjects commonly take a singular verb.", "zh": "中性复数主语通常搭配单数动词。" } } ] }, "items": [ { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Compose in Latin: The general gives money to the soldiers. Explain your construction.", "q_zh": "用拉丁语写作：将军把钱给士兵们。 解释所用结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Give the money to one soldier. Hint: Use dative singular mīlitī.", "q_zh": "把钱给一名士兵。 提示：用与格单数 mīlitī。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Write: the general shows the gate to the soldiers. Hint: Mōnstrat means shows; portam is accusative.", "q_zh": "写：将军把城门指给士兵们看。 提示：Mōnstrat 表示指示；portam 为宾格。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Make the money the passive subject. Hint: Use nominative pecūnia and passive datur.", "q_zh": "把钱改为被动句主语。 提示：用主格 pecūnia 及被动 datur。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } } ] }, { "unit_n": 6, "title": "07 · Greek · Distinguish the thing given from its recipient", "mode": "practice", "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-07", "lesson_revision": "4aa44ff5a1d74506b21f04f41e8e928243ccdef9ff16b42c25183f941ed42723", "target_language": "grc", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 56, "supports": { "en": "The dative marks a person affected by an action.", "zh": "与格标示行动所涉及的人。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 61, "supports": { "en": "Giving, showing and telling can have a dative recipient alongside an accusative object.", "zh": "给予、展示及告知可同时带与格接受者和宾格对象。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1469, "supports": { "en": "A transitive verb can have an accusative object and a dative indirect object.", "zh": "及物动词可带宾格直接宾语和与格间接宾语。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1470, "supports": { "en": "The dative remains in the passive construction.", "zh": "改用被动结构时与格保留。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 958, "supports": { "en": "Neuter plural subjects commonly take a singular verb.", "zh": "中性复数主语通常搭配单数动词。" } } ] }, "items": [ { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Compose in Greek: The general gives money to the soldiers. Explain your construction.", "q_zh": "用希腊语写作：将军把钱给士兵们。 解释所用结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Give the money to one soldier. Hint: Use τῷ στρατιώτῃ.", "q_zh": "把钱给一名士兵。 提示：用 τῷ στρατιώτῃ。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Write: the general shows the gate to the soldiers. Hint: Δείκνυσιν means shows; τὴν πύλην is accusative.", "q_zh": "写：将军把城门指给士兵们看。 提示：Δείκνυσιν 表示展示；τὴν πύλην 为宾格。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Make the money the passive subject. Hint: Use passive singular δίδοται with neuter plural χρήματα.", "q_zh": "把钱改为被动句主语。 提示：中性复数 χρήματα 搭配被动单数 δίδοται。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } } ] }, { "unit_n": 7, "title": "08 · Latin · Set a background and introduce an event", "mode": "practice", "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-08", "lesson_revision": "7aa28e8e0bd1335a72de6ce4caef7fba37270f1ea0f59b443e0e7bd8a057bfcd", "target_language": "lat", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "allen-greenough", "section": 470, "supports": { "en": "The imperfect can present past action as continuing or repeated.", "zh": "未完成时可把过去行动呈现为持续或反复。" } }, { "work": "allen-greenough", "section": 473, "supports": { "en": "The perfect can state a past event or a present completion.", "zh": "完成时可陈述过去事件或现在的完成。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1889, "supports": { "en": "The imperfect presents an action or state as still existing in the past.", "zh": "未完成时把行动或状态呈现为过去仍在持续。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1923, "supports": { "en": "The aorist can present an action as a past occurrence without specifying its duration.", "zh": "不定过去时可把行动呈现为过去的发生，而不规定其持续时长。" } } ] }, "items": [ { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Compose in Latin: The soldiers were guarding the city. Then a messenger arrived. Explain your construction.", "q_zh": "用拉丁语写作：士兵们正在守卫城市。随后一位信使到达了。 解释所用结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Present the guarding as one narrated past event. Hint: Use perfect custōdīvērunt.", "q_zh": "把守卫呈现为一项过去叙述事件。 提示：用完成时 custōdīvērunt。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Change the background and keep two sentences: the general was speaking. A messenger arrived. Hint: Verba faciēbat means was speaking.", "q_zh": "改变背景，保留两个句子：将军正在说话。一位信使到达。 提示：Verba faciēbat 表示正在说话。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Describe a repeated routine: the soldiers often used to guard the city. Hint: Use saepe, often.", "q_zh": "描写反复常规：士兵们过去经常守卫城市。 提示：用 saepe，表示经常。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } } ] }, { "unit_n": 8, "title": "08 · Greek · Set a background and introduce an event", "mode": "practice", "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-08", "lesson_revision": "7aa28e8e0bd1335a72de6ce4caef7fba37270f1ea0f59b443e0e7bd8a057bfcd", "target_language": "grc", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "allen-greenough", "section": 470, "supports": { "en": "The imperfect can present past action as continuing or repeated.", "zh": "未完成时可把过去行动呈现为持续或反复。" } }, { "work": "allen-greenough", "section": 473, "supports": { "en": "The perfect can state a past event or a present completion.", "zh": "完成时可陈述过去事件或现在的完成。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1889, "supports": { "en": "The imperfect presents an action or state as still existing in the past.", "zh": "未完成时把行动或状态呈现为过去仍在持续。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1923, "supports": { "en": "The aorist can present an action as a past occurrence without specifying its duration.", "zh": "不定过去时可把行动呈现为过去的发生，而不规定其持续时长。" } } ] }, "items": [ { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Compose in Greek: The soldiers were guarding the city. Then a messenger arrived. Explain your construction.", "q_zh": "用希腊语写作：士兵们正在守卫城市。随后一位信使到达了。 解释所用结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Present the guarding as one narrated past event. Hint: Use aorist ἐφύλαξαν.", "q_zh": "把守卫呈现为一项过去叙述事件。 提示：用不定过去时 ἐφύλαξαν。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Change the background and keep two sentences: the general was speaking. A messenger arrived. Hint: Ἔλεγε is imperfect of λέγω.", "q_zh": "改变背景，保留两个句子：将军正在说话。一位信使到达。 提示：Ἔλεγε 为 λέγω 的未完成时。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Describe a repeated routine: the soldiers often used to guard the city. Hint: Use πολλάκις, often.", "q_zh": "描写反复常规：士兵们过去经常守卫城市。 提示：用 πολλάκις，表示经常。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } } ] }, { "unit_n": 9, "title": "03 · Latin · Give a relative pronoun its own role", "mode": "practice", "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-03", "lesson_revision": "542b2d8fc430009de55c4de2bddf59b8d24e59134752417930acb03cfce01b30", "target_language": "lat", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 230, "supports": { "en": "Types of relative clause; the identifying relative clause here uses the indicative.", "zh": "关系从句的类型；此例用于识别人物，采用直陈式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2501, "supports": { "en": "Gender and number from the antecedent; case from the role within the relative clause.", "zh": "性、数依先行词；格依关系代词在从句中的角色。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2502, "supports": { "en": "Variations and qualifications to the agreement rule.", "zh": "一致规则的变体及限制。" } }, { "work": "allen-greenough", "section": 305, "supports": { "en": "Relative gender/number follow the antecedent; case follows its own clause.", "zh": "关系代词的性数依先行词，格依其自身从句。" } } ] }, "items": [ { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Compose in Latin: The citizens love the consul who saved the city. Explain your construction.", "q_zh": "用拉丁语写作：公民们爱戴那位拯救了城市的执政官。 解释所用结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Write: the citizens love the consul whom they saw. Hint: Use accusative quem and perfect vīdērunt.", "q_zh": "写：公民们爱戴他们见到的执政官。 提示：用宾格 quem 及完成时 vīdērunt。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Write: the consul loves the citizens who saved the city. Hint: Use nominative plural quī and servāvērunt.", "q_zh": "写：执政官爱戴拯救了城市的公民们。 提示：用主格复数 quī 及 servāvērunt。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Replace the relative clause with a second sentence: the consul saved the city. Hint: Repeat cōnsul to keep the referent explicit.", "q_zh": "用第二个句子代替关系从句：执政官拯救了城市。 提示：重复 cōnsul，以明示所指。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } } ] }, { "unit_n": 10, "title": "03 · Greek · Give a relative pronoun its own role", "mode": "practice", "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-03", "lesson_revision": "542b2d8fc430009de55c4de2bddf59b8d24e59134752417930acb03cfce01b30", "target_language": "grc", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 230, "supports": { "en": "Types of relative clause; the identifying relative clause here uses the indicative.", "zh": "关系从句的类型；此例用于识别人物，采用直陈式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2501, "supports": { "en": "Gender and number from the antecedent; case from the role within the relative clause.", "zh": "性、数依先行词；格依关系代词在从句中的角色。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2502, "supports": { "en": "Variations and qualifications to the agreement rule.", "zh": "一致规则的变体及限制。" } }, { "work": "allen-greenough", "section": 305, "supports": { "en": "Relative gender/number follow the antecedent; case follows its own clause.", "zh": "关系代词的性数依先行词，格依其自身从句。" } } ] }, "items": [ { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Compose in Greek: The citizens love the consul who saved the city. Explain your construction.", "q_zh": "用希腊语写作：公民们爱戴那位拯救了城市的执政官。 解释所用结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Write: the citizens love the consul whom they saw. Hint: Use accusative ὃν and aorist εἶδον.", "q_zh": "写：公民们爱戴他们见到的执政官。 提示：用宾格 ὃν 及不定过去时 εἶδον。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Write: the consul loves the citizens who saved the city. Hint: Use nominative plural οἳ and ἔσωσαν.", "q_zh": "写：执政官爱戴拯救了城市的公民们。 提示：用主格复数 οἳ 及 ἔσωσαν。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Replace the relative clause with a second sentence: the consul saved the city. Hint: Repeat ὁ ὕπατος.", "q_zh": "用第二个句子代替关系从句：执政官拯救了城市。 提示：重复 ὁ ὕπατος。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } } ] }, { "unit_n": 11, "title": "09 · Latin · Address a command to its audience", "mode": "practice", "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-09", "lesson_revision": "063aa2f6fe55517886a5f83d1ea475e9d68c60ae47453c50925ce1003f2433e8", "target_language": "lat", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 126, "supports": { "en": "A positive direct second-person command uses the imperative.", "zh": "直接对第二人称发出的肯定命令可用命令式。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 127, "supports": { "en": "Instructions about a third person can use the present subjunctive.", "zh": "针对第三人称的指令可用现在虚拟式。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 128, "supports": { "en": "Noli/nolite with an infinitive is a regular second-person prohibition.", "zh": "noli/nolite 加不定式是常见第二人称禁令。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1835, "supports": { "en": "Imperatives express commands, requests and related acts.", "zh": "命令式表达命令、请求及相关行为。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1840, "supports": { "en": "Second-person prohibitions can use μή with a present imperative.", "zh": "第二人称禁令可用 μή 加现在命令式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1841, "supports": { "en": "The context qualifies the interpretation of a present-imperative prohibition.", "zh": "现在命令式禁令的理解须结合语境。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 23, "supports": { "en": "Infinitive complement after iubeo.", "zh": "iubeo 后的不定式补语。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1991, "supports": { "en": "Infinitive complements after verbs of will and command.", "zh": "意愿及命令动词后的不定式补语。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1992, "supports": { "en": "Accusative object and infinitive after κελεύω.", "zh": "κελεύω 后的宾格宾语与不定式。" } } ] }, "items": [ { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Compose in Latin: To several soldiers: Guard the gate. Do not leave the city. Explain your construction.", "q_zh": "用拉丁语写作：对多名士兵说：守卫城门。不要离开城市。 解释所用结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Address one soldier instead. Hint: Use singular custōdī and nōlī.", "q_zh": "改为对一名士兵说。 提示：用单数 custōdī 及 nōlī。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Instruct someone else: let the soldiers guard the gate. Hint: Use present subjunctive custōdiant.", "q_zh": "指示第三方：让士兵们守卫城门。 提示：用现在虚拟式 custōdiant。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Report an order: the general orders the soldiers to guard the city. Hint: Iubet takes an accusative person and infinitive.", "q_zh": "转述命令：将军命令士兵们守卫城市。 提示：Iubet 带宾格受命者和不定式。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } } ] }, { "unit_n": 12, "title": "09 · Greek · Address a command to its audience", "mode": "practice", "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-09", "lesson_revision": "063aa2f6fe55517886a5f83d1ea475e9d68c60ae47453c50925ce1003f2433e8", "target_language": "grc", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 126, "supports": { "en": "A positive direct second-person command uses the imperative.", "zh": "直接对第二人称发出的肯定命令可用命令式。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 127, "supports": { "en": "Instructions about a third person can use the present subjunctive.", "zh": "针对第三人称的指令可用现在虚拟式。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 128, "supports": { "en": "Noli/nolite with an infinitive is a regular second-person prohibition.", "zh": "noli/nolite 加不定式是常见第二人称禁令。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1835, "supports": { "en": "Imperatives express commands, requests and related acts.", "zh": "命令式表达命令、请求及相关行为。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1840, "supports": { "en": "Second-person prohibitions can use μή with a present imperative.", "zh": "第二人称禁令可用 μή 加现在命令式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1841, "supports": { "en": "The context qualifies the interpretation of a present-imperative prohibition.", "zh": "现在命令式禁令的理解须结合语境。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 23, "supports": { "en": "Infinitive complement after iubeo.", "zh": "iubeo 后的不定式补语。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1991, "supports": { "en": "Infinitive complements after verbs of will and command.", "zh": "意愿及命令动词后的不定式补语。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1992, "supports": { "en": "Accusative object and infinitive after κελεύω.", "zh": "κελεύω 后的宾格宾语与不定式。" } } ] }, "items": [ { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Compose in Greek: To several soldiers: Guard the gate. Do not leave the city. Explain your construction.", "q_zh": "用希腊语写作：对多名士兵说：守卫城门。不要离开城市。 解释所用结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Address one soldier instead. Hint: Use singular φύλαττε and λεῖπε.", "q_zh": "改为对一名士兵说。 提示：用单数 φύλαττε 及 λεῖπε。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Instruct someone else: let the soldiers guard the gate. Hint: Use third-person plural imperative φυλαττόντων.", "q_zh": "指示第三方：让士兵们守卫城门。 提示：用第三人称复数命令式 φυλαττόντων。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Report an order: the general orders the soldiers to guard the city. Hint: Κελεύει takes the ordered person in the accusative and an infinitive.", "q_zh": "转述命令：将军命令士兵们守卫城市。 提示：Κελεύει 带宾格受命者和不定式。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } } ] }, { "unit_n": 13, "title": "04 · Latin · State an intention", "mode": "practice", "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-04", "lesson_revision": "b9b81fcc7e09f46576c72300f00b1c6bdaeb030926abd42d750d580c2774c058", "target_language": "lat", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 149, "supports": { "en": "Positive purpose with ut; negative purpose with nē.", "zh": "肯定目的用 ut；否定目的用 nē。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 140, "supports": { "en": "Sequence of tenses for subordinate subjunctives.", "zh": "从属虚拟式的时态顺序。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 151, "supports": { "en": "Other ways of expressing purpose; this lesson does not make ut the only possibility.", "zh": "其他目的表达方式；本课不把 ut 当作唯一选择。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2193, "supports": { "en": "Purpose conjunctions and their negative forms.", "zh": "目的连词及其否定形式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2196, "supports": { "en": "Subjunctive after a primary tense; optative or retained subjunctive after a secondary tense.", "zh": "主要时态之后用虚拟式；历史时态之后可用愿望式或保留虚拟式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2065, "supports": { "en": "Purpose participles, especially after verbs of movement or sending.", "zh": "目的分词，尤见于移动或派遣动词之后。" } } ] }, "items": [ { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Compose in Latin: The soldiers are taking up arms in order to defend the city. Explain your construction.", "q_zh": "用拉丁语写作：士兵们拿起武器，以保卫城市。 解释所用结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Make the soldiers one soldier. Hint: Use sūmit and dēfendat.", "q_zh": "把士兵改为一名士兵。 提示：用 sūmit 及 dēfendat。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Move the action into the past. Hint: Use perfect sūmpsērunt and imperfect subjunctive dēfenderent.", "q_zh": "把行动移至过去。 提示：用完成时 sūmpsērunt 及未完成虚拟式 dēfenderent。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Write a negative purpose: the soldiers take up arms so that the enemy may not capture the city. Hint: Use nē and subjunctive capiant.", "q_zh": "写否定目的：士兵们拿起武器，以免敌人攻占城市。 提示：用 nē 及虚拟式 capiant。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } } ] }, { "unit_n": 14, "title": "04 · Greek · State an intention", "mode": "practice", "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-04", "lesson_revision": "b9b81fcc7e09f46576c72300f00b1c6bdaeb030926abd42d750d580c2774c058", "target_language": "grc", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 149, "supports": { "en": "Positive purpose with ut; negative purpose with nē.", "zh": "肯定目的用 ut；否定目的用 nē。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 140, "supports": { "en": "Sequence of tenses for subordinate subjunctives.", "zh": "从属虚拟式的时态顺序。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 151, "supports": { "en": "Other ways of expressing purpose; this lesson does not make ut the only possibility.", "zh": "其他目的表达方式；本课不把 ut 当作唯一选择。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2193, "supports": { "en": "Purpose conjunctions and their negative forms.", "zh": "目的连词及其否定形式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2196, "supports": { "en": "Subjunctive after a primary tense; optative or retained subjunctive after a secondary tense.", "zh": "主要时态之后用虚拟式；历史时态之后可用愿望式或保留虚拟式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2065, "supports": { "en": "Purpose participles, especially after verbs of movement or sending.", "zh": "目的分词，尤见于移动或派遣动词之后。" } } ] }, "items": [ { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Compose in Greek: The soldiers are taking up arms in order to defend the city. Explain your construction.", "q_zh": "用希腊语写作：士兵们拿起武器，以保卫城市。 解释所用结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Make the soldiers one soldier. Hint: Use λαμβάνει and subjunctive φυλάττῃ.", "q_zh": "把士兵改为一名士兵。 提示：用 λαμβάνει 及虚拟式 φυλάττῃ。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Move the action into the past. Hint: Use aorist ἔλαβον and optative φυλάττοιεν.", "q_zh": "把行动移至过去。 提示：用不定过去时 ἔλαβον 及愿望式 φυλάττοιεν。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Write a negative purpose: the soldiers take up arms so that the enemy may not capture the city. Hint: Use ἵνα μή and aorist subjunctive λάβωσιν.", "q_zh": "写否定目的：士兵们拿起武器，以免敌人攻占城市。 提示：用 ἵνα μή 及不定过去虚拟式 λάβωσιν。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } } ] }, { "unit_n": 15, "title": "05 · Latin · Set the circumstances of an event", "mode": "practice", "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-05", "lesson_revision": "ff5329d1f932d1e2aa8aa077f8bab1d8a7726c71a8ee935acf640ccd6f8cbde2", "target_language": "lat", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 49, "supports": { "en": "A predicative absolute phrase in the ablative.", "zh": "夺格中的表语性独立结构。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 50, "supports": { "en": "Temporal, causal, concessive, or conditional force depends on context.", "zh": "时间、原因、让步或条件意味由语境确定。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2070, "supports": { "en": "Genitive absolute with a participant outside the main construction.", "zh": "属格独立结构的参与者不属于主句的主要结构。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 475, "supports": { "en": "Principal parts of λαμβάνω, including aorist passive ἐλήφθην.", "zh": "λαμβάνω 的主要形式，包括不定过去时被动式 ἐλήφθην。" } } ] }, "items": [ { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Compose in Latin: When the city had been captured, the soldiers fled. Explain your construction.", "q_zh": "用拉丁语写作：城市被攻占后，士兵们逃走了。 解释所用结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Make the city a plural group of cities. Hint: Use ablative plural urbibus captīs.", "q_zh": "把城市改为多座城市。 提示：用夺格复数 urbibus captīs。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Use a finite temporal clause instead of the absolute construction. Hint: Use postquam and perfect passive capta est.", "q_zh": "用限定动词时间从句代替独立结构。 提示：用 postquam 及完成被动 capta est。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Change the main event: after the city was captured, the soldiers stayed. Hint: Mānsērunt is perfect of maneō.", "q_zh": "改变主事件：城市被攻占后，士兵们留了下来。 提示：Mānsērunt 为 maneō 的完成时。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } } ] }, { "unit_n": 16, "title": "05 · Greek · Set the circumstances of an event", "mode": "practice", "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-05", "lesson_revision": "ff5329d1f932d1e2aa8aa077f8bab1d8a7726c71a8ee935acf640ccd6f8cbde2", "target_language": "grc", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 49, "supports": { "en": "A predicative absolute phrase in the ablative.", "zh": "夺格中的表语性独立结构。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 50, "supports": { "en": "Temporal, causal, concessive, or conditional force depends on context.", "zh": "时间、原因、让步或条件意味由语境确定。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2070, "supports": { "en": "Genitive absolute with a participant outside the main construction.", "zh": "属格独立结构的参与者不属于主句的主要结构。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 475, "supports": { "en": "Principal parts of λαμβάνω, including aorist passive ἐλήφθην.", "zh": "λαμβάνω 的主要形式，包括不定过去时被动式 ἐλήφθην。" } } ] }, "items": [ { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Compose in Greek: When the city had been captured, the soldiers fled. Explain your construction.", "q_zh": "用希腊语写作：城市被攻占后，士兵们逃走了。 解释所用结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Make the city a plural group of cities. Hint: Use genitive plural τῶν πόλεων ληφθεισῶν.", "q_zh": "把城市改为多座城市。 提示：用属格复数 τῶν πόλεων ληφθεισῶν。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Use a finite temporal clause instead of the absolute construction. Hint: Use ἐπεί and aorist passive ἐλήφθη.", "q_zh": "用限定动词时间从句代替独立结构。 提示：用 ἐπεί 及不定过去被动 ἐλήφθη。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Change the main event: after the city was captured, the soldiers stayed. Hint: Ἔμειναν is aorist of μένω.", "q_zh": "改变主事件：城市被攻占后，士兵们留了下来。 提示：Ἔμειναν 为 μένω 的不定过去时。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } } ] }, { "unit_n": 17, "title": "06 · Latin · Report what someone says or thinks", "mode": "practice", "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-06", "lesson_revision": "5c6ed1c7ccb3c55eeeba6b9d3a15b431cbd5703be32e834478b181fd507f9c56", "target_language": "lat", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 29, "supports": { "en": "Accusative and infinitive for reporting statements after saying, thinking, or perceiving.", "zh": "言说、思考或感知动词后用宾格加不定式转述陈述。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 30, "supports": { "en": "Infinitive tense expresses time relative to the reporting verb.", "zh": "不定式时态表达相对于转述动词的时间。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 35, "supports": { "en": "quod clauses as a qualification to an absolute claim about Latin reporting.", "zh": "quod 从句使“拉丁语转述必用宾格加不定式”这一绝对说法需要限定。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2017, "supports": { "en": "Saying verbs differ in the constructions they permit.", "zh": "不同言说动词所允许的结构并不相同。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2018, "supports": { "en": "Thinking verbs normally take the infinitive.", "zh": "思考动词通常搭配不定式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1972, "supports": { "en": "The expressed infinitive subject and conditions for its omission.", "zh": "不定式主语的表达与省略条件。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2577, "supports": { "en": "Dependent statements introduced by ὅτι or ὡς.", "zh": "由 ὅτι 或 ὡς 引出的依存陈述。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1463, "supports": { "en": "Dative with verbs of approaching.", "zh": "接近动词的与格搭配。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2615, "supports": { "en": "A historical reporting verb can retain an indicative in Greek.", "zh": "希腊语历史报告动词后可保留直陈式。" } } ] }, "items": [ { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Compose in Latin: The messenger reports that the enemy are approaching the walls. The general thinks that the city is safe. Explain your construction.", "q_zh": "用拉丁语写作：信使报告敌人正在接近城墙。将军认为城市是安全的。 解释所用结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Report that the enemy had already approached the walls. Hint: Use perfect infinitive appropinquāvisse.", "q_zh": "转述敌人已经接近城墙。 提示：用完成不定式 appropinquāvisse。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Move the report into the past, keeping the approach simultaneous with it. Hint: Dīxit is perfect; retain present infinitive appropinquāre.", "q_zh": "把报告移至过去，但接近仍与报告同时。 提示：Dīxit 为完成时；保留现在不定式 appropinquāre。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Write the general’s words as a direct quotation: the city is safe. Hint: Use nominative urbs and finite est.", "q_zh": "把将军的话写成直接引语：城市是安全的。 提示：用主格 urbs 及限定动词 est。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } } ] }, { "unit_n": 18, "title": "06 · Greek · Report what someone says or thinks", "mode": "practice", "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-06", "lesson_revision": "5c6ed1c7ccb3c55eeeba6b9d3a15b431cbd5703be32e834478b181fd507f9c56", "target_language": "grc", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 29, "supports": { "en": "Accusative and infinitive for reporting statements after saying, thinking, or perceiving.", "zh": "言说、思考或感知动词后用宾格加不定式转述陈述。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 30, "supports": { "en": "Infinitive tense expresses time relative to the reporting verb.", "zh": "不定式时态表达相对于转述动词的时间。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 35, "supports": { "en": "quod clauses as a qualification to an absolute claim about Latin reporting.", "zh": "quod 从句使“拉丁语转述必用宾格加不定式”这一绝对说法需要限定。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2017, "supports": { "en": "Saying verbs differ in the constructions they permit.", "zh": "不同言说动词所允许的结构并不相同。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2018, "supports": { "en": "Thinking verbs normally take the infinitive.", "zh": "思考动词通常搭配不定式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1972, "supports": { "en": "The expressed infinitive subject and conditions for its omission.", "zh": "不定式主语的表达与省略条件。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2577, "supports": { "en": "Dependent statements introduced by ὅτι or ὡς.", "zh": "由 ὅτι 或 ὡς 引出的依存陈述。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1463, "supports": { "en": "Dative with verbs of approaching.", "zh": "接近动词的与格搭配。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2615, "supports": { "en": "A historical reporting verb can retain an indicative in Greek.", "zh": "希腊语历史报告动词后可保留直陈式。" } } ] }, "items": [ { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Compose in Greek: The messenger reports that the enemy are approaching the walls. The general thinks that the city is safe. Explain your construction.", "q_zh": "用希腊语写作：信使报告敌人正在接近城墙。将军认为城市是安全的。 解释所用结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Report that the enemy had already approached the walls. Hint: Use aorist προσῆλθον; τοῖς τείχεσιν is the goal with προσέρχομαι.", "q_zh": "转述敌人已经接近城墙。 提示：用不定过去时 προσῆλθον；προσέρχομαι 的目标此处用 τοῖς τείχεσιν。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Move the report into the past, keeping the approach simultaneous with it. Hint: Use εἶπεν and retain the original present προσέρχονται.", "q_zh": "把报告移至过去，但接近仍与报告同时。 提示：用 εἶπεν，并保留原话现在时 προσέρχονται。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Write the general’s words as a direct quotation: the city is safe. Hint: Give the finite statement directly.", "q_zh": "把将军的话写成直接引语：城市是安全的。 提示：直接写出限定动词陈述。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } } ] }, { "unit_n": 19, "title": "11 · Latin · Ask a question and report it", "mode": "practice", "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-11", "lesson_revision": "2a59c36ca9b399d7caa0699c03d4df6e3b755a8eac47351eefaf864b35151486", "target_language": "lat", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 169, "supports": { "en": "A factual direct question can use the indicative.", "zh": "事实性直接问句可用直陈式。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 170, "supports": { "en": "Question particles can signal the answer the speaker presumes.", "zh": "疑问小词可标示说话者预设的回答。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 178, "supports": { "en": "A dependent factual question normally takes the subjunctive in classical Latin.", "zh": "古典拉丁语的从属事实问句通常用虚拟式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2642, "supports": { "en": "Information questions can begin with an interrogative pronoun or adverb.", "zh": "询问信息的问句可由疑问代词或副词引入。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2650, "supports": { "en": "ἆρα can introduce a question without presuming yes or no.", "zh": "ἆρα 可引入不预设肯定或否定回答的问题。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2677, "supports": { "en": "Primary-tense indirect questions retain the original mood and tense; historical contexts can permit the optative.", "zh": "主要时态后的间接问句保留原来的语气和时态；历史时态语境可用祈愿式。" } } ] }, "items": [ { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Compose in Latin: What is the general doing? Explain your construction.", "q_zh": "用拉丁语写作：将军正在做什么？ 解释所用结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Ask neutrally whether the soldiers are guarding the gate. Hint: Attach -ne to the verb.", "q_zh": "不预设回答，询问士兵们是否在守卫城门。 提示：把 -ne 附在动词后。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "The messenger asks what the soldiers are doing. Hint: Use a present subjunctive in the embedded question.", "q_zh": "信使询问士兵们正在做什么。 提示：嵌入的问题用现在时虚拟式。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Ask why the general remained. Hint: Use cūr and a perfect indicative.", "q_zh": "询问将军为何留下。 提示：用 cūr 与完成时直陈式。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } } ] }, { "unit_n": 20, "title": "11 · Greek · Ask a question and report it", "mode": "practice", "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-11", "lesson_revision": "2a59c36ca9b399d7caa0699c03d4df6e3b755a8eac47351eefaf864b35151486", "target_language": "grc", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 169, "supports": { "en": "A factual direct question can use the indicative.", "zh": "事实性直接问句可用直陈式。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 170, "supports": { "en": "Question particles can signal the answer the speaker presumes.", "zh": "疑问小词可标示说话者预设的回答。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 178, "supports": { "en": "A dependent factual question normally takes the subjunctive in classical Latin.", "zh": "古典拉丁语的从属事实问句通常用虚拟式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2642, "supports": { "en": "Information questions can begin with an interrogative pronoun or adverb.", "zh": "询问信息的问句可由疑问代词或副词引入。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2650, "supports": { "en": "ἆρα can introduce a question without presuming yes or no.", "zh": "ἆρα 可引入不预设肯定或否定回答的问题。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2677, "supports": { "en": "Primary-tense indirect questions retain the original mood and tense; historical contexts can permit the optative.", "zh": "主要时态后的间接问句保留原来的语气和时态；历史时态语境可用祈愿式。" } } ] }, "items": [ { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Compose in Greek: What is the general doing? Explain your construction.", "q_zh": "用希腊语写作：将军正在做什么？ 解释所用结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Ask neutrally whether the soldiers are guarding the gate. Hint: Use ἆρα with an indicative question.", "q_zh": "不预设回答，询问士兵们是否在守卫城门。 提示：用 ἆρα 引入直陈式问句。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "The messenger asks what the soldiers are doing. Hint: Keep the present indicative after present ἐρωτᾷ.", "q_zh": "信使询问士兵们正在做什么。 提示：现在时 ἐρωτᾷ 后保留现在时直陈式。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Ask why the general remained. Hint: Use διὰ τί and the aorist of μένω.", "q_zh": "询问将军为何留下。 提示：用 διὰ τί 与 μένω 的不定过去时。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } } ] }, { "unit_n": 21, "title": "12 · Latin · State the condition and its consequence", "mode": "practice", "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-12", "lesson_revision": "de92895bcfa568222a222839d8b8e94fc82d9bba414bdfc71bc1ead1d03c38fd", "target_language": "lat", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 191, "supports": { "en": "An open condition need not assert that its condition is true.", "zh": "开放条件不必断言其条件为真。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 193, "supports": { "en": "Condition types must be read with their conclusions and time relations.", "zh": "条件类型须结合结论及时间关系理解。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2286, "supports": { "en": "The negative of a conditional supposition is μή.", "zh": "条件假设的否定用 μή。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2292, "supports": { "en": "Conditional forms do not all imply non-fulfilment.", "zh": "条件形式并非都暗示未实现。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2302, "supports": { "en": "Unreal conditions present a supposition contrary to the stated fact.", "zh": "未实现条件提出与所述事实相反的假设。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2303, "supports": { "en": "Unreal Greek conditions use past indicative forms, with ἄν in the conclusion.", "zh": "希腊语未实现条件用过去直陈式，结果句用 ἄν。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2304, "supports": { "en": "The imperfect can describe an unreal present or continuing past.", "zh": "未完成时可表达未实现的现在或持续的过去。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2305, "supports": { "en": "The aorist can express a past unreal occurrence.", "zh": "不定过去时可表达过去未实现的事件。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2322, "supports": { "en": "Future vividness concerns presentation and tone, not a numerical likelihood.", "zh": "将来假设的鲜明程度涉及表达与语气，不是数值概率。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2323, "supports": { "en": "ἐάν with the subjunctive can introduce a future condition.", "zh": "ἐάν 加虚拟式可引入将来条件。" } } ] }, "items": [ { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Compose in Latin: If the messenger arrives, we shall guard the gate. Explain your construction.", "q_zh": "用拉丁语写作：信使若到达，我们就将守卫城门。 解释所用结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "If the messenger does not arrive, we shall remain here. Hint: Negate the condition with nōn.", "q_zh": "信使若不到达，我们就将留在这里。 提示：用 nōn 否定条件。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "If the messenger were here now (he is not), we would be guarding the gate. Hint: Use imperfect subjunctives for the stated unreal present.", "q_zh": "信使现在若在这里（实际上不在），我们就会正在守卫城门。 提示：所述未实现的现在用未完成时虚拟式。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "If the messenger had arrived (he did not), we would have guarded the gate. Hint: Use pluperfect subjunctives in both clauses.", "q_zh": "信使若曾到达（实际上没有），我们就会守卫过城门。 提示：两句均用过去完成时虚拟式。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } } ] }, { "unit_n": 22, "title": "12 · Greek · State the condition and its consequence", "mode": "practice", "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-12", "lesson_revision": "de92895bcfa568222a222839d8b8e94fc82d9bba414bdfc71bc1ead1d03c38fd", "target_language": "grc", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 191, "supports": { "en": "An open condition need not assert that its condition is true.", "zh": "开放条件不必断言其条件为真。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 193, "supports": { "en": "Condition types must be read with their conclusions and time relations.", "zh": "条件类型须结合结论及时间关系理解。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2286, "supports": { "en": "The negative of a conditional supposition is μή.", "zh": "条件假设的否定用 μή。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2292, "supports": { "en": "Conditional forms do not all imply non-fulfilment.", "zh": "条件形式并非都暗示未实现。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2302, "supports": { "en": "Unreal conditions present a supposition contrary to the stated fact.", "zh": "未实现条件提出与所述事实相反的假设。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2303, "supports": { "en": "Unreal Greek conditions use past indicative forms, with ἄν in the conclusion.", "zh": "希腊语未实现条件用过去直陈式，结果句用 ἄν。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2304, "supports": { "en": "The imperfect can describe an unreal present or continuing past.", "zh": "未完成时可表达未实现的现在或持续的过去。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2305, "supports": { "en": "The aorist can express a past unreal occurrence.", "zh": "不定过去时可表达过去未实现的事件。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2322, "supports": { "en": "Future vividness concerns presentation and tone, not a numerical likelihood.", "zh": "将来假设的鲜明程度涉及表达与语气，不是数值概率。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2323, "supports": { "en": "ἐάν with the subjunctive can introduce a future condition.", "zh": "ἐάν 加虚拟式可引入将来条件。" } } ] }, "items": [ { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Compose in Greek: If the messenger arrives, we shall guard the gate. Explain your construction.", "q_zh": "用希腊语写作：信使若到达，我们就将守卫城门。 解释所用结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "If the messenger does not arrive, we shall remain here. Hint: Use μή in the condition and the contracted future μενοῦμεν.", "q_zh": "信使若不到达，我们就将留在这里。 提示：条件句用 μή，结果句用缩合将来时 μενοῦμεν。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "If the messenger were here now (he is not), we would be guarding the gate. Hint: Use imperfect indicatives, with ἄν in the conclusion.", "q_zh": "信使现在若在这里（实际上不在），我们就会正在守卫城门。 提示：用未完成时直陈式，结果句加 ἄν。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "If the messenger had arrived (he did not), we would have guarded the gate. Hint: Use aorist indicatives and ἄν in the conclusion.", "q_zh": "信使若曾到达（实际上没有），我们就会守卫过城门。 提示：用不定过去时直陈式，结果句加 ἄν。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } } ] }, { "unit_n": 23, "title": "13 · Latin · Explain a reason and identify whose it is", "mode": "practice", "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-13", "lesson_revision": "6fe038f137ac6738effd059ef1afbcd0c859b74a608975b9b38bc31e9c9a1657", "target_language": "lat", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 240, "supports": { "en": "Causal mood can distinguish the writer’s reason from an attributed one.", "zh": "因果从句的语气可区分作者提出的原因与归属于他人的理由。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 241, "supports": { "en": "Causal conjunctions have distinct uses.", "zh": "不同因果连词有不同用法。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2240, "supports": { "en": "Causal conjunctions include ὅτι, ἐπεί and ὡς; ὡς can present the subject’s supposed reason.", "zh": "因果连词包括 ὅτι、ἐπεί 与 ὡς；ὡς 可表达主语所认定的理由。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2241, "supports": { "en": "Factual causal clauses regularly use the indicative.", "zh": "事实性因果从句通常用直陈式。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 149, "supports": { "en": "The final variation contrasts a purpose clause with a causal one.", "zh": "末项变化练习区分目的从句与因果从句。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2193, "supports": { "en": "Ἵνα introduces the purpose in the final variation.", "zh": "末项变化练习用 ἵνα 引入目的。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2196, "supports": { "en": "The present main verb supports a purpose subjunctive here.", "zh": "此处现在时主句搭配目的虚拟式。" } } ] }, "items": [ { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Compose in Latin: The soldiers fled because the enemies were present. Explain your construction.", "q_zh": "用拉丁语写作：士兵们逃走了，因为敌人在场。 解释所用结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "The general remained because the soldiers were guarding the gate. Hint: Give the narrator’s reason in the indicative.", "q_zh": "将军留下了，因为士兵们正在守卫城门。 提示：用直陈式提出叙述者的原因。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "The soldiers fled because—as they claimed—they were afraid. Hint: Use a subjunctive for the attributed reason.", "q_zh": "士兵们逃走了，因为——据他们自己所说——他们害怕。 提示：归属于他们的理由用虚拟式。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "The soldiers remain in order to guard the gate. Hint: Return to ut with the subjunctive for purpose.", "q_zh": "士兵们留下，以便守卫城门。 提示：表达目的时，回到 ut 加虚拟式。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } } ] }, { "unit_n": 24, "title": "13 · Greek · Explain a reason and identify whose it is", "mode": "practice", "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-13", "lesson_revision": "6fe038f137ac6738effd059ef1afbcd0c859b74a608975b9b38bc31e9c9a1657", "target_language": "grc", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 240, "supports": { "en": "Causal mood can distinguish the writer’s reason from an attributed one.", "zh": "因果从句的语气可区分作者提出的原因与归属于他人的理由。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 241, "supports": { "en": "Causal conjunctions have distinct uses.", "zh": "不同因果连词有不同用法。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2240, "supports": { "en": "Causal conjunctions include ὅτι, ἐπεί and ὡς; ὡς can present the subject’s supposed reason.", "zh": "因果连词包括 ὅτι、ἐπεί 与 ὡς；ὡς 可表达主语所认定的理由。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2241, "supports": { "en": "Factual causal clauses regularly use the indicative.", "zh": "事实性因果从句通常用直陈式。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 149, "supports": { "en": "The final variation contrasts a purpose clause with a causal one.", "zh": "末项变化练习区分目的从句与因果从句。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2193, "supports": { "en": "Ἵνα introduces the purpose in the final variation.", "zh": "末项变化练习用 ἵνα 引入目的。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2196, "supports": { "en": "The present main verb supports a purpose subjunctive here.", "zh": "此处现在时主句搭配目的虚拟式。" } } ] }, "items": [ { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Compose in Greek: The soldiers fled because the enemies were present. Explain your construction.", "q_zh": "用希腊语写作：士兵们逃走了，因为敌人在场。 解释所用结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "The general remained because the soldiers were guarding the gate. Hint: Use ὅτι with an imperfect indicative for the guarding.", "q_zh": "将军留下了，因为士兵们正在守卫城门。 提示：用 ὅτι 与未完成时直陈式表达守卫。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "The soldiers fled because—as they claimed—they were afraid. Hint: In the stated context, use causal ὡς to present their supposed reason.", "q_zh": "士兵们逃走了，因为——据他们自己所说——他们害怕。 提示：在已说明的语境中，用因果 ὡς 呈现他们认定的理由。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "The soldiers remain in order to guard the gate. Hint: Use ἵνα with the subjunctive for the aim.", "q_zh": "士兵们留下，以便守卫城门。 提示：用 ἵνα 加虚拟式表达目的。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } } ] }, { "unit_n": 25, "title": "10 · Latin · Connect a short narrative", "mode": "practice", "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-10", "lesson_revision": "8c8375bfdc1a03a02b789c41f6a6128c41c3adac7e4a1fb6e22b2babb9202b36", "target_language": "lat", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 61, "supports": { "en": "A giving event distinguishes a recipient and an object.", "zh": "给予事件区分接受者和给予之物。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 215, "supports": { "en": "Ubi can introduce an indicative temporal clause.", "zh": "Ubi 可引入直陈式时间从句。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 149, "supports": { "en": "Purpose is expressed with ut/ne and the subjunctive.", "zh": "目的可用 ut/ne 加虚拟式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1469, "supports": { "en": "Giving can have a dative recipient.", "zh": "给予可带与格接受者。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2391, "supports": { "en": "Definite temporal clauses refer to a definite occasion.", "zh": "确定时间从句指向确定的场合。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2196, "supports": { "en": "A purpose clause after a secondary tense can use the optative or retained subjunctive.", "zh": "次要时态后的目的从句可用愿望式或保留虚拟式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2615, "supports": { "en": "Historical reporting can retain the indicative.", "zh": "历史时态转述可保留直陈式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1106, "supports": { "en": "The article with particles can have demonstrative reference.", "zh": "冠词与小词搭配可具有指示用法。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1107, "supports": { "en": "ὁ δέ can refer back to a person or group.", "zh": "ὁ δέ 可回指某人或群体。" } } ] }, "items": [ { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Compose in Latin: The soldiers were guarding the city. When the messenger arrived, the general gave money to the soldiers. They took up arms to defend the city. Explain your construction.", "q_zh": "用拉丁语写作：士兵们正在守卫城市。信使到达时，将军把钱给了士兵们。他们拿起武器，以保卫城市。 解释所用结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Add the general’s report that the city is safe at the time of speaking. Hint: Use present infinitive esse after dīxit.", "q_zh": "加入将军的报告：城市在他说话时是安全的。 提示：Dīxit 后用现在不定式 esse。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Change the ending: after capture of the city, the soldiers fled. Compress the circumstance. Hint: Use the passive ablative absolute from tutorial 5.", "q_zh": "改变结尾：城市被攻占后，士兵们逃走。压缩情境表达。 提示：使用第5课的被动夺格独立结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Add a direct command to guard the gate at the end. Hint: Keep the quoted command in the plural imperative.", "q_zh": "在结尾加入守卫城门的直接指令。 提示：引语中的指令保持复数命令式。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } } ] }, { "unit_n": 26, "title": "10 · Greek · Connect a short narrative", "mode": "practice", "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-10", "lesson_revision": "8c8375bfdc1a03a02b789c41f6a6128c41c3adac7e4a1fb6e22b2babb9202b36", "target_language": "grc", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 61, "supports": { "en": "A giving event distinguishes a recipient and an object.", "zh": "给予事件区分接受者和给予之物。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 215, "supports": { "en": "Ubi can introduce an indicative temporal clause.", "zh": "Ubi 可引入直陈式时间从句。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 149, "supports": { "en": "Purpose is expressed with ut/ne and the subjunctive.", "zh": "目的可用 ut/ne 加虚拟式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1469, "supports": { "en": "Giving can have a dative recipient.", "zh": "给予可带与格接受者。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2391, "supports": { "en": "Definite temporal clauses refer to a definite occasion.", "zh": "确定时间从句指向确定的场合。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2196, "supports": { "en": "A purpose clause after a secondary tense can use the optative or retained subjunctive.", "zh": "次要时态后的目的从句可用愿望式或保留虚拟式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2615, "supports": { "en": "Historical reporting can retain the indicative.", "zh": "历史时态转述可保留直陈式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1106, "supports": { "en": "The article with particles can have demonstrative reference.", "zh": "冠词与小词搭配可具有指示用法。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1107, "supports": { "en": "ὁ δέ can refer back to a person or group.", "zh": "ὁ δέ 可回指某人或群体。" } } ] }, "items": [ { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Compose in Greek: The soldiers were guarding the city. When the messenger arrived, the general gave money to the soldiers. They took up arms to defend the city. Explain your construction.", "q_zh": "用希腊语写作：士兵们正在守卫城市。信使到达时，将军把钱给了士兵们。他们拿起武器，以保卫城市。 解释所用结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Add the general’s report that the city is safe at the time of speaking. Hint: Retain the original indicative after εἶπεν.", "q_zh": "加入将军的报告：城市在他说话时是安全的。 提示：Εἶπεν 后保留原话直陈式。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Change the ending: after capture of the city, the soldiers fled. Compress the circumstance. Hint: Use the passive genitive absolute from tutorial 5.", "q_zh": "改变结尾：城市被攻占后，士兵们逃走。压缩情境表达。 提示：使用第5课的被动属格独立结构。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } }, { "type": "open", "points": 0, "prompt": { "q_en": "Add a direct command to guard the gate at the end. Hint: Keep the quoted command in the plural imperative.", "q_zh": "在结尾加入守卫城门的直接指令。 提示：引语中的指令保持复数命令式。" }, "key": { "manual_only": true } } ] } ], "lectures": [ { "unit_n": 1, "title": "01 · Latin · Who does what?", "deck": { "slides": [ { "kind": "title", "title": "01 · Latin · Who does what?" }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Meaning and context · 意义与语境", "body": [ "The Romans praise the consul.", "罗马人赞扬执政官。", "Begin with one action and two participants.", "先写一个动作和两个参与者。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Vocabulary · 词汇", "body": [ "Rōmānus, -a, -um: Roman; plural Rōmānī = Romans / 罗马人", "cōnsul, cōnsulis m.: consul / 执政官", "laudō, laudāre: praise / 赞扬" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Construction · 结构", "body": [ "Find the doers: Rōmānī is nominative plural. / 找出施事：Rōmānī 为主格复数。", "Put the person praised in the accusative singular: cōnsulem. / 把被赞扬者写成宾格单数 cōnsulem。", "Use a third-person plural verb: laudant. / 动词用第三人称复数 laudant。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Authored example · 编写示例", "body": [ "Rōmānī cōnsulem laudant." ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Choices · 选择", "body": [ "This model puts the verb last. Other orders can be grammatical; context determines what is foregrounded. / 此例把动词放在句末。其他语序也可能合乎语法，突出什么取决于语境。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 1 · 变化练习 1", "body": [ "Make the consul plural.", "把执政官改为复数。", "Use accusative plural cōnsulēs.", "用宾格复数 cōnsulēs。", "Rōmānī cōnsulēs laudant.", "Only the object changes; laudant stays plural.", "只改变宾语；laudant 仍为复数。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 2 · 变化练习 2", "body": [ "Make one Roman the subject.", "把主语改为一位罗马人。", "Use Rōmānus and laudat.", "用 Rōmānus 及 laudat。", "Rōmānus cōnsulem laudat.", "The subject and verb become singular; the object keeps its case.", "主语及动词变为单数；宾语保留其格。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 3 · 变化练习 3", "body": [ "Reverse the roles: the consul praises the Romans.", "对调角色：执政官赞扬罗马人。", "Use Rōmānōs for the object.", "宾语用 Rōmānōs。", "Cōnsul Rōmānōs laudat.", "Case marks the changed roles; changing word order alone is insufficient.", "格标示改变后的角色；只改语序并不足够。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Review · 检查", "body": [ "Who is the subject, and is the verb singular or plural? / 谁是主语？动词该用单数还是复数？", "Which word is the direct object? / 哪个词是直接宾语？", "Have you changed the meaning by changing the roles? / 改变参与者的角色后，是否准确改变了句意？" ] } ] }, "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-01", "lesson_revision": "2a8442531c09acfc79b3895f242006f74f4069f4d804e3c9076a390f55552be9", "target_language": "lat", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 1, "supports": { "en": "The accusative as a grammatical sign of the direct object.", "zh": "宾格标示直接宾语。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 920, "supports": { "en": "The distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs.", "zh": "及物动词与不及物动词的区别。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1553, "supports": { "en": "The accusative as the case of the direct object.", "zh": "宾格用作直接宾语。" } } ] } }, { "unit_n": 2, "title": "01 · Greek · Who does what?", "deck": { "slides": [ { "kind": "title", "title": "01 · Greek · Who does what?" }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Meaning and context · 意义与语境", "body": [ "The Romans praise the consul.", "罗马人赞扬执政官。", "Begin with one action and two participants.", "先写一个动作和两个参与者。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Vocabulary · 词汇", "body": [ "Ῥωμαῖος, -α, -ον: Roman / 罗马的", "ὕπατος, -ου m.: consul in the Roman setting / 罗马语境中的执政官", "ἐπαινέω: praise; ἐπαινοῦσιν = they praise / 赞扬" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Construction · 结构", "body": [ "Write the definite subject with its article: οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι. / 写出带冠词的主语 οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι。", "Use accusative singular article and noun: τὸν ὕπατον. / 宾语的冠词和名词都用宾格单数：τὸν ὕπατον。", "Use the contracted plural form ἐπαινοῦσιν. / 用缩合动词的复数形式 ἐπαινοῦσιν。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Authored example · 编写示例", "body": [ "οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι τὸν ὕπατον ἐπαινοῦσιν." ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Choices · 选择", "body": [ "The Roman subject matter makes Ῥωμαῖοι and ὕπατος a cross-cultural lexical exercise, not an imitation of fifth-century Athenian subject matter. / 罗马题材使 Ῥωμαῖοι 和 ὕπατος 成为跨文化词汇练习；此例不模拟公元前五世纪雅典的题材。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 1 · 变化练习 1", "body": [ "Make the consul plural.", "把执政官改为复数。", "Use τοὺς ὑπάτους.", "用 τοὺς ὑπάτους。", "οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι τοὺς ὑπάτους ἐπαινοῦσιν.", "The article and noun become accusative plural; the subject and verb stay plural.", "冠词及名词改成宾格复数；主语及动词仍为复数。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 2 · 变化练习 2", "body": [ "Make one Roman the subject.", "把主语改为一位罗马人。", "Use ὁ Ῥωμαῖος and ἐπαινεῖ.", "用 ὁ Ῥωμαῖος 及 ἐπαινεῖ。", "ὁ Ῥωμαῖος τὸν ὕπατον ἐπαινεῖ.", "The subject article and verb agree with the singular Roman.", "主语冠词及动词与单数罗马人一致。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 3 · 变化练习 3", "body": [ "Reverse the roles: the consul praises the Romans.", "对调角色：执政官赞扬罗马人。", "Use τοὺς Ῥωμαίους for the object.", "宾语用 τοὺς Ῥωμαίους。", "ὁ ὕπατος τοὺς Ῥωμαίους ἐπαινεῖ.", "The consul is now nominative and the Romans accusative.", "执政官现为主格，罗马人为宾格。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Review · 检查", "body": [ "Who is the subject, and is the verb singular or plural? / 谁是主语？动词该用单数还是复数？", "Which word is the direct object? / 哪个词是直接宾语？", "Have you changed the meaning by changing the roles? / 改变参与者的角色后，是否准确改变了句意？" ] } ] }, "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-01", "lesson_revision": "2a8442531c09acfc79b3895f242006f74f4069f4d804e3c9076a390f55552be9", "target_language": "grc", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 1, "supports": { "en": "The accusative as a grammatical sign of the direct object.", "zh": "宾格标示直接宾语。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 920, "supports": { "en": "The distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs.", "zh": "及物动词与不及物动词的区别。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1553, "supports": { "en": "The accusative as the case of the direct object.", "zh": "宾格用作直接宾语。" } } ] } }, { "unit_n": 3, "title": "02 · Latin · Describe a noun and its possessor", "deck": { "slides": [ { "kind": "title", "title": "02 · Latin · Describe a noun and its possessor" }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Meaning and context · 意义与语境", "body": [ "The brave soldiers guard the general’s camp.", "勇敢的士兵守卫将军的营地。", "Describe the soldiers; then identify whose camp it is. Keep agreement and possession separate.", "先描述士兵，再说明营地属于谁。把形容词一致关系与所属关系分开处理。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Vocabulary · 词汇", "body": [ "fortis, forte: brave / 勇敢的", "mīles, mīlitis m.: soldier / 士兵", "castra, -ōrum n. plural: camp / 营地", "dux, ducis m.: general / 将军", "custōdiō, custōdīre: guard / 守卫" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Construction · 结构", "body": [ "Agree fortēs with nominative plural mīlitēs. / fortēs 与主格复数 mīlitēs 保持一致。", "Use castra as an accusative plural object; this noun names a camp in the plural. / castra 作宾格复数宾语；该名词以复数形式表示营地。", "Use ducis to identify the possessor and custōdiunt for the plural subject. / 用 ducis 说明归属；复数主语搭配 custōdiunt。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Authored example · 编写示例", "body": [ "Fortēs mīlitēs castra ducis custōdiunt." ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Choices · 选择", "body": [ "A genitive is not always possession: the same case can express other noun relations. Identify the relation in this sentence. / 属格并不总表示所属，也能表达其他名词关系。这里需具体判断其关系。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 1 · 变化练习 1", "body": [ "Make the soldier singular.", "把士兵改为单数。", "Castra remains plural: camp is a plural noun here.", "Castra 仍为复数：此处“营地”为复数名词。", "Fortis mīles castra ducis custōdit.", "Fortis and custōdit change with mīles. Castra is not changed to castrum.", "Fortis 和 custōdit 随 mīles 调整；不把 castra 改为 castrum。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 2 · 变化练习 2", "body": [ "Make the camp belong to the citizens.", "把营地改为属于公民们。", "Cīvium is genitive plural of cīvis.", "Cīvium 是 cīvis 的属格复数。", "Fortēs mīlitēs castra cīvium custōdiunt.", "The possessor changes to a genitive plural; camp remains the object.", "所属者改为属格复数；营地仍为宾语。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 3 · 变化练习 3", "body": [ "Make the general, rather than the soldiers, brave.", "把“勇敢”改为修饰将军，而非士兵。", "Fortis must agree with genitive ducis.", "Fortis 须与属格 ducis 一致。", "Mīlitēs castra fortis ducis custōdiunt.", "The adjective now belongs to the possessor phrase, changing who is described.", "形容词现属于所属短语，所描述之人改变。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Review · 检查", "body": [ "Does the adjective agree with the soldiers rather than the camp? / 形容词是否与士兵保持一致，而非与营地一致？", "Have you kept Latin castra plural and Greek στρατόπεδον singular? / 是否保留拉丁 castra 的复数与希腊 στρατόπεδον 的单数？", "Can you explain the possessive phrase without treating every genitive as possessive? / 能否解释这里的所属短语，而不把所有属格都视为所属？" ] } ] }, "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-02", "lesson_revision": "858c8c5be08ee968d0db6c5983cf9635bba65aaf5fa4b9d85ccb9193e670f87d", "target_language": "lat", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 72, "supports": { "en": "Possessive genitive; this section does not supply the whole rule of adjective agreement.", "zh": "所属属格；本节并不承担形容词一致关系的全部规则。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1154, "supports": { "en": "Attributive position within the article–noun group.", "zh": "冠词与名词组合中的定语位置。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1297, "supports": { "en": "Ownership, possession, and belonging expressed by a genitive.", "zh": "属格表达所有、占有和归属。" } } ] } }, { "unit_n": 4, "title": "02 · Greek · Describe a noun and its possessor", "deck": { "slides": [ { "kind": "title", "title": "02 · Greek · Describe a noun and its possessor" }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Meaning and context · 意义与语境", "body": [ "The brave soldiers guard the general’s camp.", "勇敢的士兵守卫将军的营地。", "Describe the soldiers; then identify whose camp it is. Keep agreement and possession separate.", "先描述士兵，再说明营地属于谁。把形容词一致关系与所属关系分开处理。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Vocabulary · 词汇", "body": [ "ἀνδρεῖος, -α, -ον: brave / 勇敢的", "στρατιώτης, -ου m.: soldier / 士兵", "στρατηγός, -οῦ m.: general / 将军", "στρατόπεδον, -ου n.: camp / 营地", "φυλάττω: guard / 守卫" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Construction · 结构", "body": [ "Put the adjective between article and noun: οἱ ἀνδρεῖοι στρατιῶται. / 把形容词放在冠词和名词之间：οἱ ἀνδρεῖοι στρατιῶται。", "Use the neuter singular object τὸ στρατόπεδον. / 营地用中性单数宾语 τὸ στρατόπεδον。", "Insert the possessor τοῦ στρατηγοῦ inside that article–noun group. / 把所属成分 τοῦ στρατηγοῦ 放进该冠词与名词组合。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Authored example · 编写示例", "body": [ "οἱ ἀνδρεῖοι στρατιῶται τὸ τοῦ στρατηγοῦ στρατόπεδον φυλάττουσιν." ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Choices · 选择", "body": [ "τοῦ στρατηγοῦ is an article plus a noun, not “one word.” The genitive phrase identifies the possessor. / τοῦ στρατηγοῦ 由冠词和名词构成，并非“一个词”；此属格短语指出所有者。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 1 · 变化练习 1", "body": [ "Make the soldier singular.", "把士兵改为单数。", "Use singular στρατιώτης and φυλάττει.", "用单数 στρατιώτης 及 φυλάττει。", "ὁ ἀνδρεῖος στρατιώτης τὸ τοῦ στρατηγοῦ στρατόπεδον φυλάττει.", "The subject and verb become singular; the possessor remains genitive.", "主语及动词变为单数；所属者保留属格。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 2 · 变化练习 2", "body": [ "Make the camp belong to the citizens.", "把营地改为属于公民们。", "Use genitive plural τῶν πολιτῶν.", "用属格复数 τῶν πολιτῶν。", "οἱ ἀνδρεῖοι στρατιῶται τὸ τῶν πολιτῶν στρατόπεδον φυλάττουσιν.", "The article and possessor are genitive plural inside the camp phrase.", "营地短语中的冠词及所属者用属格复数。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 3 · 变化练习 3", "body": [ "Make the general, rather than the soldiers, brave.", "把“勇敢”改为修饰将军，而非士兵。", "Put ἀνδρείου with genitive στρατηγοῦ.", "把 ἀνδρείου 放入属格 στρατηγοῦ 短语。", "οἱ στρατιῶται τὸ τοῦ ἀνδρείου στρατηγοῦ στρατόπεδον φυλάττουσιν.", "The genitive adjective describes the general, not the nominative soldiers.", "属格形容词描述将军，而非主格士兵。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Review · 检查", "body": [ "Does the adjective agree with the soldiers rather than the camp? / 形容词是否与士兵保持一致，而非与营地一致？", "Have you kept Latin castra plural and Greek στρατόπεδον singular? / 是否保留拉丁 castra 的复数与希腊 στρατόπεδον 的单数？", "Can you explain the possessive phrase without treating every genitive as possessive? / 能否解释这里的所属短语，而不把所有属格都视为所属？" ] } ] }, "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-02", "lesson_revision": "858c8c5be08ee968d0db6c5983cf9635bba65aaf5fa4b9d85ccb9193e670f87d", "target_language": "grc", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 72, "supports": { "en": "Possessive genitive; this section does not supply the whole rule of adjective agreement.", "zh": "所属属格；本节并不承担形容词一致关系的全部规则。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1154, "supports": { "en": "Attributive position within the article–noun group.", "zh": "冠词与名词组合中的定语位置。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1297, "supports": { "en": "Ownership, possession, and belonging expressed by a genitive.", "zh": "属格表达所有、占有和归属。" } } ] } }, { "unit_n": 5, "title": "07 · Latin · Distinguish the thing given from its recipient", "deck": { "slides": [ { "kind": "title", "title": "07 · Latin · Distinguish the thing given from its recipient" }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Meaning and context · 意义与语境", "body": [ "The general gives money to the soldiers.", "将军把钱给士兵们。", "Choose cases from the relation expressed by the verb.", "依据动词表达的关系选择格。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Vocabulary · 词汇", "body": [ "dux, ducis m.: general / 将军", "mīles, mīlitis m.; mīlitibus: to the soldiers / 给士兵们", "pecūnia, -ae f.: money / 钱", "dō, dare, dedī: give / 给予" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Construction · 结构", "body": [ "Write dux as the nominative subject. / 用主格 dux 表示主语。", "Put money, the thing given, in the accusative: pecūniam. / 给予之物“钱”用宾格 pecūniam。", "Put the recipients in the dative plural: mīlitibus. / 接受者用与格复数 mīlitibus。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Authored example · 编写示例", "body": [ "Dux mīlitibus pecūniam dat." ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Choices · 选择", "body": [ "The dative distinguishes the recipient from the object. English to does not identify every Latin construction: a destination can instead require a preposition. / 与格把接受者同给予之物区分开。英语 to 并不总对应拉丁与格：地点目的地可能需要介词。", "When money becomes the passive subject, the recipient stays dative: pecūnia mīlitibus datur. / 钱改作被动句主语后，接受者仍用与格：pecūnia mīlitibus datur。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 1 · 变化练习 1", "body": [ "Give the money to one soldier.", "把钱给一名士兵。", "Use dative singular mīlitī.", "用与格单数 mīlitī。", "Dux mīlitī pecūniam dat.", "Only the recipient changes number.", "仅接受者改为单数。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 2 · 变化练习 2", "body": [ "Write: the general shows the gate to the soldiers.", "写：将军把城门指给士兵们看。", "Mōnstrat means shows; portam is accusative.", "Mōnstrat 表示指示；portam 为宾格。", "Dux mīlitibus portam mōnstrat.", "Showing has the same object/recipient distinction in this example.", "本例“展示”同样区分对象与接受者。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 3 · 变化练习 3", "body": [ "Make the money the passive subject.", "把钱改为被动句主语。", "Use nominative pecūnia and passive datur.", "用主格 pecūnia 及被动 datur。", "Pecūnia mīlitibus datur.", "The thing given becomes nominative; mīlitibus stays dative.", "给予之物变为主格；mīlitibus 保留与格。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Review · 检查", "body": [ "Have I distinguished the giver, thing given and recipient? / 是否区分了给予者、所给之物及接受者？", "Does the chosen verb permit this case pattern? / 所选动词是否允许这一格搭配？", "Have articles and endings followed the changed participant? / 参与者改变后，冠词及词尾是否随之调整？", "Can I preserve the recipient when changing voice? / 改变语态时，是否保留了接受者的关系？" ] } ] }, "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-07", "lesson_revision": "4aa44ff5a1d74506b21f04f41e8e928243ccdef9ff16b42c25183f941ed42723", "target_language": "lat", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 56, "supports": { "en": "The dative marks a person affected by an action.", "zh": "与格标示行动所涉及的人。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 61, "supports": { "en": "Giving, showing and telling can have a dative recipient alongside an accusative object.", "zh": "给予、展示及告知可同时带与格接受者和宾格对象。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1469, "supports": { "en": "A transitive verb can have an accusative object and a dative indirect object.", "zh": "及物动词可带宾格直接宾语和与格间接宾语。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1470, "supports": { "en": "The dative remains in the passive construction.", "zh": "改用被动结构时与格保留。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 958, "supports": { "en": "Neuter plural subjects commonly take a singular verb.", "zh": "中性复数主语通常搭配单数动词。" } } ] } }, { "unit_n": 6, "title": "07 · Greek · Distinguish the thing given from its recipient", "deck": { "slides": [ { "kind": "title", "title": "07 · Greek · Distinguish the thing given from its recipient" }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Meaning and context · 意义与语境", "body": [ "The general gives money to the soldiers.", "将军把钱给士兵们。", "Choose cases from the relation expressed by the verb.", "依据动词表达的关系选择格。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Vocabulary · 词汇", "body": [ "στρατηγός, -οῦ m.: general / 将军", "στρατιώτης, -ου m.; τοῖς στρατιώταις: to the soldiers / 给士兵们", "χρήματα, -ων n. plural: money / 钱", "δίδωμι; δίδωσιν: gives / 给予" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Construction · 结构", "body": [ "Use ὁ στρατηγός for the definite subject. / 用 ὁ στρατηγός 表示定指主语。", "Use χρήματα for the money given; this noun is neuter plural. / 给予之物用中性复数 χρήματα。", "Use τοῖς στρατιώταις for the recipients and δίδωσιν for gives. / 接受者用 τοῖς στρατιώταις，动词用 δίδωσιν。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Authored example · 编写示例", "body": [ "ὁ στρατηγὸς τοῖς στρατιώταις χρήματα δίδωσιν." ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Choices · 选择", "body": [ "The article also changes case: τοῖς belongs with στρατιώταις. Do not use the genitive merely because English can say the soldiers’ money. / 冠词也随名词变格：τοῖς 与 στρατιώταις 相配。英语能说“士兵的钱”，不等于本句需要属格。", "In the passive example χρήματα is a neuter plural subject with singular δίδοται, a common Attic pattern. / 被动例答中 χρήματα 是中性复数主语，搭配单数 δίδοται，符合常见阿提卡用法。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 1 · 变化练习 1", "body": [ "Give the money to one soldier.", "把钱给一名士兵。", "Use τῷ στρατιώτῃ.", "用 τῷ στρατιώτῃ。", "ὁ στρατηγὸς τῷ στρατιώτῃ χρήματα δίδωσιν.", "The recipient article and noun become dative singular.", "接受者的冠词及名词均改为与格单数。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 2 · 变化练习 2", "body": [ "Write: the general shows the gate to the soldiers.", "写：将军把城门指给士兵们看。", "Δείκνυσιν means shows; τὴν πύλην is accusative.", "Δείκνυσιν 表示展示；τὴν πύλην 为宾格。", "ὁ στρατηγὸς τοῖς στρατιώταις τὴν πύλην δείκνυσιν.", "The thing shown and the people to whom it is shown have separate cases.", "所展示之物与观看者使用不同的格。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 3 · 变化练习 3", "body": [ "Make the money the passive subject.", "把钱改为被动句主语。", "Use passive singular δίδοται with neuter plural χρήματα.", "中性复数 χρήματα 搭配被动单数 δίδοται。", "χρήματα τοῖς στρατιώταις δίδοται.", "The recipient stays dative. The neuter plural subject allows the common singular verb pattern.", "接受者保留与格；中性复数主语采用常见单数动词搭配。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Review · 检查", "body": [ "Have I distinguished the giver, thing given and recipient? / 是否区分了给予者、所给之物及接受者？", "Does the chosen verb permit this case pattern? / 所选动词是否允许这一格搭配？", "Have articles and endings followed the changed participant? / 参与者改变后，冠词及词尾是否随之调整？", "Can I preserve the recipient when changing voice? / 改变语态时，是否保留了接受者的关系？" ] } ] }, "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-07", "lesson_revision": "4aa44ff5a1d74506b21f04f41e8e928243ccdef9ff16b42c25183f941ed42723", "target_language": "grc", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 56, "supports": { "en": "The dative marks a person affected by an action.", "zh": "与格标示行动所涉及的人。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 61, "supports": { "en": "Giving, showing and telling can have a dative recipient alongside an accusative object.", "zh": "给予、展示及告知可同时带与格接受者和宾格对象。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1469, "supports": { "en": "A transitive verb can have an accusative object and a dative indirect object.", "zh": "及物动词可带宾格直接宾语和与格间接宾语。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1470, "supports": { "en": "The dative remains in the passive construction.", "zh": "改用被动结构时与格保留。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 958, "supports": { "en": "Neuter plural subjects commonly take a singular verb.", "zh": "中性复数主语通常搭配单数动词。" } } ] } }, { "unit_n": 7, "title": "08 · Latin · Set a background and introduce an event", "deck": { "slides": [ { "kind": "title", "title": "08 · Latin · Set a background and introduce an event" }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Meaning and context · 意义与语境", "body": [ "The soldiers were guarding the city. Then a messenger arrived.", "士兵们正在守卫城市。随后一位信使到达了。", "Present an ongoing situation before a new event enters the narrative.", "先呈现持续的情境，再引入叙事中的新事件。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Vocabulary · 词汇", "body": [ "custōdiō, custōdīre; custōdiēbant: they were guarding / 正在守卫", "nūntius, -ī m.: messenger / 信使", "veniō, venīre, vēnī; vēnit: arrived (perfect) / 到达了", "tum: then / 随后" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Construction · 结构", "body": [ "Keep the guarding in view with imperfect custōdiēbant. / 用未完成时 custōdiēbant 呈现守卫活动。", "Introduce the messenger as a new subject. / 引入信使这个新主语。", "Use perfect vēnit to narrate the arrival; the long ē distinguishes it from present venit. / 用完成时 vēnit 叙述到达；长 ē 与现在时 venit 区别。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Authored example · 编写示例", "body": [ "Mīlitēs urbem custōdiēbant. Tum nūntius vēnit." ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Choices · 选择", "body": [ "These tense choices organize the telling. A perfect can summarize a long period; an imperfect can describe an action that eventually ends. Duration alone does not choose the tense. / 这些时态选择组织叙述。完成时可概括长时间；未完成时也可描写后来结束的行动。仅凭持续时长不能选定时态。", "Tum orders the telling, but does not itself say that the guarding ceased or that the arrival caused a later action. / Tum 安排叙述顺序，本身不表示守卫结束，也不表示到达造成了后续行动。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 1 · 变化练习 1", "body": [ "Present the guarding as one narrated past event.", "把守卫呈现为一项过去叙述事件。", "Use perfect custōdīvērunt.", "用完成时 custōdīvērunt。", "Mīlitēs urbem custōdīvērunt.", "The perfect summarizes guarding as an event, without requiring a short duration.", "完成时把守卫概括为事件，不要求时间短。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 2 · 变化练习 2", "body": [ "Change the background and keep two sentences: the general was speaking. A messenger arrived.", "改变背景，保留两个句子：将军正在说话。一位信使到达。", "Verba faciēbat means was speaking.", "Verba faciēbat 表示正在说话。", "Dux verba faciēbat. Nūntius vēnit.", "The imperfect speech supplies the background to the arrival.", "未完成时的说话活动为到达事件提供背景。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 3 · 变化练习 3", "body": [ "Describe a repeated routine: the soldiers often used to guard the city.", "描写反复常规：士兵们过去经常守卫城市。", "Use saepe, often.", "用 saepe，表示经常。", "Mīlitēs saepe urbem custōdiēbant.", "The imperfect can present a repeated past practice.", "未完成时可呈现反复的过去惯例。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Review · 检查", "body": [ "What situation is already continuing? / 什么情境原已持续？", "Which event advances this telling? / 哪项事件推进了这次叙述？", "Have I explained tense choice without equating aorist with short duration? / 解释时态时，是否避免把不定过去时等同于短时长？", "Does the connective claim only the intended time relation? / 连接词是否只表达预期时间关系？" ] } ] }, "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-08", "lesson_revision": "7aa28e8e0bd1335a72de6ce4caef7fba37270f1ea0f59b443e0e7bd8a057bfcd", "target_language": "lat", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "allen-greenough", "section": 470, "supports": { "en": "The imperfect can present past action as continuing or repeated.", "zh": "未完成时可把过去行动呈现为持续或反复。" } }, { "work": "allen-greenough", "section": 473, "supports": { "en": "The perfect can state a past event or a present completion.", "zh": "完成时可陈述过去事件或现在的完成。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1889, "supports": { "en": "The imperfect presents an action or state as still existing in the past.", "zh": "未完成时把行动或状态呈现为过去仍在持续。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1923, "supports": { "en": "The aorist can present an action as a past occurrence without specifying its duration.", "zh": "不定过去时可把行动呈现为过去的发生，而不规定其持续时长。" } } ] } }, { "unit_n": 8, "title": "08 · Greek · Set a background and introduce an event", "deck": { "slides": [ { "kind": "title", "title": "08 · Greek · Set a background and introduce an event" }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Meaning and context · 意义与语境", "body": [ "The soldiers were guarding the city. Then a messenger arrived.", "士兵们正在守卫城市。随后一位信使到达了。", "Present an ongoing situation before a new event enters the narrative.", "先呈现持续的情境，再引入叙事中的新事件。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Vocabulary · 词汇", "body": [ "φυλάττω; ἐφύλαττον: they were guarding / 正在守卫", "πόλις; τὴν πόλιν: the city / 城市", "ἄγγελος, -ου m.: messenger / 信使", "ἔρχομαι; ἦλθεν: arrived / 到达了", "τότε: then / 随后" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Construction · 结构", "body": [ "Use imperfect ἐφύλαττον for the background activity. / 背景活动用未完成时 ἐφύλαττον。", "Introduce an indefinite messenger with ἄγγελος; an article is unnecessary here. / 用 ἄγγελος 引入尚未确定的信使，此处不必加冠词。", "Use aorist ἦλθεν for the narrated arrival. / 所叙述的到达事件用不定过去时 ἦλθεν。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Authored example · 编写示例", "body": [ "οἱ στρατιῶται τὴν πόλιν ἐφύλαττον. τότε ἄγγελος ἦλθεν." ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Choices · 选择", "body": [ "The aorist does not mean momentary action in every use. Here it presents the arrival as an event. The imperfect keeps the guarding visible as background. / 不定过去时并非总表示瞬间行动。此处它把到达呈现为一个事件，未完成时则让守卫作为背景持续可见。", "A different context can make a different tense sensible. Explain the viewpoint, rather than translating every English past tense by one Greek form. / 其他语境可能适合其他时态。应解释叙述视角，不把所有英语过去式都译成同一种希腊形式。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 1 · 变化练习 1", "body": [ "Present the guarding as one narrated past event.", "把守卫呈现为一项过去叙述事件。", "Use aorist ἐφύλαξαν.", "用不定过去时 ἐφύλαξαν。", "οἱ στρατιῶται τὴν πόλιν ἐφύλαξαν.", "The aorist presents guarding as a whole event; it need not mean brief guarding.", "不定过去时把守卫呈现为整体，不必是短暂守卫。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 2 · 变化练习 2", "body": [ "Change the background and keep two sentences: the general was speaking. A messenger arrived.", "改变背景，保留两个句子：将军正在说话。一位信使到达。", "Ἔλεγε is imperfect of λέγω.", "Ἔλεγε 为 λέγω 的未完成时。", "ὁ στρατηγὸς ἔλεγε. ἄγγελος ἦλθεν.", "The imperfect speech is presented as in progress, followed by the arrival event.", "未完成时把说话呈现为正在进行，随后写到达事件。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 3 · 变化练习 3", "body": [ "Describe a repeated routine: the soldiers often used to guard the city.", "描写反复常规：士兵们过去经常守卫城市。", "Use πολλάκις, often.", "用 πολλάκις，表示经常。", "οἱ στρατιῶται πολλάκις τὴν πόλιν ἐφύλαττον.", "The imperfect also suits a repeated practice; a summary in the aorist would present a different viewpoint.", "未完成时也适于反复惯例；用不定过去时概括会呈现另一视角。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Review · 检查", "body": [ "What situation is already continuing? / 什么情境原已持续？", "Which event advances this telling? / 哪项事件推进了这次叙述？", "Have I explained tense choice without equating aorist with short duration? / 解释时态时，是否避免把不定过去时等同于短时长？", "Does the connective claim only the intended time relation? / 连接词是否只表达预期时间关系？" ] } ] }, "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-08", "lesson_revision": "7aa28e8e0bd1335a72de6ce4caef7fba37270f1ea0f59b443e0e7bd8a057bfcd", "target_language": "grc", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "allen-greenough", "section": 470, "supports": { "en": "The imperfect can present past action as continuing or repeated.", "zh": "未完成时可把过去行动呈现为持续或反复。" } }, { "work": "allen-greenough", "section": 473, "supports": { "en": "The perfect can state a past event or a present completion.", "zh": "完成时可陈述过去事件或现在的完成。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1889, "supports": { "en": "The imperfect presents an action or state as still existing in the past.", "zh": "未完成时把行动或状态呈现为过去仍在持续。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1923, "supports": { "en": "The aorist can present an action as a past occurrence without specifying its duration.", "zh": "不定过去时可把行动呈现为过去的发生，而不规定其持续时长。" } } ] } }, { "unit_n": 9, "title": "03 · Latin · Give a relative pronoun its own role", "deck": { "slides": [ { "kind": "title", "title": "03 · Latin · Give a relative pronoun its own role" }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Meaning and context · 意义与语境", "body": [ "The citizens love the consul who saved the city.", "公民们爱戴那位拯救了城市的执政官。", "The consul is the object of “love,” but the subject of “saved.” The relative pronoun must reflect the second role.", "执政官是“爱戴”的宾语，却是“拯救”的主语。关系代词的格须反映后一个角色。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Vocabulary · 词汇", "body": [ "cīvis, cīvis m./f.: citizen / 公民", "amō, amāre: love / 爱戴", "urbs, urbis f.: city / 城市", "servō, servāre, servāvī: save / 拯救", "quī, quae, quod: relative pronoun / 关系代词" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Construction · 结构", "body": [ "Write the main clause with cōnsulem as the object. / 主句以 cōnsulem 作宾语。", "Select masculine singular quī, but put it in the nominative because it does the saving. / 选择阳性单数 quī；它是拯救的施事，所以用主格。", "Use perfect indicative servāvit for the stated past event. / 既定的过去事件用完成时直陈式 servāvit。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Authored example · 编写示例", "body": [ "Cīvēs cōnsulem amant quī urbem servāvit." ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Choices · 选择", "body": [ "An indicative identifying clause is the task here. Purpose, characteristic, and reported relative clauses require later lessons. / 本题练习直陈式的识别性关系从句。目的、特征及间接引语中的关系从句留待后续教程。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 1 · 变化练习 1", "body": [ "Write: the citizens love the consul whom they saw.", "写：公民们爱戴他们见到的执政官。", "Use accusative quem and perfect vīdērunt.", "用宾格 quem 及完成时 vīdērunt。", "Cīvēs cōnsulem quem vīdērunt amant.", "The relative is the object inside its clause; it is not automatically copied from the main role.", "关系词在从句内为宾语，其格由从句角色决定。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 2 · 变化练习 2", "body": [ "Write: the consul loves the citizens who saved the city.", "写：执政官爱戴拯救了城市的公民们。", "Use nominative plural quī and servāvērunt.", "用主格复数 quī 及 servāvērunt。", "Cōnsul cīvēs quī urbem servāvērunt amat.", "The citizens are an object in the main clause but a subject in the relative clause.", "公民在主句为宾语，在关系从句为主语。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 3 · 变化练习 3", "body": [ "Replace the relative clause with a second sentence: the consul saved the city.", "用第二个句子代替关系从句：执政官拯救了城市。", "Repeat cōnsul to keep the referent explicit.", "重复 cōnsul，以明示所指。", "Cīvēs cōnsulem amant. Cōnsul urbem servāvit.", "The event is now an independent assertion; the relative previously attached it to the consul phrase.", "事件现为独立断言；原关系从句把它附在执政官短语上。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Review · 检查", "body": [ "What is the antecedent? / 先行词是什么？", "What role does the relative have inside its own clause? / 关系代词在自身从句内担任什么角色？", "Does your chosen tense describe the intended past event? / 所选时态是否表达预期的过去事件？" ] } ] }, "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-03", "lesson_revision": "542b2d8fc430009de55c4de2bddf59b8d24e59134752417930acb03cfce01b30", "target_language": "lat", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 230, "supports": { "en": "Types of relative clause; the identifying relative clause here uses the indicative.", "zh": "关系从句的类型；此例用于识别人物，采用直陈式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2501, "supports": { "en": "Gender and number from the antecedent; case from the role within the relative clause.", "zh": "性、数依先行词；格依关系代词在从句中的角色。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2502, "supports": { "en": "Variations and qualifications to the agreement rule.", "zh": "一致规则的变体及限制。" } }, { "work": "allen-greenough", "section": 305, "supports": { "en": "Relative gender/number follow the antecedent; case follows its own clause.", "zh": "关系代词的性数依先行词，格依其自身从句。" } } ] } }, { "unit_n": 10, "title": "03 · Greek · Give a relative pronoun its own role", "deck": { "slides": [ { "kind": "title", "title": "03 · Greek · Give a relative pronoun its own role" }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Meaning and context · 意义与语境", "body": [ "The citizens love the consul who saved the city.", "公民们爱戴那位拯救了城市的执政官。", "The consul is the object of “love,” but the subject of “saved.” The relative pronoun must reflect the second role.", "执政官是“爱戴”的宾语，却是“拯救”的主语。关系代词的格须反映后一个角色。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Vocabulary · 词汇", "body": [ "πολίτης, -ου m.: citizen / 公民", "φιλέω: love / 爱戴", "πόλις, πόλεως f.: city / 城市", "σῴζω, aorist ἔσωσα: save / 拯救", "ὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun / 关系代词" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Construction · 结构", "body": [ "Keep τὸν ὕπατον accusative in the main clause. / 主句中的 τὸν ὕπατον 保持宾格。", "Use nominative masculine singular ὅς as the subject of the relative clause. / 关系从句的主语用阳性单数主格 ὅς。", "Use aorist indicative ἔσωσεν for the event viewed as a whole. / 以整体方式看待该事件，用不定过去时直陈式 ἔσωσεν。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Authored example · 编写示例", "body": [ "οἱ πολῖται τὸν ὕπατον φιλοῦσιν ὃς τὴν πόλιν ἔσωσεν." ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Choices · 选择", "body": [ "Greek relative attraction can alter case patterns in some contexts; it does not justify copying the main-clause accusative in this model. / 希腊语关系代词吸引现象在某些语境下会改变格的模式；它不能证明本例可直接照抄主句宾格。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 1 · 变化练习 1", "body": [ "Write: the citizens love the consul whom they saw.", "写：公民们爱戴他们见到的执政官。", "Use accusative ὃν and aorist εἶδον.", "用宾格 ὃν 及不定过去时 εἶδον。", "οἱ πολῖται τὸν ὕπατον ὃν εἶδον φιλοῦσιν.", "The relative’s accusative marks whom they saw.", "关系词宾格标示他们所见的人。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 2 · 变化练习 2", "body": [ "Write: the consul loves the citizens who saved the city.", "写：执政官爱戴拯救了城市的公民们。", "Use nominative plural οἳ and ἔσωσαν.", "用主格复数 οἳ 及 ἔσωσαν。", "ὁ ὕπατος τοὺς πολίτας οἳ τὴν πόλιν ἔσωσαν φιλεῖ.", "The relative follows the citizens’ number and its own subject role.", "关系词随公民的数，并依自身主语角色用格。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 3 · 变化练习 3", "body": [ "Replace the relative clause with a second sentence: the consul saved the city.", "用第二个句子代替关系从句：执政官拯救了城市。", "Repeat ὁ ὕπατος.", "重复 ὁ ὕπατος。", "οἱ πολῖται τὸν ὕπατον φιλοῦσιν. ὁ ὕπατος τὴν πόλιν ἔσωσεν.", "Sentence division changes how the information is packaged, though both events are preserved.", "分句改变信息安排，但保留两项事件。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Review · 检查", "body": [ "What is the antecedent? / 先行词是什么？", "What role does the relative have inside its own clause? / 关系代词在自身从句内担任什么角色？", "Does your chosen tense describe the intended past event? / 所选时态是否表达预期的过去事件？" ] } ] }, "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-03", "lesson_revision": "542b2d8fc430009de55c4de2bddf59b8d24e59134752417930acb03cfce01b30", "target_language": "grc", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 230, "supports": { "en": "Types of relative clause; the identifying relative clause here uses the indicative.", "zh": "关系从句的类型；此例用于识别人物，采用直陈式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2501, "supports": { "en": "Gender and number from the antecedent; case from the role within the relative clause.", "zh": "性、数依先行词；格依关系代词在从句中的角色。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2502, "supports": { "en": "Variations and qualifications to the agreement rule.", "zh": "一致规则的变体及限制。" } }, { "work": "allen-greenough", "section": 305, "supports": { "en": "Relative gender/number follow the antecedent; case follows its own clause.", "zh": "关系代词的性数依先行词，格依其自身从句。" } } ] } }, { "unit_n": 11, "title": "09 · Latin · Address a command to its audience", "deck": { "slides": [ { "kind": "title", "title": "09 · Latin · Address a command to its audience" }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Meaning and context · 意义与语境", "body": [ "To several soldiers: Guard the gate. Do not leave the city.", "对多名士兵说：守卫城门。不要离开城市。", "Identify whom you address and whether you are directing or describing an action.", "确定说话对象，并区分是在指令还是在描述行动。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Vocabulary · 词汇", "body": [ "porta, -ae f.: gate / 城门", "custōdīte: guard (plural command) / 守卫（复数指令）", "nōlīte + infinitive: do not (plural) / 不要（复数）", "discēdō, discēdere: depart / 离开", "ex + ablative; ex urbe: out of the city / 离开城市" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Construction · 结构", "body": [ "The audience is plural: choose custōdīte, not custōdī. / 听众为复数，用 custōdīte，不用 custōdī。", "Keep portam as the object of guarding. / portam 保持为守卫的宾语。", "Use nōlīte with infinitive discēdere; ex urbe describes departure from the city. / 用 nōlīte 加不定式 discēdere；ex urbe 表示从城市离开。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Authored example · 编写示例", "body": [ "Portam custōdīte. Nōlīte ex urbe discēdere." ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Choices · 选择", "body": [ "A command changes the relation between speaker and hearer. It need not be a harsh order: social situation and surrounding words matter. / 指令改变说话者与听者的关系，并非必为严厉命令：社会情境及周围措辞也重要。", "The example uses one regular negative construction. Ne with a perfect subjunctive is another option; it requires different forms and contextual discussion. / 例答采用一种常见禁令结构。Ne 加完成虚拟式是另一选择，须另核词形并讨论语境。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 1 · 变化练习 1", "body": [ "Address one soldier instead.", "改为对一名士兵说。", "Use singular custōdī and nōlī.", "用单数 custōdī 及 nōlī。", "Portam custōdī. Nōlī ex urbe discēdere.", "Both commands follow the audience’s singular number.", "两项指令均随单数听众调整。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 2 · 变化练习 2", "body": [ "Instruct someone else: let the soldiers guard the gate.", "指示第三方：让士兵们守卫城门。", "Use present subjunctive custōdiant.", "用现在虚拟式 custōdiant。", "Mīlitēs portam custōdiant.", "A third-person instruction uses the Latin subjunctive here.", "此处第三人称指令用拉丁虚拟式。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 3 · 变化练习 3", "body": [ "Report an order: the general orders the soldiers to guard the city.", "转述命令：将军命令士兵们守卫城市。", "Iubet takes an accusative person and infinitive.", "Iubet 带宾格受命者和不定式。", "Dux mīlitēs urbem custōdīre iubet.", "This is a report of an order, rather than a direct imperative to the audience.", "这是命令的报告，并非向听众直接发出命令式。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Review · 检查", "body": [ "Who is being addressed, and in what number? / 说话对象是谁，是单数还是复数？", "Is this a command, a request, or a report? / 这是命令、请求，还是报告？", "Have I distinguished positive and negative constructions? / 是否区分了肯定与否定结构？", "Have I avoided inventing an action already begun from the negative form alone? / 是否避免仅凭否定形式推断行动早已开始？" ] } ] }, "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-09", "lesson_revision": "063aa2f6fe55517886a5f83d1ea475e9d68c60ae47453c50925ce1003f2433e8", "target_language": "lat", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 126, "supports": { "en": "A positive direct second-person command uses the imperative.", "zh": "直接对第二人称发出的肯定命令可用命令式。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 127, "supports": { "en": "Instructions about a third person can use the present subjunctive.", "zh": "针对第三人称的指令可用现在虚拟式。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 128, "supports": { "en": "Noli/nolite with an infinitive is a regular second-person prohibition.", "zh": "noli/nolite 加不定式是常见第二人称禁令。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1835, "supports": { "en": "Imperatives express commands, requests and related acts.", "zh": "命令式表达命令、请求及相关行为。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1840, "supports": { "en": "Second-person prohibitions can use μή with a present imperative.", "zh": "第二人称禁令可用 μή 加现在命令式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1841, "supports": { "en": "The context qualifies the interpretation of a present-imperative prohibition.", "zh": "现在命令式禁令的理解须结合语境。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 23, "supports": { "en": "Infinitive complement after iubeo.", "zh": "iubeo 后的不定式补语。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1991, "supports": { "en": "Infinitive complements after verbs of will and command.", "zh": "意愿及命令动词后的不定式补语。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1992, "supports": { "en": "Accusative object and infinitive after κελεύω.", "zh": "κελεύω 后的宾格宾语与不定式。" } } ] } }, { "unit_n": 12, "title": "09 · Greek · Address a command to its audience", "deck": { "slides": [ { "kind": "title", "title": "09 · Greek · Address a command to its audience" }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Meaning and context · 意义与语境", "body": [ "To several soldiers: Guard the gate. Do not leave the city.", "对多名士兵说：守卫城门。不要离开城市。", "Identify whom you address and whether you are directing or describing an action.", "确定说话对象，并区分是在指令还是在描述行动。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Vocabulary · 词汇", "body": [ "πύλη, -ης f.: gate / 城门", "φυλάττετε: guard (plural command here) / 守卫（此处为复数指令）", "μή: negative used in this command / 此禁令使用的否定词", "λείπω; λείπετε: leave / 离开" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Construction · 结构", "body": [ "Write the object τὴν πύλην and plural imperative φυλάττετε. / 写出宾语 τὴν πύλην 和复数命令式 φυλάττετε。", "Use μή for the prohibition with present imperative λείπετε. / 用 μή 加现在命令式 λείπετε 构成禁令。", "The address makes φυλάττετε a command here, although the same form can be indicative elsewhere. / 直接呼语使 φυλάττετε 在此为指令，虽然同形形式在其他语境可为直陈式。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Authored example · 编写示例", "body": [ "τὴν πύλην φυλάττετε. μὴ τὴν πόλιν λείπετε." ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Choices · 选择", "body": [ "Do not treat μή plus a present imperative as proof that the hearer has already begun the action. Smyth §1841 explicitly recognizes contextual variation. / 不能据 μή 加现在命令式断定听者已经开始行动。斯迈思 §1841 明确指出语境差异。", "A command in the third person requires a different ending. Positive third-person imperative φυλαττόντων is given in the variation. / 第三人称指令需要另一词尾；变化练习提供肯定第三人称命令式 φυλαττόντων。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 1 · 变化练习 1", "body": [ "Address one soldier instead.", "改为对一名士兵说。", "Use singular φύλαττε and λεῖπε.", "用单数 φύλαττε 及 λεῖπε。", "τὴν πύλην φύλαττε. μὴ τὴν πόλιν λεῖπε.", "The command endings become singular; the objects stay unchanged.", "命令词尾变为单数；宾语不变。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 2 · 变化练习 2", "body": [ "Instruct someone else: let the soldiers guard the gate.", "指示第三方：让士兵们守卫城门。", "Use third-person plural imperative φυλαττόντων.", "用第三人称复数命令式 φυλαττόντων。", "οἱ στρατιῶται τὴν πύλην φυλαττόντων.", "Greek supplies a third-person imperative form. The two languages need not use matching mood labels.", "希腊语有第三人称命令式；两种语言不必使用同名语气。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 3 · 变化练习 3", "body": [ "Report an order: the general orders the soldiers to guard the city.", "转述命令：将军命令士兵们守卫城市。", "Κελεύει takes the ordered person in the accusative and an infinitive.", "Κελεύει 带宾格受命者和不定式。", "ὁ στρατηγὸς τοὺς στρατιώτας κελεύει τὴν πόλιν φυλάττειν.", "The person ordered is distinct from the object of guarding; both happen to be accusative here.", "受命者与守卫宾语不同；此处两者恰均用宾格。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Review · 检查", "body": [ "Who is being addressed, and in what number? / 说话对象是谁，是单数还是复数？", "Is this a command, a request, or a report? / 这是命令、请求，还是报告？", "Have I distinguished positive and negative constructions? / 是否区分了肯定与否定结构？", "Have I avoided inventing an action already begun from the negative form alone? / 是否避免仅凭否定形式推断行动早已开始？" ] } ] }, "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-09", "lesson_revision": "063aa2f6fe55517886a5f83d1ea475e9d68c60ae47453c50925ce1003f2433e8", "target_language": "grc", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 126, "supports": { "en": "A positive direct second-person command uses the imperative.", "zh": "直接对第二人称发出的肯定命令可用命令式。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 127, "supports": { "en": "Instructions about a third person can use the present subjunctive.", "zh": "针对第三人称的指令可用现在虚拟式。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 128, "supports": { "en": "Noli/nolite with an infinitive is a regular second-person prohibition.", "zh": "noli/nolite 加不定式是常见第二人称禁令。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1835, "supports": { "en": "Imperatives express commands, requests and related acts.", "zh": "命令式表达命令、请求及相关行为。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1840, "supports": { "en": "Second-person prohibitions can use μή with a present imperative.", "zh": "第二人称禁令可用 μή 加现在命令式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1841, "supports": { "en": "The context qualifies the interpretation of a present-imperative prohibition.", "zh": "现在命令式禁令的理解须结合语境。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 23, "supports": { "en": "Infinitive complement after iubeo.", "zh": "iubeo 后的不定式补语。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1991, "supports": { "en": "Infinitive complements after verbs of will and command.", "zh": "意愿及命令动词后的不定式补语。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1992, "supports": { "en": "Accusative object and infinitive after κελεύω.", "zh": "κελεύω 后的宾格宾语与不定式。" } } ] } }, { "unit_n": 13, "title": "04 · Latin · State an intention", "deck": { "slides": [ { "kind": "title", "title": "04 · Latin · State an intention" }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Meaning and context · 意义与语境", "body": [ "The soldiers are taking up arms in order to defend the city.", "士兵们拿起武器，以保卫城市。", "Describe the action first, then its intended goal. A purpose is not a claim that the goal has already been achieved.", "先描述行动，再说明所求的目标。表达目的并不宣称目标已经实现。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Vocabulary · 词汇", "body": [ "arma, -ōrum n. plural: arms / 武器", "capiō, capere: take / 拿起", "dēfendō, dēfendere: defend / 保卫", "ut: in order that / 为了", "nē: in order that not / 以免" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Construction · 结构", "body": [ "Start with present indicative capiunt. / 主句从现在时直陈式 capiunt 开始。", "Introduce the goal with ut. / 用 ut 引出目的。", "Use present subjunctive dēfendant after this primary main tense. / 在这一主要时态之后使用现在时虚拟式 dēfendant。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Authored example · 编写示例", "body": [ "Mīlitēs arma capiunt ut urbem dēfendant." ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Choices · 选择", "body": [ "ut plus a subjunctive is the chosen construction. A bare infinitive is not a general replacement for an English “to” phrase; other Latin purpose constructions have their own conditions. / ut 加虚拟式是本题所选结构。不定式不能普遍替代英语的 to 短语；其他拉丁目的表达方式各有条件。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 1 · 变化练习 1", "body": [ "Make the soldiers one soldier.", "把士兵改为一名士兵。", "Use sūmit and dēfendat.", "用 sūmit 及 dēfendat。", "Mīles arma sūmit ut urbem dēfendat.", "Both the main and purpose subjects are now singular.", "主句及目的从句的主语现均为单数。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 2 · 变化练习 2", "body": [ "Move the action into the past.", "把行动移至过去。", "Use perfect sūmpsērunt and imperfect subjunctive dēfenderent.", "用完成时 sūmpsērunt 及未完成虚拟式 dēfenderent。", "Mīlitēs arma sūmpsērunt ut urbem dēfenderent.", "The purpose clause follows the past main event with imperfect subjunctive.", "目的从句用未完成虚拟式跟随过去主句事件。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 3 · 变化练习 3", "body": [ "Write a negative purpose: the soldiers take up arms so that the enemy may not capture the city.", "写否定目的：士兵们拿起武器，以免敌人攻占城市。", "Use nē and subjunctive capiant.", "用 nē 及虚拟式 capiant。", "Mīlitēs arma sūmunt nē hostēs urbem capiant.", "Nē introduces the intended prevention; it does not assert that capture has occurred.", "Nē 引入所欲避免之事，不断言攻占已经发生。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Review · 检查", "body": [ "Have you stated an intended goal rather than an actual result? / 表达的是预期目标，还是已经发生的结果？", "Is the subordinate verb in the required mood? / 从句动词是否采用所需的语气？", "For a negative purpose, have you changed the conjunction or added the appropriate negative? / 表达否定目的时，是否改变连词或添加相应的否定词？" ] } ] }, "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-04", "lesson_revision": "b9b81fcc7e09f46576c72300f00b1c6bdaeb030926abd42d750d580c2774c058", "target_language": "lat", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 149, "supports": { "en": "Positive purpose with ut; negative purpose with nē.", "zh": "肯定目的用 ut；否定目的用 nē。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 140, "supports": { "en": "Sequence of tenses for subordinate subjunctives.", "zh": "从属虚拟式的时态顺序。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 151, "supports": { "en": "Other ways of expressing purpose; this lesson does not make ut the only possibility.", "zh": "其他目的表达方式；本课不把 ut 当作唯一选择。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2193, "supports": { "en": "Purpose conjunctions and their negative forms.", "zh": "目的连词及其否定形式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2196, "supports": { "en": "Subjunctive after a primary tense; optative or retained subjunctive after a secondary tense.", "zh": "主要时态之后用虚拟式；历史时态之后可用愿望式或保留虚拟式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2065, "supports": { "en": "Purpose participles, especially after verbs of movement or sending.", "zh": "目的分词，尤见于移动或派遣动词之后。" } } ] } }, { "unit_n": 14, "title": "04 · Greek · State an intention", "deck": { "slides": [ { "kind": "title", "title": "04 · Greek · State an intention" }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Meaning and context · 意义与语境", "body": [ "The soldiers are taking up arms in order to defend the city.", "士兵们拿起武器，以保卫城市。", "Describe the action first, then its intended goal. A purpose is not a claim that the goal has already been achieved.", "先描述行动，再说明所求的目标。表达目的并不宣称目标已经实现。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Vocabulary · 词汇", "body": [ "ὅπλον, -ου n.; plural ὅπλα: arms / 武器", "λαμβάνω: take / 拿起", "φυλάττω: guard, defend / 守卫、保卫", "ἵνα: in order that / 为了", "ἵνα μή: in order that not / 以免" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Construction · 结构", "body": [ "Write the main action with λαμβάνουσιν. / 主句行动用 λαμβάνουσιν 表达。", "Use ἵνα to introduce the purpose clause. / 用 ἵνα 引出目的从句。", "Use present subjunctive φυλάττωσιν; the model presents the defence as an ongoing activity. / 用现在时虚拟式 φυλάττωσιν；此例把保卫呈现为持续活动。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Authored example · 编写示例", "body": [ "οἱ στρατιῶται τὰ ὅπλα λαμβάνουσιν ἵνα τὴν πόλιν φυλάττωσιν." ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Choices · 选择", "body": [ "The aorist subjunctive can present a goal differently in aspect. Purpose infinitives and participles must be assessed by construction and context, not rejected everywhere. / 不定过去时虚拟式可从另一种体貌角度表达目标。目的不定式和目的分词应依结构及语境判断，不能一概排除。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 1 · 变化练习 1", "body": [ "Make the soldiers one soldier.", "把士兵改为一名士兵。", "Use λαμβάνει and subjunctive φυλάττῃ.", "用 λαμβάνει 及虚拟式 φυλάττῃ。", "ὁ στρατιώτης τὰ ὅπλα λαμβάνει ἵνα τὴν πόλιν φυλάττῃ.", "Both verbs change number; the intended purpose stays the same.", "两个动词改数，预期目的不变。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 2 · 变化练习 2", "body": [ "Move the action into the past.", "把行动移至过去。", "Use aorist ἔλαβον and optative φυλάττοιεν.", "用不定过去时 ἔλαβον 及愿望式 φυλάττοιεν。", "οἱ στρατιῶται τὰ ὅπλα ἔλαβον ἵνα τὴν πόλιν φυλάττοιεν.", "The optative is available after a secondary tense; retained subjunctive is another allowed choice.", "次要时态后可用愿望式；保留虚拟式也是允许选择。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 3 · 变化练习 3", "body": [ "Write a negative purpose: the soldiers take up arms so that the enemy may not capture the city.", "写否定目的：士兵们拿起武器，以免敌人攻占城市。", "Use ἵνα μή and aorist subjunctive λάβωσιν.", "用 ἵνα μή 及不定过去虚拟式 λάβωσιν。", "οἱ στρατιῶται τὰ ὅπλα λαμβάνουσιν ἵνα οἱ πολέμιοι μὴ τὴν πόλιν λάβωσιν.", "The enemy are the purpose-clause subject; the aorist presents the capture as a whole contemplated event.", "敌人为目的从句主语；不定过去形式把预想攻占视作整体事件。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Review · 检查", "body": [ "Have you stated an intended goal rather than an actual result? / 表达的是预期目标，还是已经发生的结果？", "Is the subordinate verb in the required mood? / 从句动词是否采用所需的语气？", "For a negative purpose, have you changed the conjunction or added the appropriate negative? / 表达否定目的时，是否改变连词或添加相应的否定词？" ] } ] }, "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-04", "lesson_revision": "b9b81fcc7e09f46576c72300f00b1c6bdaeb030926abd42d750d580c2774c058", "target_language": "grc", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 149, "supports": { "en": "Positive purpose with ut; negative purpose with nē.", "zh": "肯定目的用 ut；否定目的用 nē。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 140, "supports": { "en": "Sequence of tenses for subordinate subjunctives.", "zh": "从属虚拟式的时态顺序。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 151, "supports": { "en": "Other ways of expressing purpose; this lesson does not make ut the only possibility.", "zh": "其他目的表达方式；本课不把 ut 当作唯一选择。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2193, "supports": { "en": "Purpose conjunctions and their negative forms.", "zh": "目的连词及其否定形式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2196, "supports": { "en": "Subjunctive after a primary tense; optative or retained subjunctive after a secondary tense.", "zh": "主要时态之后用虚拟式；历史时态之后可用愿望式或保留虚拟式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2065, "supports": { "en": "Purpose participles, especially after verbs of movement or sending.", "zh": "目的分词，尤见于移动或派遣动词之后。" } } ] } }, { "unit_n": 15, "title": "05 · Latin · Set the circumstances of an event", "deck": { "slides": [ { "kind": "title", "title": "05 · Latin · Set the circumstances of an event" }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Meaning and context · 意义与语境", "body": [ "When the city had been captured, the soldiers fled.", "城市被攻占后，士兵们逃走了。", "The captured city supplies a background event; the soldiers perform the main action. Keep those participants distinct.", "城市被攻占是背景事件，士兵是主句行动者。把两组参与者区分开。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Vocabulary · 词汇", "body": [ "urbs, urbis f.; ablative urbe: city / 城市", "capiō, capere, cēpī, captum: capture / 攻占", "captā: feminine ablative singular perfect passive participle / 阴性单数夺格完成被动分词", "fugiō, fugere, fūgī: flee / 逃走" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Construction · 结构", "body": [ "Put the city in the ablative singular: urbe. / 城市用夺格单数 urbe。", "Agree perfect passive captā with urbe. / 完成被动分词 captā 与 urbe 保持一致。", "Use perfect fūgērunt for the soldiers’ flight. / 士兵的逃走用完成时 fūgērunt。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Authored example · 编写示例", "body": [ "Urbe captā, mīlitēs fūgērunt." ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Choices · 选择", "body": [ "The participle supplies passive meaning. “Having died” and “having been killed” would express different events and must not be swapped silently. / 分词带出被动意义。“死亡”与“被杀”表达不同事件，不可无说明地互换。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 1 · 变化练习 1", "body": [ "Make the city a plural group of cities.", "把城市改为多座城市。", "Use ablative plural urbibus captīs.", "用夺格复数 urbibus captīs。", "Urbibus captīs, mīlitēs fūgērunt.", "The noun and participle both become ablative plural.", "名词及分词均改为夺格复数。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 2 · 变化练习 2", "body": [ "Use a finite temporal clause instead of the absolute construction.", "用限定动词时间从句代替独立结构。", "Use postquam and perfect passive capta est.", "用 postquam 及完成被动 capta est。", "Postquam urbs capta est, mīlitēs fūgērunt.", "The city is now nominative inside an explicit temporal clause.", "城市现为时间从句内的主格。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 3 · 变化练习 3", "body": [ "Change the main event: after the city was captured, the soldiers stayed.", "改变主事件：城市被攻占后，士兵们留了下来。", "Mānsērunt is perfect of maneō.", "Mānsērunt 为 maneō 的完成时。", "Urbe captā, mīlitēs mānsērunt.", "The absolute frame remains; the new main verb changes the soldiers’ response.", "独立情境不变；新主句动词改变士兵的反应。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Review · 检查", "body": [ "Does the participle agree in case, number, and gender with the city? / 分词是否与城市在格、数、性上保持一致？", "Have you preserved capture as a passive event? / 是否保留“被攻占”的被动事件？", "Which part of your explanation comes from the prompt’s context rather than from the absolute construction alone? / 解释中的哪些内容来自题目语境，而非独立结构本身？" ] } ] }, "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-05", "lesson_revision": "ff5329d1f932d1e2aa8aa077f8bab1d8a7726c71a8ee935acf640ccd6f8cbde2", "target_language": "lat", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 49, "supports": { "en": "A predicative absolute phrase in the ablative.", "zh": "夺格中的表语性独立结构。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 50, "supports": { "en": "Temporal, causal, concessive, or conditional force depends on context.", "zh": "时间、原因、让步或条件意味由语境确定。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2070, "supports": { "en": "Genitive absolute with a participant outside the main construction.", "zh": "属格独立结构的参与者不属于主句的主要结构。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 475, "supports": { "en": "Principal parts of λαμβάνω, including aorist passive ἐλήφθην.", "zh": "λαμβάνω 的主要形式，包括不定过去时被动式 ἐλήφθην。" } } ] } }, { "unit_n": 16, "title": "05 · Greek · Set the circumstances of an event", "deck": { "slides": [ { "kind": "title", "title": "05 · Greek · Set the circumstances of an event" }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Meaning and context · 意义与语境", "body": [ "When the city had been captured, the soldiers fled.", "城市被攻占后，士兵们逃走了。", "The captured city supplies a background event; the soldiers perform the main action. Keep those participants distinct.", "城市被攻占是背景事件，士兵是主句行动者。把两组参与者区分开。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Vocabulary · 词汇", "body": [ "πόλις, πόλεως f.; genitive πόλεως: city / 城市", "λαμβάνω, passive aorist ἐλήφθην: take, capture / 拿取、攻占", "ληφθείσης: feminine genitive singular aorist passive participle / 阴性单数属格不定过去时被动分词", "φεύγω, aorist ἔφυγον: flee / 逃走" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Construction · 结构", "body": [ "Write the city with genitive article and noun: τῆς πόλεως. / 城市的冠词和名词都用属格：τῆς πόλεως。", "Agree aorist passive ληφθείσης with πόλεως. / 不定过去时被动分词 ληφθείσης 与 πόλεως 保持一致。", "Write the main action with nominative οἱ στρατιῶται and ἔφυγον. / 主句用主格 οἱ στρατιῶται，搭配 ἔφυγον。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Authored example · 编写示例", "body": [ "τῆς πόλεως ληφθείσης, οἱ στρατιῶται ἔφυγον." ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Choices · 选择", "body": [ "The English prompt selects a temporal interpretation. The same absolute pattern can express a cause or concession in a different context. / 题目指定时间关系；相同独立结构在其他语境中可表达原因或让步。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 1 · 变化练习 1", "body": [ "Make the city a plural group of cities.", "把城市改为多座城市。", "Use genitive plural τῶν πόλεων ληφθεισῶν.", "用属格复数 τῶν πόλεων ληφθεισῶν。", "τῶν πόλεων ληφθεισῶν, οἱ στρατιῶται ἔφυγον.", "The article, noun and passive participle all become genitive plural.", "冠词、名词及被动分词均改为属格复数。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 2 · 变化练习 2", "body": [ "Use a finite temporal clause instead of the absolute construction.", "用限定动词时间从句代替独立结构。", "Use ἐπεί and aorist passive ἐλήφθη.", "用 ἐπεί 及不定过去被动 ἐλήφθη。", "ἐπεὶ ἡ πόλις ἐλήφθη, οἱ στρατιῶται ἔφυγον.", "The finite clause explicitly narrates capture before the flight.", "限定动词从句明确叙述逃走前的攻占。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 3 · 变化练习 3", "body": [ "Change the main event: after the city was captured, the soldiers stayed.", "改变主事件：城市被攻占后，士兵们留了下来。", "Ἔμειναν is aorist of μένω.", "Ἔμειναν 为 μένω 的不定过去时。", "τῆς πόλεως ληφθείσης, οἱ στρατιῶται ἔμειναν.", "A changed outcome does not require changing the capture frame.", "结果改变，无须改变攻占情境。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Review · 检查", "body": [ "Does the participle agree in case, number, and gender with the city? / 分词是否与城市在格、数、性上保持一致？", "Have you preserved capture as a passive event? / 是否保留“被攻占”的被动事件？", "Which part of your explanation comes from the prompt’s context rather than from the absolute construction alone? / 解释中的哪些内容来自题目语境，而非独立结构本身？" ] } ] }, "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-05", "lesson_revision": "ff5329d1f932d1e2aa8aa077f8bab1d8a7726c71a8ee935acf640ccd6f8cbde2", "target_language": "grc", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 49, "supports": { "en": "A predicative absolute phrase in the ablative.", "zh": "夺格中的表语性独立结构。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 50, "supports": { "en": "Temporal, causal, concessive, or conditional force depends on context.", "zh": "时间、原因、让步或条件意味由语境确定。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2070, "supports": { "en": "Genitive absolute with a participant outside the main construction.", "zh": "属格独立结构的参与者不属于主句的主要结构。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 475, "supports": { "en": "Principal parts of λαμβάνω, including aorist passive ἐλήφθην.", "zh": "λαμβάνω 的主要形式，包括不定过去时被动式 ἐλήφθην。" } } ] } }, { "unit_n": 17, "title": "06 · Latin · Report what someone says or thinks", "deck": { "slides": [ { "kind": "title", "title": "06 · Latin · Report what someone says or thinks" }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Meaning and context · 意义与语境", "body": [ "The messenger reports that the enemy are approaching the walls. The general thinks that the city is safe.", "信使报告敌人正在接近城墙。将军认为城市是安全的。", "Keep two viewpoints distinct: what the messenger reports and what the general believes. Neither is automatically the narrator’s own claim.", "区分两个视角：信使所报告的内容与将军所相信的内容。两者都不自动成为叙述者自己的断言。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Vocabulary · 词汇", "body": [ "nūntius, -ī m.: messenger / 信使", "hostis, -is m./f.; plural hostēs: enemy / 敌人", "mūrus, -ī m.: wall / 城墙", "appropinquō, -āre: approach / 接近", "tūtus, -a, -um: safe / 安全的", "putō, -āre: think / 认为" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Construction · 结构", "body": [ "Use accusative hostēs as the subject of appropinquāre. / 用宾格 hostēs 作 appropinquāre 的主语。", "Use a present infinitive for an approach simultaneous with the reporting. / 接近与报告同时，使用现在时不定式。", "Use urbem tūtam esse as the content of putat; tūtam agrees with urbem. / urbem tūtam esse 是 putat 的内容；tūtam 与 urbem 保持一致。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Authored example · 编写示例", "body": [ "Nūntius hostēs ad mūrōs appropinquāre nūntiat. Dux urbem tūtam esse putat." ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Choices · 选择", "body": [ "Accusative plus infinitive is the chosen classical construction, not a rule that every Latin report must always have this form. / 宾格加不定式是此处所选的古典结构，并非每个拉丁转述都必须采用的唯一形式。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 1 · 变化练习 1", "body": [ "Report that the enemy had already approached the walls.", "转述敌人已经接近城墙。", "Use perfect infinitive appropinquāvisse.", "用完成不定式 appropinquāvisse。", "Nūntius dīcit hostēs iam ad mūrōs appropinquāvisse.", "Iam makes already explicit; the perfect infinitive puts the approach before the reporting.", "Iam 明确表示“已经”；完成不定式把接近置于转述之前。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 2 · 变化练习 2", "body": [ "Move the report into the past, keeping the approach simultaneous with it.", "把报告移至过去，但接近仍与报告同时。", "Dīxit is perfect; retain present infinitive appropinquāre.", "Dīxit 为完成时；保留现在不定式 appropinquāre。", "Nūntius dīxit hostēs ad mūrōs appropinquāre.", "Infinitive tense is relative: the present remains simultaneous with the past report.", "不定式时态为相对时间：现在不定式仍与过去报告同时。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 3 · 变化练习 3", "body": [ "Write the general’s words as a direct quotation: the city is safe.", "把将军的话写成直接引语：城市是安全的。", "Use nominative urbs and finite est.", "用主格 urbs 及限定动词 est。", "Dux dīcit: “Urbs tūta est.”", "The quoted sentence is independent of the accusative-infinitive pattern.", "引语句独立于宾格加不定式结构。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Review · 检查", "body": [ "Have you identified whose words or belief you are reporting? / 是否确定了转述的是谁的言语或想法？", "Is the reported subject in the case required by your construction? / 所转述的主语是否采用该结构所需的格？", "Does the tense express the intended relation to the reporting event? / 时态是否表达了相对于报告事件的预期时间关系？", "Have you checked the particular reporting verb rather than applying a universal rule? / 是否核对了具体转述动词，而不是套用普遍规则？" ] } ] }, "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-06", "lesson_revision": "5c6ed1c7ccb3c55eeeba6b9d3a15b431cbd5703be32e834478b181fd507f9c56", "target_language": "lat", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 29, "supports": { "en": "Accusative and infinitive for reporting statements after saying, thinking, or perceiving.", "zh": "言说、思考或感知动词后用宾格加不定式转述陈述。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 30, "supports": { "en": "Infinitive tense expresses time relative to the reporting verb.", "zh": "不定式时态表达相对于转述动词的时间。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 35, "supports": { "en": "quod clauses as a qualification to an absolute claim about Latin reporting.", "zh": "quod 从句使“拉丁语转述必用宾格加不定式”这一绝对说法需要限定。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2017, "supports": { "en": "Saying verbs differ in the constructions they permit.", "zh": "不同言说动词所允许的结构并不相同。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2018, "supports": { "en": "Thinking verbs normally take the infinitive.", "zh": "思考动词通常搭配不定式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1972, "supports": { "en": "The expressed infinitive subject and conditions for its omission.", "zh": "不定式主语的表达与省略条件。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2577, "supports": { "en": "Dependent statements introduced by ὅτι or ὡς.", "zh": "由 ὅτι 或 ὡς 引出的依存陈述。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1463, "supports": { "en": "Dative with verbs of approaching.", "zh": "接近动词的与格搭配。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2615, "supports": { "en": "A historical reporting verb can retain an indicative in Greek.", "zh": "希腊语历史报告动词后可保留直陈式。" } } ] } }, { "unit_n": 18, "title": "06 · Greek · Report what someone says or thinks", "deck": { "slides": [ { "kind": "title", "title": "06 · Greek · Report what someone says or thinks" }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Meaning and context · 意义与语境", "body": [ "The messenger reports that the enemy are approaching the walls. The general thinks that the city is safe.", "信使报告敌人正在接近城墙。将军认为城市是安全的。", "Keep two viewpoints distinct: what the messenger reports and what the general believes. Neither is automatically the narrator’s own claim.", "区分两个视角：信使所报告的内容与将军所相信的内容。两者都不自动成为叙述者自己的断言。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Vocabulary · 词汇", "body": [ "ἄγγελος, -ου m.: messenger / 信使", "πολέμιος, -α, -ον; οἱ πολέμιοι: the enemy / 敌人", "τεῖχος, τείχους n.: wall / 城墙", "προσέρχομαι: approach; here with dative / 接近，此处搭配与格", "νομίζω: think / 认为", "ἀσφαλής, -ές: safe / 安全的" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Construction · 结构", "body": [ "After λέγει in this model, use ὅτι and a finite clause. / 本例在 λέγει 后使用 ὅτι 与限定动词从句。", "After νομίζει, use accusative τὴν πόλιν and infinitive εἶναι. / 在 νομίζει 后用宾格 τὴν πόλιν 与不定式 εἶναι。", "Use δέ to connect the second viewpoint; it does not by itself prove a strong opposition. / 用 δέ 接续第二个视角；这个词本身并不证明强烈的对立关系。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Authored example · 编写示例", "body": [ "ὁ ἄγγελος λέγει ὅτι οἱ πολέμιοι τοῖς τείχεσι προσέρχονται. ὁ δὲ στρατηγὸς νομίζει τὴν πόλιν ἀσφαλῆ εἶναι." ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Choices · 选择", "body": [ "Do not turn “saying = ὅτι; thinking = infinitive” into a rigid split. Check the particular verb, voice, author, and context. / 不可把“言说＝ὅτι；思考＝不定式”变成僵硬的二分规则。需核对具体动词、语态、作者和语境。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 1 · 变化练习 1", "body": [ "Report that the enemy had already approached the walls.", "转述敌人已经接近城墙。", "Use aorist προσῆλθον; τοῖς τείχεσιν is the goal with προσέρχομαι.", "用不定过去时 προσῆλθον；προσέρχομαι 的目标此处用 τοῖς τείχεσιν。", "ὁ ἄγγελος λέγει ὅτι οἱ πολέμιοι ἤδη τοῖς τείχεσιν προσῆλθον.", "Ἤδη makes already explicit. The aorist indicative reports the preceding event in a finite clause.", "Ἤδη 明确表示“已经”。不定过去时直陈式在限定从句中转述先前事件。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 2 · 变化练习 2", "body": [ "Move the report into the past, keeping the approach simultaneous with it.", "把报告移至过去，但接近仍与报告同时。", "Use εἶπεν and retain the original present προσέρχονται.", "用 εἶπεν，并保留原话现在时 προσέρχονται。", "ὁ ἄγγελος εἶπεν ὅτι οἱ πολέμιοι τοῖς τείχεσιν προσέρχονται.", "Greek can retain the indicative of the original words after a past reporting verb.", "过去转述动词后，希腊语可保留原话的直陈式。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 3 · 变化练习 3", "body": [ "Write the general’s words as a direct quotation: the city is safe.", "把将军的话写成直接引语：城市是安全的。", "Give the finite statement directly.", "直接写出限定动词陈述。", "ὁ στρατηγὸς λέγει· «ἡ πόλις ἀσφαλής ἐστιν.»", "The direct quotation removes the dependent ὅτι clause.", "直接引语不再使用依存的 ὅτι 从句。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Review · 检查", "body": [ "Have you identified whose words or belief you are reporting? / 是否确定了转述的是谁的言语或想法？", "Is the reported subject in the case required by your construction? / 所转述的主语是否采用该结构所需的格？", "Does the tense express the intended relation to the reporting event? / 时态是否表达了相对于报告事件的预期时间关系？", "Have you checked the particular reporting verb rather than applying a universal rule? / 是否核对了具体转述动词，而不是套用普遍规则？" ] } ] }, "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-06", "lesson_revision": "5c6ed1c7ccb3c55eeeba6b9d3a15b431cbd5703be32e834478b181fd507f9c56", "target_language": "grc", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 29, "supports": { "en": "Accusative and infinitive for reporting statements after saying, thinking, or perceiving.", "zh": "言说、思考或感知动词后用宾格加不定式转述陈述。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 30, "supports": { "en": "Infinitive tense expresses time relative to the reporting verb.", "zh": "不定式时态表达相对于转述动词的时间。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 35, "supports": { "en": "quod clauses as a qualification to an absolute claim about Latin reporting.", "zh": "quod 从句使“拉丁语转述必用宾格加不定式”这一绝对说法需要限定。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2017, "supports": { "en": "Saying verbs differ in the constructions they permit.", "zh": "不同言说动词所允许的结构并不相同。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2018, "supports": { "en": "Thinking verbs normally take the infinitive.", "zh": "思考动词通常搭配不定式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1972, "supports": { "en": "The expressed infinitive subject and conditions for its omission.", "zh": "不定式主语的表达与省略条件。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2577, "supports": { "en": "Dependent statements introduced by ὅτι or ὡς.", "zh": "由 ὅτι 或 ὡς 引出的依存陈述。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1463, "supports": { "en": "Dative with verbs of approaching.", "zh": "接近动词的与格搭配。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2615, "supports": { "en": "A historical reporting verb can retain an indicative in Greek.", "zh": "希腊语历史报告动词后可保留直陈式。" } } ] } }, { "unit_n": 19, "title": "11 · Latin · Ask a question and report it", "deck": { "slides": [ { "kind": "title", "title": "11 · Latin · Ask a question and report it" }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Meaning and context · 意义与语境", "body": [ "What is the general doing?", "将军正在做什么？", "Ask for information. Then distinguish a direct question from a question embedded in a report.", "先询问信息，再区分直接问句与嵌入报告中的问题。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Vocabulary · 词汇", "body": [ "quid: what? / 什么？", "dux, ducis m.: general / 将军", "faciō, facere; facit: does / 做", "rogō, rogāre: ask / 询问" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Construction · 结构", "body": [ "Use quid as the object of facit. / 用 quid 作 facit 的宾语。", "Keep dux as the nominative subject. / 主语 dux 保持主格。", "Use the indicative facit for this factual inquiry. / 这一事实询问用直陈式 facit。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Authored example · 编写示例", "body": [ "Quid dux facit?" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Choices · 选择", "body": [ "Quid asks for the missing information. A neutral yes/no question can use -ne. Nōnne commonly presumes yes and num commonly presumes no; these are expectations, not proof of the eventual answer. / Quid 询问缺少的信息。中性的是否问句可用 -ne。Nōnne 通常预设肯定，num 通常预设否定；预设并不证明实际回答。", "Compare quid facit? with rogō quid faciat. The embedded question is not an accusative-and-infinitive statement. Other moods are available for deliberative or potential direct questions. / 比较 quid facit? 与 rogō quid faciat。嵌入的问题不是宾格加不定式陈述。商议或可能性直接问句可用其他语气。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 1 · 变化练习 1", "body": [ "Ask neutrally whether the soldiers are guarding the gate.", "不预设回答，询问士兵们是否在守卫城门。", "Attach -ne to the verb.", "把 -ne 附在动词后。", "Custōdiuntne mīlitēs portam?", "-ne marks a question without itself requiring a yes or no response. The verb remains indicative.", "-ne 标示问题，本身不要求肯定或否定回答。动词仍用直陈式。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 2 · 变化练习 2", "body": [ "The messenger asks what the soldiers are doing.", "信使询问士兵们正在做什么。", "Use a present subjunctive in the embedded question.", "嵌入的问题用现在时虚拟式。", "Nūntius rogat quid mīlitēs faciant.", "Faciant marks a dependent question; quid remains its object. The question is simultaneous with the asking.", "Faciant 标示从属问句；quid 仍为它的宾语。所问动作与询问同时。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 3 · 变化练习 3", "body": [ "Ask why the general remained.", "询问将军为何留下。", "Use cūr and a perfect indicative.", "用 cūr 与完成时直陈式。", "Cūr dux mānsit?", "The question asks for a reason for a past event. Cūr is interrogative; it does not itself introduce a causal explanation.", "该问题询问过去事件的原因。Cūr 是疑问词，本身不引入因果解释。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Review · 检查", "body": [ "Is this a request for information or a question meant to lead the listener? / 这是询问信息，还是引导听众的问题？", "Which role does the interrogative word have inside its own clause? / 疑问词在它所在的从句中承担什么角色？", "Does the reporting language require a mood change here? / 此处转述时，该语言是否要求改变语气？" ] } ] }, "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-11", "lesson_revision": "2a59c36ca9b399d7caa0699c03d4df6e3b755a8eac47351eefaf864b35151486", "target_language": "lat", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 169, "supports": { "en": "A factual direct question can use the indicative.", "zh": "事实性直接问句可用直陈式。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 170, "supports": { "en": "Question particles can signal the answer the speaker presumes.", "zh": "疑问小词可标示说话者预设的回答。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 178, "supports": { "en": "A dependent factual question normally takes the subjunctive in classical Latin.", "zh": "古典拉丁语的从属事实问句通常用虚拟式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2642, "supports": { "en": "Information questions can begin with an interrogative pronoun or adverb.", "zh": "询问信息的问句可由疑问代词或副词引入。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2650, "supports": { "en": "ἆρα can introduce a question without presuming yes or no.", "zh": "ἆρα 可引入不预设肯定或否定回答的问题。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2677, "supports": { "en": "Primary-tense indirect questions retain the original mood and tense; historical contexts can permit the optative.", "zh": "主要时态后的间接问句保留原来的语气和时态；历史时态语境可用祈愿式。" } } ] } }, { "unit_n": 20, "title": "11 · Greek · Ask a question and report it", "deck": { "slides": [ { "kind": "title", "title": "11 · Greek · Ask a question and report it" }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Meaning and context · 意义与语境", "body": [ "What is the general doing?", "将军正在做什么？", "Ask for information. Then distinguish a direct question from a question embedded in a report.", "先询问信息，再区分直接问句与嵌入报告中的问题。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Vocabulary · 词汇", "body": [ "τί: what? / 什么？", "ποιέω; ποιεῖ: does / 做", "ὁ στρατηγός: the general / 将军", "ἐρωτάω; ἐρωτᾷ: asks / 询问" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Construction · 结构", "body": [ "Use interrogative τί for the object being asked about. / 用疑问代词 τί 表示所问的宾语。", "Use the contracted form ποιεῖ. / 动词用缩合形式 ποιεῖ。", "Keep ὁ στρατηγός nominative and finish with the Greek question mark. / ὁ στρατηγός 保持主格，以希腊问号结束。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Authored example · 编写示例", "body": [ "τί ποιεῖ ὁ στρατηγός;" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Choices · 选择", "body": [ "The semicolon-shaped sign is the Greek question mark. τί is interrogative; the unaccented enclitic τι is indefinite. An information question differs from a question asked mainly for rhetorical effect. / 形似分号的符号是希腊问号。τί 是疑问词；无重音的附着词 τι 是不定词。询问信息与主要用于修辞效果的问题不同。", "After present ἐρωτᾷ, an indirect question can retain the indicative. After a past reporting verb, Greek may retain the original mood or use an optative; it does not follow the Latin rule mechanically. / 现在时 ἐρωτᾷ 后，间接问句可保留直陈式。过去报告动词后，希腊语可保留原来的语气，也可用祈愿式；不能机械套用拉丁语规则。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 1 · 变化练习 1", "body": [ "Ask neutrally whether the soldiers are guarding the gate.", "不预设回答，询问士兵们是否在守卫城门。", "Use ἆρα with an indicative question.", "用 ἆρα 引入直陈式问句。", "ἆρα φυλάττουσιν οἱ στρατιῶται τὴν πύλην;", "ἆρα introduces the inquiry. The soldiers remain the subject and the gate the object; no tense change is needed.", "ἆρα 引入询问。士兵仍为主语，城门仍为宾语，无须改变时态。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 2 · 变化练习 2", "body": [ "The messenger asks what the soldiers are doing.", "信使询问士兵们正在做什么。", "Keep the present indicative after present ἐρωτᾷ.", "现在时 ἐρωτᾷ 后保留现在时直陈式。", "ὁ ἄγγελος ἐρωτᾷ τί ποιοῦσιν οἱ στρατιῶται.", "Ποιοῦσιν retains the mood and tense of τί ποιοῦσιν; this is a question embedded under ἐρωτᾷ, not a quoted direct question.", "Ποιοῦσιν 保留 τί ποιοῦσιν; 的语气和时态；这里是 ἐρωτᾷ 下嵌入的问题，不是直接问句引语。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 3 · 变化练习 3", "body": [ "Ask why the general remained.", "询问将军为何留下。", "Use διὰ τί and the aorist of μένω.", "用 διὰ τί 与 μένω 的不定过去时。", "διὰ τί ἔμεινεν ὁ στρατηγός;", "Διὰ τί asks why. Ἔμεινεν presents the past occurrence; a reply explaining its reason belongs to the causal lesson.", "Διὰ τί 询问为什么。Ἔμεινεν 呈现过去发生的事件；解释原因的回答属于因果一课。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Review · 检查", "body": [ "Is this a request for information or a question meant to lead the listener? / 这是询问信息，还是引导听众的问题？", "Which role does the interrogative word have inside its own clause? / 疑问词在它所在的从句中承担什么角色？", "Does the reporting language require a mood change here? / 此处转述时，该语言是否要求改变语气？" ] } ] }, "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-11", "lesson_revision": "2a59c36ca9b399d7caa0699c03d4df6e3b755a8eac47351eefaf864b35151486", "target_language": "grc", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 169, "supports": { "en": "A factual direct question can use the indicative.", "zh": "事实性直接问句可用直陈式。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 170, "supports": { "en": "Question particles can signal the answer the speaker presumes.", "zh": "疑问小词可标示说话者预设的回答。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 178, "supports": { "en": "A dependent factual question normally takes the subjunctive in classical Latin.", "zh": "古典拉丁语的从属事实问句通常用虚拟式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2642, "supports": { "en": "Information questions can begin with an interrogative pronoun or adverb.", "zh": "询问信息的问句可由疑问代词或副词引入。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2650, "supports": { "en": "ἆρα can introduce a question without presuming yes or no.", "zh": "ἆρα 可引入不预设肯定或否定回答的问题。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2677, "supports": { "en": "Primary-tense indirect questions retain the original mood and tense; historical contexts can permit the optative.", "zh": "主要时态后的间接问句保留原来的语气和时态；历史时态语境可用祈愿式。" } } ] } }, { "unit_n": 21, "title": "12 · Latin · State the condition and its consequence", "deck": { "slides": [ { "kind": "title", "title": "12 · Latin · State the condition and its consequence" }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Meaning and context · 意义与语境", "body": [ "If the messenger arrives, we shall guard the gate.", "信使若到达，我们就将守卫城门。", "Present a future condition, then change the context explicitly to an unreal present or past.", "先陈述将来的条件，再明确改变语境，写现在或过去未实现的假设。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Vocabulary · 词汇", "body": [ "sī: if / 如果", "nūntius, -ī m.: messenger / 信使", "veniō; vēnerit here: will have arrived / 此处为将来到达", "custōdiēmus: we shall guard / 我们将守卫", "maneō; manēbimus: we shall remain / 我们将留下" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Construction · 结构", "body": [ "Place the arrival under sī. / 把到达放在 sī 引入的条件句中。", "Use future perfect vēnerit to put the arrival before the future guarding. / 用将来完成时 vēnerit 表示到达先于将来的守卫。", "Use future custōdiēmus in the conclusion. / 结果句用将来时 custōdiēmus。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Authored example · 编写示例", "body": [ "Sī nūntius vēnerit, portam custōdiēmus." ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Choices · 选择", "body": [ "English if he arrives uses a present form for future reference. This model makes Latin anteriority explicit with vēnerit. Its spelling can also be a perfect subjunctive in other contexts; the whole sentence identifies its use here. / 英语 if he arrives 用现在形式指将来。本例用 vēnerit 明确拉丁语的先后关系。这一拼写在别处也可为完成时虚拟式；此处须根据全句辨认。", "An if-clause is a supposition. Neither sī nor an indicative form independently proves that its event occurred. The exercises state the contrary facts explicitly. / 如果从句提出假设。Sī 或直陈式本身都不独立证明事件发生过。练习明确说明相反的事实。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 1 · 变化练习 1", "body": [ "If the messenger does not arrive, we shall remain here.", "信使若不到达，我们就将留在这里。", "Negate the condition with nōn.", "用 nōn 否定条件。", "Sī nūntius nōn vēnerit, hīc manēbimus.", "Nōn negates the arrival, not the decision to remain. Vēnerit is future perfect in this future sequence.", "Nōn 否定到达，不否定留下的决定。Vēnerit 在这一将来序列中是将来完成时。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 2 · 变化练习 2", "body": [ "If the messenger were here now (he is not), we would be guarding the gate.", "信使现在若在这里（实际上不在），我们就会正在守卫城门。", "Use imperfect subjunctives for the stated unreal present.", "所述未实现的现在用未完成时虚拟式。", "Sī nūntius hīc adesset, portam custōdīrēmus.", "Adesset and custōdīrēmus express the stated unreal present; the English parenthesis establishes that the messenger is absent.", "Adesset 与 custōdīrēmus 表达所述未实现的现在；英语括注说明信使不在。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 3 · 变化练习 3", "body": [ "If the messenger had arrived (he did not), we would have guarded the gate.", "信使若曾到达（实际上没有），我们就会守卫过城门。", "Use pluperfect subjunctives in both clauses.", "两句均用过去完成时虚拟式。", "Sī nūntius vēnisset, portam custōdīvissemus.", "Vēnisset and custōdīvissemus locate this unreal condition and its consequence in the past.", "Vēnisset 与 custōdīvissemus 把未实现条件及结果放在过去。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Review · 检查", "body": [ "When is the condition placed, and when is its consequence placed? / 条件与结果分别位于什么时候？", "Has the prompt stated that the condition is contrary to fact? / 题目是否明确说明假设与事实相反？", "Where does negation belong, and does Greek require μή here? / 否定属于哪一句？此处希腊语是否用 μή？" ] } ] }, "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-12", "lesson_revision": "de92895bcfa568222a222839d8b8e94fc82d9bba414bdfc71bc1ead1d03c38fd", "target_language": "lat", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 191, "supports": { "en": "An open condition need not assert that its condition is true.", "zh": "开放条件不必断言其条件为真。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 193, "supports": { "en": "Condition types must be read with their conclusions and time relations.", "zh": "条件类型须结合结论及时间关系理解。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2286, "supports": { "en": "The negative of a conditional supposition is μή.", "zh": "条件假设的否定用 μή。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2292, "supports": { "en": "Conditional forms do not all imply non-fulfilment.", "zh": "条件形式并非都暗示未实现。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2302, "supports": { "en": "Unreal conditions present a supposition contrary to the stated fact.", "zh": "未实现条件提出与所述事实相反的假设。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2303, "supports": { "en": "Unreal Greek conditions use past indicative forms, with ἄν in the conclusion.", "zh": "希腊语未实现条件用过去直陈式，结果句用 ἄν。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2304, "supports": { "en": "The imperfect can describe an unreal present or continuing past.", "zh": "未完成时可表达未实现的现在或持续的过去。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2305, "supports": { "en": "The aorist can express a past unreal occurrence.", "zh": "不定过去时可表达过去未实现的事件。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2322, "supports": { "en": "Future vividness concerns presentation and tone, not a numerical likelihood.", "zh": "将来假设的鲜明程度涉及表达与语气，不是数值概率。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2323, "supports": { "en": "ἐάν with the subjunctive can introduce a future condition.", "zh": "ἐάν 加虚拟式可引入将来条件。" } } ] } }, { "unit_n": 22, "title": "12 · Greek · State the condition and its consequence", "deck": { "slides": [ { "kind": "title", "title": "12 · Greek · State the condition and its consequence" }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Meaning and context · 意义与语境", "body": [ "If the messenger arrives, we shall guard the gate.", "信使若到达，我们就将守卫城门。", "Present a future condition, then change the context explicitly to an unreal present or past.", "先陈述将来的条件，再明确改变语境，写现在或过去未实现的假设。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Vocabulary · 词汇", "body": [ "ἐάν: if / 如果", "ἔλθῃ: aorist subjunctive of ἔρχομαι / ἔρχομαι 的不定过去时虚拟式", "φυλάξομεν: we shall guard / 我们将守卫", "μένω; μενοῦμεν: we shall remain / 我们将留下", "ἄν: particle used with an unreal conclusion / 未实现结果句中所用小词" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Construction · 结构", "body": [ "Use ἐάν with the subjunctive ἔλθῃ. / ἐάν 搭配虚拟式 ἔλθῃ。", "Keep the messenger as the subject of the condition. / 信使是条件句的主语。", "Use future φυλάξομεν for the proposed consequence. / 拟议的结果用将来时 φυλάξομεν。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Authored example · 编写示例", "body": [ "ἐὰν ὁ ἄγγελος ἔλθῃ, τὴν πύλην φυλάξομεν." ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Choices · 选择", "body": [ "An aorist subjunctive in a future condition does not locate the event in the past. This form presents the arrival as a whole; it is not a duration measurement. / 将来条件中的不定过去时虚拟式不把事件放在过去。此形式把到达作为整体呈现，不是时长测量。", "Greek unreal conditions use past indicative forms and ἄν in the conclusion. They do not mechanically copy Latin subjunctives. The label more vivid concerns how the speaker presents the supposition; it is not a probability score. / 希腊语未实现条件用过去直陈式，结果句带 ἄν，不能机械照搬拉丁虚拟式。“更鲜明”描述说话者如何提出假设，不是概率分数。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 1 · 变化练习 1", "body": [ "If the messenger does not arrive, we shall remain here.", "信使若不到达，我们就将留在这里。", "Use μή in the condition and the contracted future μενοῦμεν.", "条件句用 μή，结果句用缩合将来时 μενοῦμεν。", "ἐὰν ὁ ἄγγελος μὴ ἔλθῃ, ἐνθάδε μενοῦμεν.", "Μή belongs to the conditional supposition. The conclusion remains affirmative; the form does not say that the messenger has already failed to arrive.", "Μή 属于条件假设。结果句仍是肯定；该形式不表示信使已经未能到达。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 2 · 变化练习 2", "body": [ "If the messenger were here now (he is not), we would be guarding the gate.", "信使现在若在这里（实际上不在），我们就会正在守卫城门。", "Use imperfect indicatives, with ἄν in the conclusion.", "用未完成时直陈式，结果句加 ἄν。", "εἰ ὁ ἄγγελος ἐνθάδε ἦν, τὴν πύλην ἐφυλάττομεν ἄν.", "Ἦν and ἐφυλάττομεν refer here to an unreal present. Ἄν belongs to the conclusion; this is not a simple narrative of past guarding.", "Ἦν 与 ἐφυλάττομεν 此处指未实现的现在。Ἄν 属于结果句，这不是简单叙述过去的守卫。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 3 · 变化练习 3", "body": [ "If the messenger had arrived (he did not), we would have guarded the gate.", "信使若曾到达（实际上没有），我们就会守卫过城门。", "Use aorist indicatives and ἄν in the conclusion.", "用不定过去时直陈式，结果句加 ἄν。", "εἰ ὁ ἄγγελος ἦλθεν, τὴν πύλην ἐφυλάξαμεν ἄν.", "The aorists present unreal past occurrences in this context. Without ἄν, the conclusion would not have the same unreal force.", "在此语境中，不定过去时呈现过去未实现的事件。去掉 ἄν，结果句不会保有相同的未实现含义。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Review · 检查", "body": [ "When is the condition placed, and when is its consequence placed? / 条件与结果分别位于什么时候？", "Has the prompt stated that the condition is contrary to fact? / 题目是否明确说明假设与事实相反？", "Where does negation belong, and does Greek require μή here? / 否定属于哪一句？此处希腊语是否用 μή？" ] } ] }, "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-12", "lesson_revision": "de92895bcfa568222a222839d8b8e94fc82d9bba414bdfc71bc1ead1d03c38fd", "target_language": "grc", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 191, "supports": { "en": "An open condition need not assert that its condition is true.", "zh": "开放条件不必断言其条件为真。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 193, "supports": { "en": "Condition types must be read with their conclusions and time relations.", "zh": "条件类型须结合结论及时间关系理解。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2286, "supports": { "en": "The negative of a conditional supposition is μή.", "zh": "条件假设的否定用 μή。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2292, "supports": { "en": "Conditional forms do not all imply non-fulfilment.", "zh": "条件形式并非都暗示未实现。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2302, "supports": { "en": "Unreal conditions present a supposition contrary to the stated fact.", "zh": "未实现条件提出与所述事实相反的假设。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2303, "supports": { "en": "Unreal Greek conditions use past indicative forms, with ἄν in the conclusion.", "zh": "希腊语未实现条件用过去直陈式，结果句用 ἄν。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2304, "supports": { "en": "The imperfect can describe an unreal present or continuing past.", "zh": "未完成时可表达未实现的现在或持续的过去。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2305, "supports": { "en": "The aorist can express a past unreal occurrence.", "zh": "不定过去时可表达过去未实现的事件。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2322, "supports": { "en": "Future vividness concerns presentation and tone, not a numerical likelihood.", "zh": "将来假设的鲜明程度涉及表达与语气，不是数值概率。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2323, "supports": { "en": "ἐάν with the subjunctive can introduce a future condition.", "zh": "ἐάν 加虚拟式可引入将来条件。" } } ] } }, { "unit_n": 23, "title": "13 · Latin · Explain a reason and identify whose it is", "deck": { "slides": [ { "kind": "title", "title": "13 · Latin · Explain a reason and identify whose it is" }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Meaning and context · 意义与语境", "body": [ "The soldiers fled because the enemies were present.", "士兵们逃走了，因为敌人在场。", "Give a reason as the narrator, then mark a reason attributed to the participants.", "先由叙述者提出原因，再标示归属于参与者的理由。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Vocabulary · 词汇", "body": [ "fugiō; fūgērunt: they fled / 他们逃走了", "quod: because in this clause / 此从句中为“因为”", "hostis, -is; hostēs: enemies / 敌人", "adsum; aderant: they were present / 他们在场" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Construction · 结构", "body": [ "State the flight with perfect fūgērunt. / 用完成时 fūgērunt 陈述逃走。", "Introduce the stated reason with quod. / 用 quod 引入所述原因。", "Use imperfect indicative aderant for the enemies’ presence at that time. / 敌人当时在场，用未完成时直陈式 aderant。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Authored example · 编写示例", "body": [ "Mīlitēs fūgērunt quod hostēs aderant." ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Choices · 选择", "body": [ "The indicative presents the reason on the narrator’s authority. A subjunctive can mark a reason attributed to another speaker, including an informally reported reason; it does not by itself prove that the reason is false. / 直陈式把原因作为叙述者提出的说明。虚拟式可标示归属于其他说话者的理由，包括非正式转述的理由；本身不证明该理由虚假。", "A cause explains why an event happened. A purpose states an intended outcome, which may never be achieved. Do not exchange quod and ut without changing the meaning. / 原因解释事件为何发生；目的陈述拟实现的结果，而结果可能从未实现。不能不改变意义就交换 quod 与 ut。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 1 · 变化练习 1", "body": [ "The general remained because the soldiers were guarding the gate.", "将军留下了，因为士兵们正在守卫城门。", "Give the narrator’s reason in the indicative.", "用直陈式提出叙述者的原因。", "Dux mānsit quod mīlitēs portam custōdiēbant.", "Custōdiēbant describes the ongoing situation offered as the reason for the general’s decision.", "Custōdiēbant 描写作为将军决定之原因提出的持续情境。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 2 · 变化练习 2", "body": [ "The soldiers fled because—as they claimed—they were afraid.", "士兵们逃走了，因为——据他们自己所说——他们害怕。", "Use a subjunctive for the attributed reason.", "归属于他们的理由用虚拟式。", "Mīlitēs fūgērunt quod timērent.", "Timērent marks a reason attributed to the soldiers. This does not establish whether the narrator agrees with it.", "Timērent 标示归属于士兵的理由，不确定叙述者是否同意它。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 3 · 变化练习 3", "body": [ "The soldiers remain in order to guard the gate.", "士兵们留下，以便守卫城门。", "Return to ut with the subjunctive for purpose.", "表达目的时，回到 ut 加虚拟式。", "Mīlitēs manent ut portam custōdiant.", "Custōdiant gives the aim of staying. The sentence does not assert that the guarding has been achieved.", "Custōdiant 表达留下的目的。该句不宣称守卫已实现。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Review · 检查", "body": [ "Who gives the reason: narrator or participant? / 谁提出这个原因：叙述者还是参与者？", "Does the clause explain an event or specify an intended outcome? / 从句解释已经发生的事件，还是说明预期结果？", "Which change of construction would change the claim being made? / 何种结构变化会改变所作的陈述？" ] } ] }, "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-13", "lesson_revision": "6fe038f137ac6738effd059ef1afbcd0c859b74a608975b9b38bc31e9c9a1657", "target_language": "lat", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 240, "supports": { "en": "Causal mood can distinguish the writer’s reason from an attributed one.", "zh": "因果从句的语气可区分作者提出的原因与归属于他人的理由。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 241, "supports": { "en": "Causal conjunctions have distinct uses.", "zh": "不同因果连词有不同用法。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2240, "supports": { "en": "Causal conjunctions include ὅτι, ἐπεί and ὡς; ὡς can present the subject’s supposed reason.", "zh": "因果连词包括 ὅτι、ἐπεί 与 ὡς；ὡς 可表达主语所认定的理由。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2241, "supports": { "en": "Factual causal clauses regularly use the indicative.", "zh": "事实性因果从句通常用直陈式。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 149, "supports": { "en": "The final variation contrasts a purpose clause with a causal one.", "zh": "末项变化练习区分目的从句与因果从句。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2193, "supports": { "en": "Ἵνα introduces the purpose in the final variation.", "zh": "末项变化练习用 ἵνα 引入目的。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2196, "supports": { "en": "The present main verb supports a purpose subjunctive here.", "zh": "此处现在时主句搭配目的虚拟式。" } } ] } }, { "unit_n": 24, "title": "13 · Greek · Explain a reason and identify whose it is", "deck": { "slides": [ { "kind": "title", "title": "13 · Greek · Explain a reason and identify whose it is" }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Meaning and context · 意义与语境", "body": [ "The soldiers fled because the enemies were present.", "士兵们逃走了，因为敌人在场。", "Give a reason as the narrator, then mark a reason attributed to the participants.", "先由叙述者提出原因，再标示归属于参与者的理由。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Vocabulary · 词汇", "body": [ "φεύγω; ἔφυγον: they fled / 他们逃走了", "ὅτι: because in this clause / 此从句中为“因为”", "οἱ πολέμιοι: the enemies / 敌人", "πάρειμι; παρῆσαν: they were present / 他们在场", "φοβέομαι; ἐφοβοῦντο: they were afraid / 他们害怕" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Construction · 结构", "body": [ "Use ἔφυγον for the past flight. / 用 ἔφυγον 表示过去的逃走。", "Read causal ὅτι as because here, not as a reported that-clause. / 此处把因果 ὅτι 理解为“因为”，不是转述陈述的“说……”。", "Use imperfect παρῆσαν to describe the situation when they fled. / 用未完成时 παρῆσαν 描写他们逃走时的情境。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Authored example · 编写示例", "body": [ "οἱ στρατιῶται ἔφυγον ὅτι οἱ πολέμιοι παρῆσαν." ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Choices · 选择", "body": [ "Ὅτι can introduce a reason or a reported statement: identify its relation to the governing clause. Here it explains the flight. The subjunctive is not a general Greek sign of an attributed cause. / Ὅτι 可引入原因，也可引入转述陈述；须辨认它与主句的关系。此处它解释逃走。虚拟式并非希腊语中归属他人的因果理由的一般标志。", "Causal ὡς can present a reason as conceived by a participant. Context establishes the attribution; the conjunction does not mechanically mean as they said in every occurrence. / 因果 ὡς 可呈现参与者认定的理由。归属关系须由语境说明；该连词并非每次都机械表示“据他们所说”。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 1 · 变化练习 1", "body": [ "The general remained because the soldiers were guarding the gate.", "将军留下了，因为士兵们正在守卫城门。", "Use ὅτι with an imperfect indicative for the guarding.", "用 ὅτι 与未完成时直陈式表达守卫。", "ὁ στρατηγὸς ἔμεινεν ὅτι οἱ στρατιῶται τὴν πύλην ἐφύλαττον.", "Ἐφύλαττον gives the background activity. The narrator offers it as the explanation, rather than as an unfulfilled aim.", "Ἐφύλαττον 描写背景活动。叙述者把它提出为解释，不是尚未实现的目的。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 2 · 变化练习 2", "body": [ "The soldiers fled because—as they claimed—they were afraid.", "士兵们逃走了，因为——据他们自己所说——他们害怕。", "In the stated context, use causal ὡς to present their supposed reason.", "在已说明的语境中，用因果 ὡς 呈现他们认定的理由。", "οἱ στρατιῶται ἔφυγον ὡς ἐφοβοῦντο.", "The attribution is supplied by the prompt and supported by causal ὡς. The indicative describes their supposed fear; Greek does not copy Latin timērent.", "题目说明归属关系，因果 ὡς 支持这一理解。直陈式描述他们认定的恐惧；希腊语不照搬拉丁 timērent。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 3 · 变化练习 3", "body": [ "The soldiers remain in order to guard the gate.", "士兵们留下，以便守卫城门。", "Use ἵνα with the subjunctive for the aim.", "用 ἵνα 加虚拟式表达目的。", "οἱ στρατιῶται μένουσιν ἵνα τὴν πύλην φυλάττωσιν.", "Ἵνα introduces an intended outcome. Replacing it with causal ὅτι would change the relation to the staying.", "Ἵνα 引入预期结果。把它换成因果 ὅτι，会改变它与留下的关系。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Review · 检查", "body": [ "Who gives the reason: narrator or participant? / 谁提出这个原因：叙述者还是参与者？", "Does the clause explain an event or specify an intended outcome? / 从句解释已经发生的事件，还是说明预期结果？", "Which change of construction would change the claim being made? / 何种结构变化会改变所作的陈述？" ] } ] }, "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-13", "lesson_revision": "6fe038f137ac6738effd059ef1afbcd0c859b74a608975b9b38bc31e9c9a1657", "target_language": "grc", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 240, "supports": { "en": "Causal mood can distinguish the writer’s reason from an attributed one.", "zh": "因果从句的语气可区分作者提出的原因与归属于他人的理由。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 241, "supports": { "en": "Causal conjunctions have distinct uses.", "zh": "不同因果连词有不同用法。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2240, "supports": { "en": "Causal conjunctions include ὅτι, ἐπεί and ὡς; ὡς can present the subject’s supposed reason.", "zh": "因果连词包括 ὅτι、ἐπεί 与 ὡς；ὡς 可表达主语所认定的理由。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2241, "supports": { "en": "Factual causal clauses regularly use the indicative.", "zh": "事实性因果从句通常用直陈式。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 149, "supports": { "en": "The final variation contrasts a purpose clause with a causal one.", "zh": "末项变化练习区分目的从句与因果从句。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2193, "supports": { "en": "Ἵνα introduces the purpose in the final variation.", "zh": "末项变化练习用 ἵνα 引入目的。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2196, "supports": { "en": "The present main verb supports a purpose subjunctive here.", "zh": "此处现在时主句搭配目的虚拟式。" } } ] } }, { "unit_n": 25, "title": "10 · Latin · Connect a short narrative", "deck": { "slides": [ { "kind": "title", "title": "10 · Latin · Connect a short narrative" }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Meaning and context · 意义与语境", "body": [ "The soldiers were guarding the city. When the messenger arrived, the general gave money to the soldiers. They took up arms to defend the city.", "士兵们正在守卫城市。信使到达时，将军把钱给了士兵们。他们拿起武器，以保卫城市。", "Keep participants, event time and purpose clear across three sentences.", "跨三个句子保持参与者、事件时间及目的清楚。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Vocabulary · 词汇", "body": [ "custōdiēbant: were guarding / 正在守卫", "ubi: when / 当……时", "dedit: gave / 给了", "illī: those men, here the soldiers / 那些人，此处指士兵", "sūmpsērunt: took up / 拿起了", "dēfenderent: might defend, imperfect subjunctive / 以保卫，未完成虚拟式" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Construction · 结构", "body": [ "Begin with imperfect background guarding. / 以未完成时守卫活动作为背景。", "Use ubi plus perfect vēnit for the arrival and perfect dedit for the giving. / 用 ubi 加完成时 vēnit 写到达，用完成时 dedit 写给予。", "Use illī to resume the soldiers; after sūmpsērunt choose imperfect subjunctive dēfenderent for their purpose. / 用 illī 接回士兵；在 sūmpsērunt 后用未完成虚拟式 dēfenderent 表目的。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Authored example · 编写示例", "body": [ "Mīlitēs urbem custōdiēbant. Ubi nūntius vēnit, dux mīlitibus pecūniam dedit. Illī arma sūmpsērunt ut urbem dēfenderent." ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Choices · 选择", "body": [ "The temporal clause supplies the occasion; it does not itself assert that arrival caused the gift. Ut supplies an intended goal; it does not prove the defence succeeded. / 时间从句交代场合，本身不断言到达造成赠予；ut 交代预期目的，不证明防卫成功。", "Illī avoids repeating mīlitēs, but repetition can be better where a pronoun would become ambiguous. The decision belongs to the paragraph’s context. / Illī 避免重复 mīlitēs；若代词会歧义，重复名词可能更好。应依段落语境决定。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 1 · 变化练习 1", "body": [ "Add the general’s report that the city is safe at the time of speaking.", "加入将军的报告：城市在他说话时是安全的。", "Use present infinitive esse after dīxit.", "Dīxit 后用现在不定式 esse。", "Dux dīxit urbem tūtam esse.", "Present infinitive expresses simultaneity relative to the past reporting.", "现在不定式表达与过去转述的相对同时。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 2 · 变化练习 2", "body": [ "Change the ending: after capture of the city, the soldiers fled. Compress the circumstance.", "改变结尾：城市被攻占后，士兵们逃走。压缩情境表达。", "Use the passive ablative absolute from tutorial 5.", "使用第5课的被动夺格独立结构。", "Urbe captā, mīlitēs fūgērunt.", "Changing the narrative outcome requires an explicit new capture event; the absolute supplies it.", "改变叙事结果须明确加入新的攻占事件；独立结构补出它。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 3 · 变化练习 3", "body": [ "Add a direct command to guard the gate at the end.", "在结尾加入守卫城门的直接指令。", "Keep the quoted command in the plural imperative.", "引语中的指令保持复数命令式。", "Dux dīxit: “Portam custōdīte.”", "Direct quotation preserves the address rather than turning it into an infinitive report.", "直接引语保留直接称呼，不改为不定式转述。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Review · 检查", "body": [ "Can a reader identify each participant without guessing? / 读者是否无需猜测就能认出每位参与者？", "Have background and narrated events been distinguished? / 是否区分了背景与所叙述的事件？", "Have I kept time, purpose and outcome distinct? / 是否区分了时间、目的及结果？", "Can I explain a defensible alternative expression? / 是否能解释另一种合理表达？" ] } ] }, "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-10", "lesson_revision": "8c8375bfdc1a03a02b789c41f6a6128c41c3adac7e4a1fb6e22b2babb9202b36", "target_language": "lat", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 61, "supports": { "en": "A giving event distinguishes a recipient and an object.", "zh": "给予事件区分接受者和给予之物。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 215, "supports": { "en": "Ubi can introduce an indicative temporal clause.", "zh": "Ubi 可引入直陈式时间从句。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 149, "supports": { "en": "Purpose is expressed with ut/ne and the subjunctive.", "zh": "目的可用 ut/ne 加虚拟式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1469, "supports": { "en": "Giving can have a dative recipient.", "zh": "给予可带与格接受者。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2391, "supports": { "en": "Definite temporal clauses refer to a definite occasion.", "zh": "确定时间从句指向确定的场合。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2196, "supports": { "en": "A purpose clause after a secondary tense can use the optative or retained subjunctive.", "zh": "次要时态后的目的从句可用愿望式或保留虚拟式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2615, "supports": { "en": "Historical reporting can retain the indicative.", "zh": "历史时态转述可保留直陈式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1106, "supports": { "en": "The article with particles can have demonstrative reference.", "zh": "冠词与小词搭配可具有指示用法。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1107, "supports": { "en": "ὁ δέ can refer back to a person or group.", "zh": "ὁ δέ 可回指某人或群体。" } } ] } }, { "unit_n": 26, "title": "10 · Greek · Connect a short narrative", "deck": { "slides": [ { "kind": "title", "title": "10 · Greek · Connect a short narrative" }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Meaning and context · 意义与语境", "body": [ "The soldiers were guarding the city. When the messenger arrived, the general gave money to the soldiers. They took up arms to defend the city.", "士兵们正在守卫城市。信使到达时，将军把钱给了士兵们。他们拿起武器，以保卫城市。", "Keep participants, event time and purpose clear across three sentences.", "跨三个句子保持参与者、事件时间及目的清楚。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Vocabulary · 词汇", "body": [ "ἐφύλαττον: were guarding / 正在守卫", "ἐπεί: when/after in this narration / 此叙事中为当……时／之后", "ἔδωκεν: gave / 给了", "οἱ δέ: they, the soldiers here / 他们，此处指士兵", "ἔλαβον: took / 拿起了", "φυλάττοιεν: third-person plural present optative / 第三人称复数现在愿望式" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Construction · 结构", "body": [ "Start with imperfect ἐφύλαττον. / 以未完成时 ἐφύλαττον 开始。", "Use ἐπεί with aorist ἦλθεν and then the giving event ἔδωκεν. / 用 ἐπεί 加不定过去时 ἦλθεν，再写给予事件 ἔδωκεν。", "Plural οἱ δέ resumes the soldiers. Present optative φυλάττοιεν follows the past event in the purpose clause. / 复数 οἱ δέ 接回士兵；目的从句的现在愿望式 φυλάττοιεν 跟随过去事件。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Authored example · 编写示例", "body": [ "οἱ στρατιῶται τὴν πόλιν ἐφύλαττον. ἐπεὶ ὁ ἄγγελος ἦλθεν, ὁ στρατηγὸς τοῖς στρατιώταις χρήματα ἔδωκεν. οἱ δὲ τὰ ὅπλα ἔλαβον ἵνα τὴν πόλιν φυλάττοιεν." ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Choices · 选择", "body": [ "The optative is one allowed choice after the past event; retained subjunctive φυλάττωσιν is also possible. Do not impose a mechanical requirement to change every subordinate mood. / 过去事件后使用愿望式是一种允许选择，保留虚拟式 φυλάττωσιν 也可以；不能机械要求所有从属语气都改变。", "Οἱ δέ returns to the plural soldiers after a sentence whose subject was the general. Explain that referent before choosing the pronoun. / Οἱ δέ 在以上句主语为将军的情况下，回到复数士兵。选代词前先说明所指。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 1 · 变化练习 1", "body": [ "Add the general’s report that the city is safe at the time of speaking.", "加入将军的报告：城市在他说话时是安全的。", "Retain the original indicative after εἶπεν.", "Εἶπεν 后保留原话直陈式。", "ὁ στρατηγὸς εἶπεν ὅτι ἡ πόλις ἀσφαλής ἐστιν.", "Retaining the original present is possible in the report; a past reporting verb does not force every subordinate verb into the past.", "转述可保留原话现在时；过去报告动词不迫使所有从属动词都变过去。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 2 · 变化练习 2", "body": [ "Change the ending: after capture of the city, the soldiers fled. Compress the circumstance.", "改变结尾：城市被攻占后，士兵们逃走。压缩情境表达。", "Use the passive genitive absolute from tutorial 5.", "使用第5课的被动属格独立结构。", "τῆς πόλεως ληφθείσης, οἱ στρατιῶται ἔφυγον.", "The absolute supplies the preceding capture; it does not by itself prove why the soldiers fled.", "独立结构补出先前攻占，不单凭其形式证明士兵为何逃走。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Variation 3 · 变化练习 3", "body": [ "Add a direct command to guard the gate at the end.", "在结尾加入守卫城门的直接指令。", "Keep the quoted command in the plural imperative.", "引语中的指令保持复数命令式。", "ὁ στρατηγὸς εἶπεν· «τὴν πύλην φυλάττετε.»", "The imperative remains inside the quotation, despite the past reporting verb outside it.", "虽然引语外报告动词为过去，引语内部仍保留命令式。" ] }, { "kind": "text", "title": "Review · 检查", "body": [ "Can a reader identify each participant without guessing? / 读者是否无需猜测就能认出每位参与者？", "Have background and narrated events been distinguished? / 是否区分了背景与所叙述的事件？", "Have I kept time, purpose and outcome distinct? / 是否区分了时间、目的及结果？", "Can I explain a defensible alternative expression? / 是否能解释另一种合理表达？" ] } ] }, "provenance": { "lesson_id": "pc-10", "lesson_revision": "8c8375bfdc1a03a02b789c41f6a6128c41c3adac7e4a1fb6e22b2babb9202b36", "target_language": "grc", "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model", "review_status": "source-checked-draft", "independent_review": null, "source_refs": [ { "work": "woodcock", "section": 61, "supports": { "en": "A giving event distinguishes a recipient and an object.", "zh": "给予事件区分接受者和给予之物。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 215, "supports": { "en": "Ubi can introduce an indicative temporal clause.", "zh": "Ubi 可引入直陈式时间从句。" } }, { "work": "woodcock", "section": 149, "supports": { "en": "Purpose is expressed with ut/ne and the subjunctive.", "zh": "目的可用 ut/ne 加虚拟式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1469, "supports": { "en": "Giving can have a dative recipient.", "zh": "给予可带与格接受者。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2391, "supports": { "en": "Definite temporal clauses refer to a definite occasion.", "zh": "确定时间从句指向确定的场合。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2196, "supports": { "en": "A purpose clause after a secondary tense can use the optative or retained subjunctive.", "zh": "次要时态后的目的从句可用愿望式或保留虚拟式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 2615, "supports": { "en": "Historical reporting can retain the indicative.", "zh": "历史时态转述可保留直陈式。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1106, "supports": { "en": "The article with particles can have demonstrative reference.", "zh": "冠词与小词搭配可具有指示用法。" } }, { "work": "smyth", "section": 1107, "supports": { "en": "ὁ δέ can refer back to a person or group.", "zh": "ὁ δέ 可回指某人或群体。" } } ] } } ], "publish": false }