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not a harbour footprint","evidence":"ancient description / source coding","summary":"Bata — village & harbour, 400 stadia (~70 km) E of the Sindic harbour (Str 11.2.14)","limit":"A textual description and atlas point do not establish a surveyed basin or continuous occupation.","references":["Strab. 11.2.14"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Source period code P3; contextual classification, no numeric activity interval inferred","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read Strabo in Harborscapes","url":"/harborscapes/index.html?site=Bata"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["harbours","modified"],"details":{"tier":"D","gloss":"Bata — village & harbour, 400 stadia (~70 km) E of the Sindic harbour (Str 11.2.14)","coord_src":"approx: Novorossiysk","anchor_cts":"11.2.14","eval_term":"","lexemes":["λιμήν","ὅρμος"],"lex_cats":["harbor"],"floruit":"P3","status":["EMP"],"corridors":["C2"],"harbor_class":"modified","built":[],"cts_all":["11.2.14"],"n_cts":1,"audited":0,"indep":0}},{"id":"strabo:phasis","dataset":"strabo","title":"Phasis","coordinates":[41.67,42.15],"geometry_role":"Source atlas representative point; not a harbour footprint","evidence":"ancient description / source coding","summary":"Phasis — Colchian emporium at the Rioni mouth, ≥600 stadia S of Dioscurias (Str 11.2.17)","limit":"A textual description and atlas point do not establish a surveyed basin or continuous occupation.","references":["Strab. 11.2.17"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Source period code P3; contextual classification, no numeric activity interval inferred","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read Strabo in Harborscapes","url":"/harborscapes/index.html?site=Phasis"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["harbours","modified"],"details":{"tier":"D","gloss":"Phasis — Colchian emporium at the Rioni mouth, ≥600 stadia S of Dioscurias (Str 11.2.17)","coord_src":"atlas: Poti","anchor_cts":"11.2.17","eval_term":"","lexemes":["ναυπήγιον","ἐμπόριον"],"lex_cats":["infrastructure","function"],"floruit":"P3","status":["FGC","EMP"],"corridors":["C2"],"harbor_class":"modified","built":[],"cts_all":["11.2.17"],"n_cts":1,"audited":0,"indep":0}},{"id":"strabo:theodosia","dataset":"strabo","title":"Theodosia","coordinates":[35.38,45.05],"geometry_role":"Source atlas representative point; not a harbour footprint","evidence":"ancient description / source coding","summary":"Theodosia — 100-ship harbour in SE Crimea, ~530 stadia W of Panticapaeum (Str 7.4.4)","limit":"A textual description and atlas point do not establish a surveyed basin or continuous occupation.","references":["Strab. 7.4.4"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Source period code P2; contextual classification, no numeric activity interval inferred","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read Strabo in Harborscapes","url":"/harborscapes/index.html?site=Theodosia"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["harbours","modified"],"details":{"tier":"D","gloss":"Theodosia — 100-ship harbour in SE Crimea, ~530 stadia W of Panticapaeum (Str 7.4.4)","coord_src":"atlas: Feodosia","anchor_cts":"7.4.4","eval_term":"λιμένα ναυσὶ ἑκατόν","lexemes":["εὐλίμενος","νεώρια","ἐμπόριον","πορθμός","λιμήν"],"lex_cats":["infrastructure","eval+","harbor","function"],"floruit":"P2","status":["FGC","DYN"],"corridors":["C2"],"harbor_class":"modified","built":["sheds"],"cts_all":["7.4.4","7.4.5","7.4.6"],"n_cts":3,"audited":0,"indep":0}},{"id":"strabo:coptos-nile-emporium","dataset":"strabo","title":"Coptos (Nile emporium)","coordinates":[32.81,26.0],"geometry_role":"Source atlas representative point; not a harbour footprint","evidence":"ancient description / source coding","summary":"Coptos — Nile emporium, inland terminus of the Eastern-Desert caravan roads (Str 17.1.45)","limit":"A textual description and atlas point do not establish a surveyed basin or continuous occupation.","references":["Strab. 17.1.45"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Source period code P4; contextual classification, no numeric activity interval inferred","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read Strabo in Harborscapes","url":"/harborscapes/index.html?site=Coptos%20%28Nile%20emporium%29"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["harbours","modified"],"details":{"tier":"D","gloss":"Coptos — Nile emporium, inland terminus of the Eastern-Desert caravan roads (Str 17.1.45)","coord_src":"atlas: Qift","anchor_cts":"17.1.45","eval_term":"ἐμπόριον (Nile)","lexemes":["ἐμπόριον"],"lex_cats":["infrastructure","function","harbor","eval-"],"floruit":"P4","status":["HRF"],"corridors":["C3"],"harbor_class":"modified","built":["canal","sheds"],"cts_all":["17.1.45"],"n_cts":1,"audited":1,"indep":0}},{"id":"carthage:harbour","dataset":"carthage","title":"Circular harbour & Admiralty island","coordinates":[10.325779547619046,36.84489403809523],"geometry_role":"Anchor computed from current OSM vertices; extent is not an ancient footprint or official protected boundary.","evidence":"archaeological site interpretation","summary":"The surviving island and basin preserve a changing harbour landscape. Museum models offer separate Punic and Roman interpretations.","limit":"Which visible walls belong to later reuse, and which elements exist only in a model? Modern OSM geometry is not an ancient footprint.","references":["H. Hurst (2010), Understanding Carthage as a Roman Port —  (printed pp. 53, 55–56, 65); Fig. 5 visually checked"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"Source display phases; not continuous occupation","bands":[{"start":-200,"end":-146,"label":"Late Punic naval arsenal (approximate display band)","claim":"C03","period":"Punic","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"},{"start":175,"end":400,"label":"Roman colonnaded island and harbour activity","claim":"C01","period":"Roman","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the Carthage site reader","url":"/carthage/index.html?site=harbour"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["archaeology","Carthage"],"details":{"phases":[{"start":-200,"end":-146,"label":"Late Punic naval arsenal (approximate display band)","claim":"C03","period":"Punic","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"},{"start":175,"end":400,"label":"Roman colonnaded island and harbour activity","claim":"C01","period":"Roman","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"}],"source_keys":["hurst2010"],"osm":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/131384794"}},{"id":"carthage:tophet","dataset":"carthage","title":"Tophet of Salammbô","coordinates":[10.32319903076923,36.841369538461535],"geometry_role":"Anchor computed from current OSM vertices; extent is not an ancient footprint or official protected boundary.","evidence":"archaeological site interpretation","summary":"A cremation and dedicatory context. Deposits, inscriptions and interpretations of ritual must be read separately.","limit":"What does a photographed monument demonstrate, and what still requires osteological or epigraphic evidence? Modern OSM geometry is not an ancient footprint.","references":["D. Hoyos (2021), Carthage: A Biography — ; targeted historical readings, not the whole book","P. Smith et al. (2013), Age estimations attest to infant sacrifice — Publisher supplementary-material page and bibliographic information","J. H. Schwartz et al. (2017), Two tales of one city — Abstract and methodological response; source checked","AMVPPC, Tophet — Overview section"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"Source display phases; not continuous occupation","bands":[{"start":-800,"end":-146,"label":"Punic sanctuary / cremation deposits (broad range)","claim":"C04","period":"Punic","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the Carthage site reader","url":"/carthage/index.html?site=tophet"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["archaeology","Carthage"],"details":{"phases":[{"start":-800,"end":-146,"label":"Punic sanctuary / cremation deposits (broad range)","claim":"C04","period":"Punic","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"}],"source_keys":["hoyos2021","smith2013","schwartz2017","tophetagency"],"osm":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/131384754"}},{"id":"carthage:byrsa","dataset":"carthage","title":"Byrsa hill","coordinates":[10.323607702083335,36.85282087916667],"geometry_role":"Anchor computed from current OSM vertices; extent is not an ancient footprint or official protected boundary.","evidence":"archaeological site interpretation","summary":"A hill where Punic slope remains, Roman civic redevelopment and modern presentation must be distinguished.","limit":"How does a present view combine exposed remains, later ground levels and modern excavation? Modern OSM geometry is not an ancient footprint.","references":["D. Hoyos (2021), Carthage: A Biography — ; targeted historical readings, not the whole book"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"Source display phases; not continuous occupation","bands":[{"start":-300,"end":-146,"label":"Late Punic slope remains (orientation)","claim":"C05","period":"Punic","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"},{"start":-44,"end":400,"label":"Roman summit redevelopment (broad range)","claim":"C05","period":"Roman","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the Carthage site reader","url":"/carthage/index.html?site=byrsa"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["archaeology","Carthage"],"details":{"phases":[{"start":-300,"end":-146,"label":"Late Punic slope remains (orientation)","claim":"C05","period":"Punic","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"},{"start":-44,"end":400,"label":"Roman summit redevelopment (broad range)","claim":"C05","period":"Roman","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"}],"source_keys":["hoyos2021"],"osm":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/28974393"}},{"id":"carthage:baths","dataset":"carthage","title":"Antonine Baths","coordinates":[10.3344628,36.85449727837838],"geometry_role":"Anchor computed from current OSM vertices; extent is not an ancient footprint or official protected boundary.","evidence":"archaeological site interpretation","summary":"The service level dominates what survives; it should not be mistaken for the entire bathing floor above.","limit":"Which spaces were visible to bathers, and which served heating, fuel and maintenance? Modern OSM geometry is not an ancient footprint.","references":["AMVPPC, Antonine Baths — Overview section","A. Lézine (1968), Carthage–Utique: études d’architecture et d’urbanisme — ; printed pp. 3, 5–6, 70–73; Room 18 record p. 70 visually checked"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"Source display phases; not continuous occupation","bands":[{"start":157,"end":392,"label":"Construction and imperial use","claim":"C06","period":"Roman","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"},{"start":388,"end":600,"label":"Damage, partial reuse and workshops (approximate band)","claim":"C07","period":"Late antique","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the Carthage site reader","url":"/carthage/index.html?site=baths"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["archaeology","Carthage"],"details":{"phases":[{"start":157,"end":392,"label":"Construction and imperial use","claim":"C06","period":"Roman","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"},{"start":388,"end":600,"label":"Damage, partial reuse and workshops (approximate band)","claim":"C07","period":"Late antique","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"}],"source_keys":["baths","lezine1968"],"osm":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/26335647"}},{"id":"carthage:villas","dataset":"carthage","title":"Roman Villas park","coordinates":[10.331131509999999,36.85776762],"geometry_role":"Anchor computed from current OSM vertices; extent is not an ancient footprint or official protected boundary.","evidence":"archaeological site interpretation","summary":"Burials, cadastral planning and domestic embellishment mark different uses of the same district.","limit":"Which elements record funerary use, later houses or modern presentation? Modern OSM geometry is not an ancient footprint.","references":["AMVPPC, Roman Villas — Overview section"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"Source display phases; not continuous occupation","bands":[{"start":-300,"end":-146,"label":"Punic necropolis","claim":"C08","period":"Punic","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"},{"start":-27,"end":100,"label":"Early Roman grid and modest occupation","claim":"C08","period":"Roman","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"},{"start":100,"end":300,"label":"Later Roman residential development","claim":"C08","period":"Roman","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the Carthage site reader","url":"/carthage/index.html?site=villas"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["archaeology","Carthage"],"details":{"phases":[{"start":-300,"end":-146,"label":"Punic necropolis","claim":"C08","period":"Punic","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"},{"start":-27,"end":100,"label":"Early Roman grid and modest occupation","claim":"C08","period":"Roman","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"},{"start":100,"end":300,"label":"Later Roman residential development","claim":"C08","period":"Roman","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"}],"source_keys":["villas"],"osm":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/131384756"}},{"id":"carthage:theatre","dataset":"carthage","title":"Roman Theatre","coordinates":[10.329356271999998,36.857378748],"geometry_role":"Anchor computed from current OSM vertices; extent is not an ancient footprint or official protected boundary.","evidence":"archaeological site interpretation","summary":"An ancient performance site with extensive modern adaptation. The present silhouette combines several interventions.","limit":"Can you distinguish original remains from the modern auditorium? Modern OSM geometry is not an ancient footprint.","references":["AMVPPC, Roman Theatre — Overview section"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"Source display phases; not continuous occupation","bands":[{"start":1,"end":400,"label":"Roman performance monument (broad orientation)","claim":"C09","period":"Roman","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"},{"start":1906,"end":2026,"label":"Modern performance adaptation","claim":"C09","period":"Modern","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the Carthage site reader","url":"/carthage/index.html?site=theatre"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["archaeology","Carthage"],"details":{"phases":[{"start":1,"end":400,"label":"Roman performance monument (broad orientation)","claim":"C09","period":"Roman","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"},{"start":1906,"end":2026,"label":"Modern performance adaptation","claim":"C09","period":"Modern","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"}],"source_keys":["theatre"],"osm":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/93164193"}},{"id":"carthage:magon","dataset":"carthage","title":"Magon Quarter","coordinates":[10.33138496,36.8512519],"geometry_role":"Anchor computed from current OSM vertices; extent is not an ancient footprint or official protected boundary.","evidence":"archaeological site interpretation","summary":"A coastal residential district whose houses and land reclamation changed through time.","limit":"How do a district name and present shoreline obscure redevelopment? Modern OSM geometry is not an ancient footprint.","references":["AMVPPC, Magon Quarter — Overview section","iDAI, Die deutschen Ausgrabungen in Karthago, Volume 1 — Synopsis and chapter list; landing page only"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"Source display phases; not continuous occupation","bands":[{"start":-500,"end":-200,"label":"Middle / later Punic housing","claim":"C10","period":"Punic","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"},{"start":-200,"end":-146,"label":"Late Punic redevelopment","claim":"C10","period":"Punic","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the Carthage site reader","url":"/carthage/index.html?site=magon"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["archaeology","Carthage"],"details":{"phases":[{"start":-500,"end":-200,"label":"Middle / later Punic housing","claim":"C10","period":"Punic","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"},{"start":-200,"end":-146,"label":"Late Punic redevelopment","claim":"C10","period":"Punic","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"}],"source_keys":["magon","rakob2026"],"osm":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/26335456"}},{"id":"carthage:massouda","dataset":"carthage","title":"Bir Massouda","coordinates":[10.327019714285713,36.85085454285714],"geometry_role":"Anchor computed from current OSM vertices; extent is not an ancient footprint or official protected boundary.","evidence":"archaeological site interpretation","summary":"An excavated context central to the study of early metallurgy and urban development.","limit":"How are material samples related to trenches, phases and a present mapped site? Modern OSM geometry is not an ancient footprint.","references":["B. Kaufman et al. (2016), Ferrous metallurgy from the Bir Massouda metallurgical precinct —  (JAS 71, pp. 33–35); Fig. 1 visually checked","R. F. Docter (2009), Carthage and its Hinterland — ; printed pp. 179–181; period table p. 180 and note 12"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"Source display phases; not continuous occupation","bands":[{"start":-750,"end":-146,"label":"Punic metallurgical evidence (broad band)","claim":"C11","period":"Punic","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the Carthage site reader","url":"/carthage/index.html?site=massouda"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["archaeology","Carthage"],"details":{"phases":[{"start":-750,"end":-146,"label":"Punic metallurgical evidence (broad band)","claim":"C11","period":"Punic","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"}],"source_keys":["kaufman2016","docter2009"],"osm":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/93164404"}},{"id":"carthage:didon","dataset":"carthage","title":"Quartier Didon / Rue Ibn Chabâat","coordinates":[10.33054546,36.85037564000001],"geometry_role":"Rue Ibn Chabbat street anchor only; park location and footprint require verification. The Villa Didon hotel is a separate entity.","evidence":"archaeological site interpretation","summary":"Punic phases beneath Roman public construction, followed by a Byzantine rotunda. The hall function remains unresolved.","limit":"What physically overlies what, and which proposed functions remain interpretive? Modern OSM geometry is not an ancient footprint.","references":["DAI / INP, Karthago – Quartier Didon — Research section; captions for reconstructed corner and original fabric"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"Source display phases; not continuous occupation","bands":[{"start":-900,"end":-146,"label":"Punic settlement / public space (broad range)","claim":"C12","period":"Punic","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"},{"start":-44,"end":500,"label":"Roman public building; function unknown","claim":"C12","period":"Roman","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"},{"start":500,"end":600,"label":"Byzantine rotunda; cult interpretation probable","claim":"C12","period":"Byzantine","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the Carthage site reader","url":"/carthage/index.html?site=didon"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["archaeology","Carthage"],"details":{"phases":[{"start":-900,"end":-146,"label":"Punic settlement / public space (broad range)","claim":"C12","period":"Punic","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"},{"start":-44,"end":500,"label":"Roman public building; function unknown","claim":"C12","period":"Roman","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"},{"start":500,"end":600,"label":"Byzantine rotunda; cult interpretation probable","claim":"C12","period":"Byzantine","range_kind":"Approximate display interval; not a continuous-occupation claim"}],"source_keys":["didon"],"osm":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/26335375"}},{"id":"carthage:malga","dataset":"carthage","title":"La Malga cisterns","coordinates":[10.31830176388889,36.85843500277777],"geometry_role":"Anchor computed from current OSM vertices; extent is not an ancient footprint or official protected boundary.","evidence":"archaeological site interpretation","summary":"An orientation entry in the dispersed-site gazetteer; detailed phase evidence has not yet been entered.","limit":"Which publication and excavation record are needed for a building-level sequence? Modern OSM geometry is not an ancient footprint.","references":["UNESCO, Archaeological Site of Carthage — Opening description; Outstanding Universal Value: components and integrity; source-date conflict audited"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"Source display phases; not continuous occupation","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the Carthage site reader","url":"/carthage/index.html?site=malga"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["archaeology","Carthage"],"details":{"phases":[],"source_keys":["unesco"],"osm":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/89090415"}},{"id":"carthage:amphitheatre","dataset":"carthage","title":"Amphitheatre","coordinates":[10.31502423888889,36.85627103333334],"geometry_role":"Anchor computed from current OSM vertices; extent is not an ancient footprint or official protected boundary.","evidence":"archaeological site interpretation","summary":"An orientation entry in the dispersed-site gazetteer; detailed phase evidence has not yet been entered.","limit":"Which publication and excavation record are needed for a building-level sequence? Modern OSM geometry is not an ancient footprint.","references":["UNESCO, Archaeological Site of Carthage — Opening description; Outstanding Universal Value: components and integrity; source-date conflict audited"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"Source display phases; not continuous occupation","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the Carthage site reader","url":"/carthage/index.html?site=amphitheatre"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["archaeology","Carthage"],"details":{"phases":[],"source_keys":["unesco"],"osm":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/26336599"}},{"id":"carthage:damous","dataset":"carthage","title":"Damous el Karita basilica","coordinates":[10.3311923375,36.8614799375],"geometry_role":"Anchor computed from current OSM vertices; extent is not an ancient footprint or official protected boundary.","evidence":"archaeological site interpretation","summary":"An orientation entry in the dispersed-site gazetteer; detailed phase evidence has not yet been entered.","limit":"Which publication and excavation record are needed for a building-level sequence? Modern OSM geometry is not an ancient footprint.","references":["UNESCO, Archaeological Site of Carthage — Opening description; Outstanding Universal Value: components and integrity; source-date conflict audited"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"Source display phases; not continuous occupation","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the Carthage site reader","url":"/carthage/index.html?site=damous"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["archaeology","Carthage"],"details":{"phases":[],"source_keys":["unesco"],"osm":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/131384746"}},{"id":"comparanda:carthage","dataset":"comparanda","title":"Carthage","coordinates":[10.323056,36.853056],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point for regional orientation; not a monument outline, camera position or survey control.","evidence":"publication / conservation comparison","summary":"A university–museum partnership connected collection assessment, a locally maintainable conservation laboratory, staff training and a didactic gallery. Classification made dispersed objects usable without restoring lost excavation provenance.","limit":"These museum records do not document stratigraphic excavation contexts or demonstrate the present condition of the gallery.","references":["Vitali, Vanda, and Ursula M. Franklin. “Conservation of the Punic Collection at the Museum of Carthage. Part I: Mapping the Collection: Methodology, Classification, and Assessment.” Journal of the Canadian Association for Conservation 24 (1999): 29-41.","Vitali, Vanda, and Ursula M. Franklin. “Conservation of the Punic Collection at the Museum of Carthage. Part II: Transfer of Conservation Technology: Establishment of a Salvage Conservation Laboratory.” Journal of the Canadian Association for Conservation 25 (2000): 37-41.","Vitali, Vanda, Peter Gale, and Ursula M. Franklin. “Conservation of the Punic Collection at the Museum of Carthage. Part III: Transfer of Museological Technologies: Establishment of a Conservation-centred Didactic Gallery.” Journal of the Canadian Association for Conservation 26 (2001): 3-7."],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"1989-1992 project; publications 1999-2001","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the comparative evidence reader","url":"/carthage/comparanda.html?site=carthage"}],"pleiades":"314921","topics":["comparison","conservation"]},{"id":"comparanda:corinth","dataset":"comparanda","title":"Ancient Corinth","coordinates":[22.878614390874485,37.90564164345828],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point for regional orientation; not a monument outline, camera position or survey control.","evidence":"publication / conservation comparison","summary":"Recording instructions and annual reports provide a framework for photographs associated with excavation operations and spatial records. The selected figures refer to successive seasons northeast of the Theater.","limit":"Two seasonal figures do not alone prove deterioration. They differ in graphic treatment and require matching extents and source records before quantitative comparison.","references":["American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Corinth Excavations. ASCSA Excavations in Ancient Corinth: 2024 Report. 2024. Section “Excavations Northeast of the Theater.”","American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Corinth Excavations. ASCSA Excavations in Ancient Corinth: 2025 Report. 2025. Section “Excavations Northeast of the Theater.”","Sanders, Guy D. R., Sarah A. James, and Alicia Carter Johnson. Corinth Excavations Archaeological Manual. Grand Forks: The Digital Press at the University of North Dakota, 2017.","American School of Classical Studies at Athens. “About Metis: ASCSA Archaeological Database.” Accessed October 4, 2026."],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"2017 manual; 2024 and 2025 seasonal reports sampled","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the comparative evidence reader","url":"/carthage/comparanda.html?site=corinth"}],"pleiades":"570182","topics":["comparison","conservation"]},{"id":"comparanda:acrocorinth","dataset":"comparanda","title":"Acrocorinth","coordinates":[22.87350982903008,37.89122993754419],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point for regional orientation; not a monument outline, camera position or survey control.","evidence":"publication / conservation comparison","summary":"Kourelis brings paintings, photographs and architectural drawings into a history of archaeological representation. Their juxtaposition enables questions about viewpoint, selection and architectural legibility across periods.","limit":"A painting records an artistic construction. A section records a survey representation. Neither should be silently treated as an orthophotograph or a visitor camera position.","references":["Kourelis, Kostis. “Flights of Archaeology: Peschke’s Acrocorinth.” Hesperia 86, no. 4 (2017): 723-782."],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"1931 photograph; 1932 painting; discussed in 2017","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the comparative evidence reader","url":"/carthage/comparanda.html?site=acrocorinth"}],"pleiades":"570059","topics":["comparison","conservation"]},{"id":"comparanda:agora","dataset":"comparanda","title":"Athenian Agora","coordinates":[23.72264863997356,37.97550420097462],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point for regional orientation; not a monument outline, camera position or survey control.","evidence":"publication / conservation comparison","summary":"The preliminary report connects Section BK plans, an orthorectified view, a former modern building footprint, a Harris matrix and a geomatics survey of the Hephaisteion. The archive supplies a wider record framework.","limit":"A public interface is not a guarantee that all records or reproduction rights are open. A Harris matrix encodes documented excavation relationships, not relationships guessed from a tourist photograph.","references":["Papadopoulos, John K., and Debby Sneed, with contributors. Athenian Agora 2023: Preliminary Report. American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 2023.","American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Agora Excavations. Agora Research. Accessed October 4, 2026."],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"2023 season sampled; public research interface","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the comparative evidence reader","url":"/carthage/comparanda.html?site=agora"}],"pleiades":"807514119","topics":["comparison","conservation"]},{"id":"comparanda:forum","dataset":"comparanda","title":"Forum Romanum","coordinates":[12.487194454509806,41.89161624396899],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point for regional orientation; not a monument outline, camera position or survey control.","evidence":"publication / conservation comparison","summary":"The book’s prefatory figures distinguish a photograph of surviving fabric, a reconstructed view around 360 CE and Dharma’s digital documentation plan. They offer three answers to different architectural questions.","limit":"The c. 360 CE rendering is a reconstruction, not a dated ancient photograph. A surviving-fabric view cannot validate the whole reconstruction or establish every building phase.","references":["Gorski, Gilbert J., and James E. Packer. The Roman Forum: A Reconstruction and Architectural Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015."],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"2010 documentation; 2015 publication","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the comparative evidence reader","url":"/carthage/comparanda.html?site=forum"}],"pleiades":"502866838","topics":["comparison","conservation"]},{"id":"comparanda:bulla","dataset":"comparanda","title":"Bulla Regia","coordinates":[8.754544554406804,36.55879668915152],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point for regional orientation; not a monument outline, camera position or survey control.","evidence":"publication / conservation comparison","summary":"Getty reports metric survey, a GIS database, conservation planning, local technician training and selected mosaic reburial. Documentation serves maintenance decisions as well as public presentation.","limit":"Reburial can be a conservation choice. Loss of visible surface in a repeat photograph is not automatically destruction. Report interior figures remain uninspected in this atlas.","references":["Getty Conservation Institute. “Bulla Regia Model Conservation Project.” Accessed October 4, 2026.","Roby, Thomas, Leslie Friedman, Livia Alberti, Ermanno Carbonara, and Ascanio D’Andrea. Bulla Regia Mosaic Conservation Project: A Model Field Project of the MOSAIKON Initiative. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, 2024."],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"2010-2018 project listing; report covers 2010-2017","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the comparative evidence reader","url":"/carthage/comparanda.html?site=bulla"}],"pleiades":"314912","topics":["comparison","conservation"]},{"id":"comparanda:herculaneum","dataset":"comparanda","title":"Herculaneum","coordinates":[14.3473828114188,40.80540539392522],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point for regional orientation; not a monument outline, camera position or survey control.","evidence":"publication / conservation comparison","summary":"The 2019 paper describes an object register and GIS linking architectural elements to maintenance cycles and operator records. Its diagrams show how a photograph can be attached to a managed unit rather than remaining an isolated image.","limit":"An operator application is not an open visitor-contribution platform. The listed WMS is a separate published access lead; its capabilities were not tested in this sweep.","references":["D’Andrea, A., A. Di Lillo, A. Laino, and P. M. Pesaresi. “Documenting Large Archaeological Sites, Managing Data, Planning Conservation and Maintenance: The Herculaneum Conservation Project Experience.” International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W15 (2019): 359-364.","Herculaneum Conservation Project. “WMS.” SIGERC. Accessed October 4, 2026."],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Project underway since 2001 as reported in 2019","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the comparative evidence reader","url":"/carthage/comparanda.html?site=herculaneum"}],"pleiades":"432873","topics":["comparison","conservation"]},{"id":"comparanda:pompeii","dataset":"comparanda","title":"Pompeii","coordinates":[14.485429,40.74941],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point for regional orientation; not a monument outline, camera position or survey control.","evidence":"publication / conservation comparison","summary":"The park distinguishes a public heritage catalogue, a registered maintenance system and archives requiring its internal network. This is an instructive model of differentiated access rather than universal openness.","limit":"No individual catalogue image was visually inspected here. The public catalogue does not demonstrate acceptance of external visitor uploads.","references":["Parco Archeologico di Pompei. “Archivi.” Accessed October 4, 2026."],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Access distinctions checked October 4, 2026","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the comparative evidence reader","url":"/carthage/comparanda.html?site=pompeii"}],"pleiades":"433032","topics":["comparison","conservation"]},{"id":"comparanda:thelepte","dataset":"comparanda","title":"Thelepte","coordinates":[8.595226,34.978743],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point for regional orientation; not a monument outline, camera position or survey control.","evidence":"publication / conservation comparison","summary":"Hermassi’s illustrated account associates site features with descriptions and historical qualifications. It is a useful starting vocabulary for a visit, including baths, basilicas, quarrying and the fortress.","limit":"Publication date is not photograph capture date. This account does not itself establish a cumulative monitoring repository or surveyed image registration.","references":["Hermassi, Mouna. “Site archéologique de Thelepte.” Institut National du Patrimoine, March 3, 2021."],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"March 3, 2021 publication","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the comparative evidence reader","url":"/carthage/comparanda.html?site=thelepte"}],"pleiades":"324828","topics":["comparison","conservation"]},{"id":"north-africa:volubilis","dataset":"north-africa","title":"Volubilis","coordinates":[-5.554868564966925,34.07287467394213],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point; regional orientation only","evidence":"regional publication synthesis","summary":"Read civic architecture alongside later occupation rather than freezing the city at its monumental peak.","limit":"Heritage overview and synthesis; no room-by-room excavation sequence or surveyed boundary imported.","references":["UNESCO, Archaeological Site of Volubilis: Outstanding Universal Value","Corisande Fenwick (2022), The Arab Conquests and the End of Ancient Africa?, in Hitchner (ed.): Printed p. 430; "],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Roman-period; Early medieval","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open North Africa reader","url":"/carthage/north-africa.html?site=volubilis"}],"pleiades":"275740","topics":["urban","later"],"details":{"source_refs":[{"source":"na-volubilis","locator":"Outstanding Universal Value"},{"source":"na-fenwick","locator":"Printed p. 430; "}],"periods":["Roman-period","Early medieval"],"question":"Which structures continued in use, and which were rearranged? Compare with Carthage’s uneven later occupation."}},{"id":"north-africa:thamusida","dataset":"north-africa","title":"Thamusida","coordinates":[-6.4903469029869845,34.334956386881906],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point; regional orientation only","evidence":"regional publication synthesis","summary":"A river-side settlement broadens the comparison beyond monumental capitals.","limit":"Wilson’s 2002 account includes preliminary research. Activity areas are not digitized as established polygons.","references":["Andrew Wilson (2002), Urban Production in the Roman World: The View from North Africa, Papers of the British School at Rome 70, 231–273: Printed pp. 250–251; "],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Roman-period","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open North Africa reader","url":"/carthage/north-africa.html?site=thamusida"}],"pleiades":"275734","topics":["production","urban"],"details":{"source_refs":[{"source":"na-wilson","locator":"Printed pp. 250–251; "}],"periods":["Roman-period"],"question":"Can production waste and geophysics reveal activities missed by monument-led excavation?"}},{"id":"north-africa:lixus","dataset":"north-africa","title":"Lixus","coordinates":[-6.109951512805376,35.2002398463664],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point; regional orientation only","evidence":"regional publication synthesis","summary":"An Atlantic-facing reference point helps question a Mediterranean-only framing.","limit":"Gazetteer orientation only in this sweep; no Lixus harbour excavation or ancient shoreline model read.","references":["Pleiades contributors, Pleiades Data for GIS: places.csv, id 275666"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Punic; Roman-period","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open North Africa reader","url":"/carthage/north-africa.html?site=lixus"}],"pleiades":"275666","topics":["water","knowledge"],"details":{"source_refs":[{"source":"pleiades-gis","locator":"places.csv, id 275666"}],"periods":["Punic","Roman-period"],"question":"What dated coastal or river evidence would be needed before comparing harbour access with Utica?"}},{"id":"north-africa:tipasa","dataset":"north-africa","title":"Tipasa","coordinates":[2.4419124257735243,36.59424638644093],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point; regional orientation only","evidence":"regional publication synthesis","summary":"A coastal comparison with several kinds of urban, religious and funerary remains.","limit":"Opening overview read; no individual graves, buildings or contexts are assigned dates here.","references":["UNESCO, Tipasa: Opening English description"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Punic; Roman-period; Late antique","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open North Africa reader","url":"/carthage/north-africa.html?site=tipasa"}],"pleiades":"295363","topics":["later","knowledge"],"details":{"source_refs":[{"source":"na-tipasa","locator":"Opening English description"}],"periods":["Punic","Roman-period","Late antique"],"question":"How do later religious and funerary spaces change the use of an earlier town?"}},{"id":"north-africa:djemila","dataset":"north-africa","title":"Djémila / Cuicul","coordinates":[5.735386186581265,36.321014002996826],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point; regional orientation only","evidence":"regional publication synthesis","summary":"Mountain topography complicates the idea of one standard Roman city plan.","limit":"City reference point only; the atlas does not reconstruct street grades, construction episodes or buried phases.","references":["UNESCO, Djémila: Outstanding Universal Value: brief synthesis and criteria"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Roman-period; Late antique","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open North Africa reader","url":"/carthage/north-africa.html?site=djemila"}],"pleiades":"305068","topics":["urban","later"],"details":{"source_refs":[{"source":"na-djemila","locator":"Outstanding Universal Value: brief synthesis and criteria"}],"periods":["Roman-period","Late antique"],"question":"Compare topographic constraints with Timgad’s initial grid and Carthage’s successive terraces."}},{"id":"north-africa:timgad","dataset":"north-africa","title":"Timgad / Thamugadi","coordinates":[6.4682224999999995,35.4852165],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point; regional orientation only","evidence":"regional publication synthesis","summary":"The initial planned colony is one episode within a longer urban history.","limit":"The heritage account’s event-based end narrative is not treated as a regional destruction horizon; no universal phase map is inferred.","references":["UNESCO, Timgad: Outstanding Universal Value: brief synthesis"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Roman-period; Late antique","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open North Africa reader","url":"/carthage/north-africa.html?site=timgad"}],"pleiades":"334636","topics":["urban","later","knowledge"],"details":{"source_refs":[{"source":"na-timgad","locator":"Outstanding Universal Value: brief synthesis"}],"periods":["Roman-period","Late antique"],"question":"Does a plan preserve a foundation, a later expansion or a modern excavation choice?"}},{"id":"north-africa:carthage","dataset":"north-africa","title":"Carthage","coordinates":[10.323056,36.853056],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point; regional orientation only","evidence":"regional publication synthesis","summary":"The dispersed urban palimpsest anchors the atlas and links back to its supplied photographs.","limit":"The regional point is separate from camera GPS, site areas and building controls. Neither 146 BCE nor 697–698 CE dates every visible wall.","references":["Corisande Fenwick (2022), The Arab Conquests and the End of Ancient Africa?, in Hitchner (ed.): Printed pp. 428–430; ","David L. Stone (2022), Archaeology, in R. Bruce Hitchner (ed.), A Companion to North Africa in Antiquity: Printed pp. 9–11; "],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Punic; Roman-period; Late antique; Early medieval","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open North Africa reader","url":"/carthage/north-africa.html?site=carthage"}],"pleiades":"314921","topics":["urban","water","later","knowledge","rural"],"details":{"source_refs":[{"source":"na-fenwick","locator":"Printed pp. 428–430; "},{"source":"na-stone","locator":"Printed pp. 9–11; "}],"periods":["Punic","Roman-period","Late antique","Early medieval"],"question":"Which local sequences can support a regional comparison without transferring dates to unlocated images?"}},{"id":"north-africa:utica","dataset":"north-africa","title":"Utica","coordinates":[10.060007765147134,37.05587745032564],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point; regional orientation only","evidence":"regional publication synthesis","summary":"A former coastal town now inland makes the difference between modern and ancient geography especially clear.","limit":"The harbour location remains a hypothesis. No traced shoreline or core coordinate is extracted from the printed figure; today’s river line is not its ancient channel.","references":["Hugo Delile et al. (2015), The Geoarchaeology of Utica, Tunisia: The Paleogeography of the Mejerda Delta and Hypotheses Concerning the Location of the Ancient Harbor, Geoarchaeology 30, 291–306: Printed pp. 291–292, 302, 304; "],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Punic; Roman-period; Late antique; Medieval","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open North Africa reader","url":"/carthage/north-africa.html?site=utica"}],"pleiades":"315248","topics":["water","urban"],"details":{"source_refs":[{"source":"na-delile","locator":"Printed pp. 291–292, 302, 304; "}],"periods":["Punic","Roman-period","Late antique","Medieval"],"question":"Compare the evidence needed to model Utica’s palaeocoast with evidence for Carthage’s harbour changes."}},{"id":"north-africa:kerkouane","dataset":"north-africa","title":"Kerkouane","coordinates":[11.0989635111701,36.946397063805186],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point; regional orientation only","evidence":"regional publication synthesis","summary":"Punic urban remains with a different history of overbuilding provide a preservation comparison.","limit":"Preservation contrast does not identify a Carthage wall or prove that every exposed surface retains its ancient appearance.","references":["UNESCO, Punic Town of Kerkuane and its Necropolis: Description; Outstanding Universal Value; protection"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Punic","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open North Africa reader","url":"/carthage/north-africa.html?site=kerkouane"}],"pleiades":"315050","topics":["urban","knowledge"],"details":{"source_refs":[{"source":"na-kerkouane","locator":"Description; Outstanding Universal Value; protection"}],"periods":["Punic"],"question":"Which features become legible when later urban construction is less extensive?"}},{"id":"north-africa:dougga","dataset":"north-africa","title":"Dougga / Thugga","coordinates":[9.218689215310752,36.42323878194152],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point; regional orientation only","evidence":"regional publication synthesis","summary":"Use an inland town to test whether civic status alone explains urban form.","limit":"The point locates the city, not its surveyed hinterland. A reported regional absence is not proof that every rural residence was absent; no survey polygon or building sequence is supplied.","references":["Pleiades contributors, Pleiades Data for GIS: places.csv, id 315223","J. Andrew Dufton and Elizabeth Fentress (2022), Roman North African Urbanism, in Hitchner (ed.): Printed pp. 175–178; ","R. J. A. Wilson (2018), Roman Villas in North Africa, in A. Marzano and G. P. R. Métraux (eds.), The Roman Villa in the Mediterranean Basin, 266–307: Printed p. 298; "],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Roman-period","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open North Africa reader","url":"/carthage/north-africa.html?site=dougga"}],"pleiades":"315223","topics":["urban","knowledge","rural"],"details":{"source_refs":[{"source":"pleiades-gis","locator":"places.csv, id 315223"},{"source":"na-dufton","locator":"Printed pp. 175–178; "},{"source":"na-villas2018","locator":"Printed p. 298; "}],"periods":["Roman-period"],"question":"How do survey definition and coverage affect an apparent absence of elite rural residences, and how does that connect to urban habitation?"}},{"id":"north-africa:leptiminus","dataset":"north-africa","title":"Leptiminus / Lepti Minus","coordinates":[10.866332,35.678102],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point; regional orientation only","evidence":"regional publication synthesis","summary":"A coastal production centre directs attention to waste, kilns and less monumental activity.","limit":"The reported study is not a complete count of ancient workshops. No supplied Carthage image is assigned Leptiminus material provenance.","references":["Andrew Wilson (2002), Urban Production in the Roman World: The View from North Africa, Papers of the British School at Rome 70, 231–273: Printed pp. 250–251; "],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Roman-period","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open North Africa reader","url":"/carthage/north-africa.html?site=leptiminus"}],"pleiades":"324767","topics":["production","water"],"details":{"source_refs":[{"source":"na-wilson","locator":"Printed pp. 250–251; "}],"periods":["Roman-period"],"question":"What sampling and verification would distinguish a workshop from redeposited production waste?"}},{"id":"north-africa:bulla","dataset":"north-africa","title":"Bulla Regia","coordinates":[8.754544554406804,36.55879668915152],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point; regional orientation only","evidence":"regional publication synthesis","summary":"Continuity in a town can coexist with changing uses in one residential sector.","limit":"This is a chapter’s synthesis of earlier work; no sector boundary, tomb date or context relationship has been digitized.","references":["Corisande Fenwick (2022), The Arab Conquests and the End of Ancient Africa?, in Hitchner (ed.): Printed p. 429; "],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Roman-period; Late antique; Early medieval","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open North Africa reader","url":"/carthage/north-africa.html?site=bulla"}],"pleiades":"314912","topics":["later","urban"],"details":{"source_refs":[{"source":"na-fenwick","locator":"Printed p. 429; "}],"periods":["Roman-period","Late antique","Early medieval"],"question":"Can a local change in function be mistaken for the abandonment of an entire city?"}},{"id":"north-africa:meninx","dataset":"north-africa","title":"Meninx","coordinates":[10.92283412613192,33.68790728002824],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point; regional orientation only","evidence":"regional publication synthesis","summary":"Production waste and later contraction ask different questions at the same place.","limit":"Neither shell distribution nor legal history establishes a single workshop footprint or a precise city-wide abandonment date.","references":["Andrew Wilson (2002), Urban Production in the Roman World: The View from North Africa, Papers of the British School at Rome 70, 231–273: Printed pp. 251, 254–255; ","Corisande Fenwick (2022), The Arab Conquests and the End of Ancient Africa?, in Hitchner (ed.): Printed p. 428; "],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Roman-period; Late antique","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open North Africa reader","url":"/carthage/north-africa.html?site=meninx"}],"pleiades":"344439","topics":["production","later"],"details":{"source_refs":[{"source":"na-wilson","locator":"Printed pp. 251, 254–255; "},{"source":"na-fenwick","locator":"Printed p. 428; "}],"periods":["Roman-period","Late antique"],"question":"How can primary waste, reuse in mortar and later deposition be distinguished?"}},{"id":"north-africa:sabratha","dataset":"north-africa","title":"Sabratha","coordinates":[12.485350228032107,32.8049535043008],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point; regional orientation only","evidence":"regional publication synthesis","summary":"Earlier remains beneath later urban fabric and changing enclosure offer a coastal parallel.","limit":"A broad site account cannot supply dated contacts between individual masonry units; no ancient trade route is drawn.","references":["UNESCO, Archaeological Site of Sabratha: Outstanding Universal Value: brief synthesis"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Punic; Roman-period; Late antique","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open North Africa reader","url":"/carthage/north-africa.html?site=sabratha"}],"pleiades":"344282","topics":["urban","water","later"],"details":{"source_refs":[{"source":"na-sabratha","locator":"Outstanding Universal Value: brief synthesis"}],"periods":["Punic","Roman-period","Late antique"],"question":"Which changes reflect urban rebuilding, environmental processes or modern exposure?"}},{"id":"north-africa:lepcis","dataset":"north-africa","title":"Lepcis / Leptis Magna","coordinates":[14.297093517366152,32.636447832647285],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point; regional orientation only","evidence":"regional publication synthesis","summary":"Monumental architecture, production traces and later occupation must be read together.","limit":"Wilson distinguishes suspected construction dates from excavation proof. A waste-bearing mortar does not locate the workshop or quantify output.","references":["UNESCO, Archaeological Site of Leptis Magna: Outstanding Universal Value","Andrew Wilson (2002), Urban Production in the Roman World: The View from North Africa, Papers of the British School at Rome 70, 231–273: Printed p. 255; ","Corisande Fenwick (2022), The Arab Conquests and the End of Ancient Africa?, in Hitchner (ed.): Printed p. 430; "],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Punic; Roman-period; Late antique; Early medieval","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open North Africa reader","url":"/carthage/north-africa.html?site=lepcis"}],"pleiades":"344448","topics":["urban","production","later","water"],"details":{"source_refs":[{"source":"na-lepcis","locator":"Outstanding Universal Value"},{"source":"na-wilson","locator":"Printed p. 255; "},{"source":"na-fenwick","locator":"Printed p. 430; "}],"periods":["Punic","Roman-period","Late antique","Early medieval"],"question":"What connects a civic monument to productive activity and its subsequent reuse?"}},{"id":"north-africa:cyrene","dataset":"north-africa","title":"Cyrene","coordinates":[21.856538513413255,32.82002662733894],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point; regional orientation only","evidence":"regional publication synthesis","summary":"Cyrenaica broadens the comparison beyond a Punic-to-Roman model.","limit":"Opening account only; the cited earthquake is not a context-level date or demonstration of universal urban abandonment.","references":["UNESCO, Archaeological Site of Cyrene: Opening English description"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Greek foundation; Roman-period","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open North Africa reader","url":"/carthage/north-africa.html?site=cyrene"}],"pleiades":"373778","topics":["urban","knowledge"],"details":{"source_refs":[{"source":"na-cyrene","locator":"Opening English description"}],"periods":["Greek foundation","Roman-period"],"question":"Which comparisons require different regional histories and source traditions?"}},{"id":"north-africa:garama","dataset":"north-africa","title":"Jarma / Garama","coordinates":[13.063260707364593,26.544708029156432],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point; regional orientation only","evidence":"regional publication synthesis","summary":"Saharan urban and agricultural archaeology challenges a coast-centred account of Africa.","limit":"These findings concern the Garamantian region, not every Saharan population. No exact caravan routes or aquifer surfaces are imported.","references":["David J. Mattingly (2022), Beyond Barbarians: The Garamantes of the Libyan Sahara, in Hitchner (ed.): Printed pp. 64–67; "],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Garamantian","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open North Africa reader","url":"/carthage/north-africa.html?site=garama"}],"pleiades":"354115","topics":["desert","water","urban"],"details":{"source_refs":[{"source":"na-mattingly","locator":"Printed pp. 64–67; "}],"periods":["Garamantian"],"question":"How did water access, settlement and agriculture develop beyond Mediterranean cities?"}},{"id":"north-africa:alexandria","dataset":"north-africa","title":"Alexandria","coordinates":[29.909773,31.201435],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point; regional orientation only","evidence":"regional publication synthesis","summary":"Architecture and cultural identity require more than style labels.","limit":"A stylistic resemblance or a Greek name is not a direct ethnicity marker. No Alexandrian tomb or urban footprint is reconstructed here.","references":["Youssri Abdelwahed (2015), Egyptian Cultural Identity in the Architecture of Roman Egypt: Introduction, printed p. 4; "],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Ptolemaic; Roman-period","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open North Africa reader","url":"/carthage/north-africa.html?site=alexandria"}],"pleiades":"727070","topics":["urban","knowledge"],"details":{"source_refs":[{"source":"na-abdelwahed","locator":"Introduction, printed p. 4; "}],"periods":["Ptolemaic","Roman-period"],"question":"What corroboration would distinguish legal status, cultural practice and personal identity?"}},{"id":"north-africa:dafana","dataset":"north-africa","title":"Tell Dafana / Daphnai","coordinates":[32.17348533333334,30.860022333333337],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point; regional orientation only","evidence":"regional publication synthesis","summary":"A frontier site illustrates the difference between a modern location and ancient name identification.","limit":"The gazetteer representative point and plausible name equation do not prove that every biblical, Greek or later witness refers to exactly the same settlement.","references":["François Leclère (2014), Tell Dafana: Identity, Exploration and Monuments, in F. Leclère and J. Spencer, Tell Dafana Reconsidered: Printed pp. 1–3; , Figure 1"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Late Period; Later attestations","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open North Africa reader","url":"/carthage/north-africa.html?site=dafana"}],"pleiades":"727103","topics":["water","knowledge"],"details":{"source_refs":[{"source":"na-lecle","locator":"Printed pp. 1–3; , Figure 1"}],"periods":["Late Period","Later attestations"],"question":"Which witness supports a place-name equation, and what would make it more secure?"}},{"id":"north-africa:berenike","dataset":"north-africa","title":"Berenike · Red Sea","coordinates":[35.474818850000005,23.91062525],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point; regional orientation only","evidence":"regional publication synthesis","summary":"A Red Sea port connects desert logistics with coastal evidence and a long history of exploration.","limit":"Only selected local passages were read. The PCMA 2011 port report remains an indexed-excerpt lead; its cores and samples are not imported.","references":["Steven E. Sidebotham, Martin Hense and Hendrikje M. Nouwens (2008), The Red Land: The Illustrated Archaeology of Egypt’s Eastern Desert: Printed p. 159; ","Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, Berenike 2011: Indexed port-geoarchaeology excerpt"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Ptolemaic; Roman-period","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open North Africa reader","url":"/carthage/north-africa.html?site=berenike"}],"pleiades":"785986","topics":["desert","water","production","knowledge"],"details":{"source_refs":[{"source":"na-sidebotham","locator":"Printed p. 159; "},{"source":"na-berenike-project","locator":"Indexed port-geoarchaeology excerpt"}],"periods":["Ptolemaic","Roman-period"],"question":"How can port sediment, water supply and settlement excavation be combined without assuming a route from a line on a map?"}},{"id":"north-africa:memphis","dataset":"north-africa","title":"Memphis","coordinates":[31.255061,29.849491],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point; regional orientation only","evidence":"regional publication synthesis","summary":"A city and a dispersed funerary landscape require distinct spatial records.","limit":"This city point is not the Giza–Dahshur serial property boundary or a marker for every pyramid. No complete Memphis stratigraphy is claimed.","references":["UNESCO, Memphis and its Necropolis: Outstanding Universal Value: brief synthesis"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Pharaonic; Ptolemaic; Later occupation","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open North Africa reader","url":"/carthage/north-africa.html?site=memphis"}],"pleiades":"736963","topics":["urban","knowledge"],"details":{"source_refs":[{"source":"na-memphis","locator":"Outstanding Universal Value: brief synthesis"}],"periods":["Pharaonic","Ptolemaic","Later occupation"],"question":"Which geometry refers to settlement, funerary activity or a modern heritage component?"}},{"id":"north-africa:thebes","dataset":"north-africa","title":"Thebes / Waset","coordinates":[32.631884,25.664780999999998],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer representative point; regional orientation only","evidence":"regional publication synthesis","summary":"East-bank temples and west-bank funerary landscapes make a single dot particularly reductive.","limit":"Representative city point only; temple, cemetery and modern protected-property geometries are not interchangeable.","references":["UNESCO, Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis: Outstanding Universal Value: brief synthesis and components"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Pharaonic; Later occupation","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open North Africa reader","url":"/carthage/north-africa.html?site=thebes"}],"pleiades":"786017","topics":["urban","knowledge"],"details":{"source_refs":[{"source":"na-thebes","locator":"Outstanding Universal Value: brief synthesis and components"}],"periods":["Pharaonic","Later occupation"],"question":"How should a distributed ensemble be presented without compressing every component into the capital’s point?"}},{"id":"explorers:daqin","dataset":"explorers","title":"Da Qin 大秦","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: unlocated — The reported western polity, generally the Roman empire or its eastern provinces; no single point is defensible (Syrian Antioch, Alexandria/Egypt and Rome are all argued). Never pinned","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"The reported western polity, generally the Roman empire or its eastern provinces; no single point is defensible (Syrian Antioch, Alexandria/Egypt and Rome are all argued). Never pinned","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","unlocated"],"details":{"certainty":"unlocated","journeys":[],"region":null}},{"id":"explorers:haixi","dataset":"explorers","title":"Haixi 海西 (Country West-of-the-Sea)","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: unlocated — Named in Hou Hanshu 88 as an alternative name for Da Qin (以在海西，亦云海西國). Identifications diverge across the whole Mediterranean: Egypt (Hill 2004, 2015; Paolillo 2024), the Italian peninsula or Rome itself (Leslie & Gardiner 1996; Yu 2013), a country of the Red Sea (Hirth 1885). Never pinned","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Named in Hou Hanshu 88 as an alternative name for Da Qin (以在海西，亦云海西國). Identifications diverge across the whole Mediterranean: Egypt (Hill 2004, 2015; Paolillo 2024), the Italian peninsula or Rome itself (Leslie & Gardiner 1996; Yu 2013), a country of the Red Sea (Hirth 1885). Never pinned","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","unlocated"],"details":{"certainty":"unlocated","journeys":[],"region":null}},{"id":"explorers:angu","dataset":"explorers","title":"Angu city 安穀城","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: unlocated — The Weilüe's embarkation city on the Anxi border, from which one takes ship and cuts straight across to Haixi; not identified. Never pinned","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"The Weilüe's embarkation city on the Anxi border, from which one takes ship and cuts straight across to Haixi; not identified. Never pinned","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","unlocated"],"details":{"certainty":"unlocated","journeys":[],"region":null}},{"id":"explorers:langye","dataset":"explorers","title":"Langye 琅邪","coordinates":[119.32,35.09],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Qin coastal terrace, SE Shandong (Langyatai, Jiaonan); the annals' repeated embarkation point","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Qin coastal terrace, SE Shandong (Langyatai, Jiaonan); the annals' repeated embarkation point","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Shiji.6.xufu","Shiji.28.sanshen","Shiji.28.feng"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","The Far East"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Qin maritime search for the three spirit-mountains (Xu Fu 徐市)"],"region":"The Far East"}},{"id":"explorers:jieshi","dataset":"explorers","title":"Jieshi 碣石","coordinates":[119.3,39.8],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Qin-era eastern seaboard landmark near modern Changli/Beidaihe, Hebei; site debated","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Qin-era eastern seaboard landmark near modern Changli/Beidaihe, Hebei; site debated","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Shiji.6.xufu","Shiji.28.sanshen","Shiji.28.feng"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","The Far East"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Qin maritime search for the three spirit-mountains (Xu Fu 徐市)"],"region":"The Far East"}},{"id":"explorers:huiji","dataset":"explorers","title":"Huiji 會稽","coordinates":[120.57,30.0],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Mt Huiji near Shaoxing, Zhejiang; the last coastal progress","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Mt Huiji near Shaoxing, Zhejiang; the last coastal progress","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Shiji.6.xufu","Shiji.28.sanshen","Shiji.28.feng"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","The Far East"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Qin maritime search for the three spirit-mountains (Xu Fu 徐市)"],"region":"The Far East"}},{"id":"explorers:sanshenshan","dataset":"explorers","title":"Three spirit-mountains 三神山 (Penglai · Fangzhang · Yingzhou)","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: unlocated — Placed 在勃海中 by Shiji 28 and reached by no one in the record: 未能至，望見之. Unlocatable by construction — never pinned","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Placed 在勃海中 by Shiji 28 and reached by no one in the record: 未能至，望見之. Unlocatable by construction — never pinned","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Shiji.6.xufu","Shiji.28.sanshen","Shiji.28.feng"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","The Far East"],"details":{"certainty":"unlocated","journeys":["Qin maritime search for the three spirit-mountains (Xu Fu 徐市)"],"region":"The Far East"}},{"id":"explorers:shu","dataset":"explorers","title":"Shu 蜀 (Chengdu)","coordinates":[104.07,30.66],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Qin/Han Shu commandery seat, modern Chengdu","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Qin/Han Shu commandery seat, modern Chengdu","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Shiji.123.shubu","Shiji.123.sidao"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","The Far East"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Han southwestern probes (four columns out of Shu)"],"region":"The Far East"}},{"id":"explorers:jianwei","dataset":"explorers","title":"Jianwei 犍為","coordinates":[104.07,29.2],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Han Jianwei commandery, middle Min river (Yibin/Leshan area); the columns' base","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Han Jianwei commandery, middle Min river (Yibin/Leshan area); the columns' base","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Shiji.123.shubu","Shiji.123.sidao"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","The Far East"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Han southwestern probes (four columns out of Shu)"],"region":"The Far East"}},{"id":"explorers:dianyue","dataset":"explorers","title":"Dianyue 滇越 (乘象國)","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: unlocated — Heard of 千餘里 west of the blocked frontier as an elephant-riding kingdom; never reached and never identified — not pinned","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Heard of 千餘里 west of the blocked frontier as an elephant-riding kingdom; never reached and never identified — not pinned","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Shiji.123.shubu","Shiji.123.sidao"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","The Far East"],"details":{"certainty":"unlocated","journeys":["Han southwestern probes (four columns out of Shu)"],"region":"The Far East"}},{"id":"explorers:kunmingdian","dataset":"explorers","title":"Kunming 昆明 (Dian lake basin)","coordinates":[102.83,24.88],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — The blocking polity of Shiji 123: 昆明之屬無君長，善寇盜; region, plotted at the Dian lake basin","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"The blocking polity of Shiji 123: 昆明之屬無君長，善寇盜; region, plotted at the Dian lake basin","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Shiji.123.shubu","Shiji.123.sidao"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","The Far East"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Han southwestern probes (four columns out of Shu)"],"region":"The Far East"}},{"id":"explorers:pillars","dataset":"explorers","title":"Pillars of Heracles","coordinates":[-5.6,35.95],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Strait of Gibraltar","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Strait of Gibraltar","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Hdt.4.152","Plin.2.169","Hanno.Periplus.full","Arr.Ind.43.11-12","Arist.Mir.833a","Mela.3.90-93","Plin.5.8","Hdt.4.42","Hdt.2.158-159","Diod.1.33.9","Str.17.1.25"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":"465877","topics":["exploration","Iberia & W Mediterranean"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Colaeus of Samos","Himilko of Carthage","Pytheas of Massalia","Hanno of Carthage","Necho II (circumnavigation)"],"region":"Iberia & W Mediterranean"}},{"id":"explorers:gades","dataset":"explorers","title":"Gades / Gadeira","coordinates":[-6.3,36.53],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Cádiz, Spain","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Cádiz, Spain","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Plin.2.169","Str.2.3.4","Mela.3.90-93"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":"266035","topics":["exploration","Iberia & W Mediterranean"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Himilko of Carthage","Pytheas of Massalia","Eudoxus of Cyzicus"],"region":"Iberia & W Mediterranean"}},{"id":"explorers:tartessus","dataset":"explorers","title":"Tartessus","coordinates":[-6.4,37.0],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Lower Guadalquivir/Baetis delta; exact site debated","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Lower Guadalquivir/Baetis delta; exact site debated","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Hdt.4.152"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Iberia & W Mediterranean"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Colaeus of Samos"],"region":"Iberia & W Mediterranean"}},{"id":"explorers:carthage","dataset":"explorers","title":"Carthage","coordinates":[10.33,36.85],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Tunisia","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Tunisia","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Plin.2.169","Hanno.Periplus.full","Arr.Ind.43.11-12","Arist.Mir.833a","Mela.3.90-93","Plin.5.8","Athen.2.22"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":"314921","topics":["exploration","N Africa (Mediterranean)"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Himilko of Carthage","Hanno of Carthage","Mago the Carthaginian"],"region":"N Africa (Mediterranean)"}},{"id":"explorers:massalia","dataset":"explorers","title":"Massalia","coordinates":[5.37,43.3],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Marseille, France","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Marseille, France","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":"154093","topics":["exploration","Iberia & W Mediterranean"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Pytheas of Massalia"],"region":"Iberia & W Mediterranean"}},{"id":"explorers:platea","dataset":"explorers","title":"Platea (isl.)","coordinates":[23.1,32.55],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Bomba bay, Libya (Gasr el-Bomba)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Bomba bay, Libya (Gasr el-Bomba)","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Hdt.4.152"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","N Africa (Mediterranean)"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Colaeus of Samos"],"region":"N Africa (Mediterranean)"}},{"id":"explorers:cassiterides","dataset":"explorers","title":"Cassiterides","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: unlocated — ‘Tin islands’ — NW Iberia / Brittany / Scillies all proposed","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"‘Tin islands’ — NW Iberia / Brittany / Scillies all proposed","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Atlantic Europe"],"details":{"certainty":"unlocated","journeys":[],"region":"Atlantic Europe"}},{"id":"explorers:oestrymnides","dataset":"explorers","title":"Oestrymnides","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: unlocated — Atlantic NW; often equated with the Cassiterides","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Atlantic NW; often equated with the Cassiterides","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Plin.2.169"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Atlantic Europe"],"details":{"certainty":"unlocated","journeys":["Himilko of Carthage"],"region":"Atlantic Europe"}},{"id":"explorers:loire","dataset":"explorers","title":"Mouth of the Loire","coordinates":[-2.16,47.28],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — geographic feature","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"geographic feature","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Atlantic Europe"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Pytheas of Massalia"],"region":"Atlantic Europe"}},{"id":"explorers:rhine","dataset":"explorers","title":"Mouth of the Rhine","coordinates":[4.13,51.98],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — geographic feature","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"geographic feature","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["RG.26","Tac.Germ.34","Vell.2.106"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Atlantic Europe"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Pytheas of Massalia","Roman Germania probes (Drusus to Tiberius)"],"region":"Atlantic Europe"}},{"id":"explorers:elbe","dataset":"explorers","title":"Mouth of the Elbe","coordinates":[9.13,53.88],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — geographic feature","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"geographic feature","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["RG.26","Tac.Germ.34","Vell.2.106"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Atlantic Europe"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Pytheas of Massalia","Roman Germania probes (Drusus to Tiberius)"],"region":"Atlantic Europe"}},{"id":"explorers:britain","dataset":"explorers","title":"Britain (Kantion)","coordinates":[1.36,51.15],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — South Foreland / Kent landfall","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"South Foreland / Kent landfall","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Atlantic Europe"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Pytheas of Massalia"],"region":"Atlantic Europe"}},{"id":"explorers:thule","dataset":"explorers","title":"Thule","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: unlocated — Iceland / Norway / Shetland all proposed","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Iceland / Norway / Shetland all proposed","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Atlantic Europe"],"details":{"certainty":"unlocated","journeys":["Pytheas of Massalia"],"region":"Atlantic Europe"}},{"id":"explorers:orkneys","dataset":"explorers","title":"Orcades (Orkney)","coordinates":[-2.96,58.98],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Orkney archipelago — incognitas ad id tempus insulas, quas Orcadas vocant (Tac. Agr. 10)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Orkney archipelago — incognitas ad id tempus insulas, quas Orcadas vocant (Tac. Agr. 10)","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Tac.Agr.10","Tac.Agr.38","Tac.Agr.28"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Atlantic Europe"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Cn. Iulius Agricola (fleet round Britain)"],"region":"Atlantic Europe"}},{"id":"explorers:cimbrian_cape","dataset":"explorers","title":"Fines Cimbrorum (Skagen)","coordinates":[10.59,57.73],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — the Cimbrian cape / N Jutland — usque ad fines Cimbrorum (RG 26); conventional identification","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"the Cimbrian cape / N Jutland — usque ad fines Cimbrorum (RG 26); conventional identification","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["RG.26","Tac.Germ.34","Vell.2.106"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Atlantic Europe"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Roman Germania probes (Drusus to Tiberius)"],"region":"Atlantic Europe"}},{"id":"explorers:trucculensis","dataset":"explorers","title":"Portus Trucculensis","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: unlocated — the fleet's base and terminus in Tac. Agr. 38 (Trucculensem portum tenuit); the transmitted name rests on an old emendation and the harbour is unidentified — Sandwich, the Tyne, Richborough and a Scottish anchorage have all been proposed. Carried unlocated rather than pinned to a guess","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"the fleet's base and terminus in Tac. Agr. 38 (Trucculensem portum tenuit); the transmitted name rests on an old emendation and the harbour is unidentified — Sandwich, the Tyne, Richborough and a Scottish anchorage have all been proposed. Carried unlocated rather than pinned to a guess","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Tac.Agr.10","Tac.Agr.38","Tac.Agr.28"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Atlantic Europe"],"details":{"certainty":"unlocated","journeys":["Cn. Iulius Agricola (fleet round Britain)"],"region":"Atlantic Europe"}},{"id":"explorers:carnuntum","dataset":"explorers","title":"Carnuntum","coordinates":[16.86,48.11],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Pannonian legionary base on the Danube; Pliny's stated reckoning-point for the amber route — DC M p. fere a Carnunto Pannoniae abesse litus id Germaniae (NH 37,45)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Pannonian legionary base on the Danube; Pliny's stated reckoning-point for the amber route — DC M p. fere a Carnunto Pannoniae abesse litus id Germaniae (NH 37,45)","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Plin.37.45"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Atlantic Europe"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Nero's amber expedition (eques R. missus)"],"region":"Atlantic Europe"}},{"id":"explorers:amber_coast","dataset":"explorers","title":"Amber coast of Germania","coordinates":[20.5,54.9],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — the Baltic amber shore Pliny's knight reached — litus id Germaniae, ex quo invehitur (NH 37,45). Pliny names no place; the Samland peninsula is the conventional identification on the strength of the amber deposits, and the pin is indicative of a coast, not a landfall","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"the Baltic amber shore Pliny's knight reached — litus id Germaniae, ex quo invehitur (NH 37,45). Pliny names no place; the Samland peninsula is the conventional identification on the strength of the amber deposits, and the pin is indicative of a coast, not a landfall","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Plin.37.45"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Atlantic Europe"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Nero's amber expedition (eques R. missus)"],"region":"Atlantic Europe"}},{"id":"explorers:kerne","dataset":"explorers","title":"Kerne","coordinates":[-9.77,31.51],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Carthaginian colony; Mogador/Essaouira (excavated Punic finds) leading, but Herné and more southerly sites (Río de Oro) also proposed","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Carthaginian colony; Mogador/Essaouira (excavated Punic finds) leading, but Herné and more southerly sites (Río de Oro) also proposed","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Hanno.Periplus.full","Arr.Ind.43.11-12","Arist.Mir.833a","Mela.3.90-93","Plin.2.169","Plin.5.8"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","NW Africa (Atlantic)"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Hanno of Carthage"],"region":"NW Africa (Atlantic)"}},{"id":"explorers:southernhorn","dataset":"explorers","title":"Notou Keras (Southern Horn)","coordinates":[9.5,3.0],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Gulf of Guinea; Cameroon/Gabon proposed (turn-back point)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Gulf of Guinea; Cameroon/Gabon proposed (turn-back point)","limit":"No archaeological corroboration south of Morocco — no Punic material is known on the Gulf-of-Guinea coast; Hanno's turn-back point is unlocated (Sierra Leone / Mt Cameroon / Gabon all proposed).","references":["Hanno.Periplus.full","Arr.Ind.43.11-12","Arist.Mir.833a","Mela.3.90-93","Plin.2.169","Plin.5.8"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","NW Africa (Atlantic)"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Hanno of Carthage"],"region":"NW Africa (Atlantic)"}},{"id":"explorers:volubilis","dataset":"explorers","title":"Mauretania (Volubilis)","coordinates":[-5.55,34.07],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — base of Suetonius Paullinus' march","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"base of Suetonius Paullinus' march","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Plin.5.11-15","Solinus.24.15","Dio.60.9.1"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":"413219","topics":["exploration","NW Africa (Atlantic)"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["C. Suetonius Paullinus"],"region":"NW Africa (Atlantic)"}},{"id":"explorers:atlas","dataset":"explorers","title":"Atlas / Djebel Ayachi","coordinates":[-4.99,32.49],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — High Atlas; Djebel Ayachi proposed as Paullinus' crossing point (a modern conjecture, not fixed)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"High Atlas; Djebel Ayachi proposed as Paullinus' crossing point (a modern conjecture, not fixed)","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Plin.5.11-15","Solinus.24.15","Dio.60.9.1"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","NW Africa (Atlantic)"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["C. Suetonius Paullinus"],"region":"NW Africa (Atlantic)"}},{"id":"explorers:ger","dataset":"explorers","title":"River Ger / Oued Guir","coordinates":[-3.5,31.5],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — geographic feature","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"geographic feature","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Plin.5.11-15","Solinus.24.15","Dio.60.9.1"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","NW Africa (Atlantic)"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["C. Suetonius Paullinus"],"region":"NW Africa (Atlantic)"}},{"id":"explorers:timbuktu","dataset":"explorers","title":"Upper Niger (Timbuktu)","coordinates":[-3.0,16.77],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Mago's trans-Saharan terminus (region)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Mago's trans-Saharan terminus (region)","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Athen.2.22"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Sahara & Sahel"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Mago the Carthaginian"],"region":"Sahara & Sahel"}},{"id":"explorers:sabratha","dataset":"explorers","title":"Africa proconsularis (Sabratha)","coordinates":[12.48,32.79],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Balbus' base region","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Balbus' base region","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Plin.5.36f."],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","N Africa (Mediterranean)"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["L. Cornelius Balbus"],"region":"N Africa (Mediterranean)"}},{"id":"explorers:cidamus","dataset":"explorers","title":"Cidamus","coordinates":[9.5,30.13],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Ghadames, Libya","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Ghadames, Libya","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Plin.5.36f."],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","N Africa (Mediterranean)"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["L. Cornelius Balbus"],"region":"N Africa (Mediterranean)"}},{"id":"explorers:garama","dataset":"explorers","title":"Garama","coordinates":[13.06,26.52],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Germa, Fezzan — Garamantian capital","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Germa, Fezzan — Garamantian capital","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Plin.5.36f.","Ptol.1.8"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":"354115","topics":["exploration","Sahara & Sahel"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["L. Cornelius Balbus","Septimius Flaccus & Iulius Maternus"],"region":"Sahara & Sahel"}},{"id":"explorers:agisymba","dataset":"explorers","title":"Agisymba","coordinates":[14.0,13.0],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — ‘N of Lake Chad’; region centroid only","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"‘N of Lake Chad’; region centroid only","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Ptol.1.8"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Sahara & Sahel"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Septimius Flaccus & Iulius Maternus"],"region":"Sahara & Sahel"}},{"id":"explorers:deirelbahari","dataset":"explorers","title":"Deir el-Bahari","coordinates":[32.61,25.74],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Hatshepsut's Punt reliefs, Thebes","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Hatshepsut's Punt reliefs, Thebes","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Nile Valley & NE Africa"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Hatshepsut's Punt expedition"],"region":"Nile Valley & NE Africa"}},{"id":"explorers:leukoslimen","dataset":"explorers","title":"Red Sea harbour (Saww / Mersa Gawasis)","coordinates":[34.03,26.55],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Pharaonic Red Sea harbour of the Punt voyages — Mersa/Wadi Gawasis, near Safaga. NB ‘Leukos Limen’ is a later Greek port-name once equated with Quseir al-Qadim, which is now identified as Myos Hormos (see myoshormos); the two are not the same site.","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Pharaonic Red Sea harbour of the Punt voyages — Mersa/Wadi Gawasis, near Safaga. NB ‘Leukos Limen’ is a later Greek port-name once equated with Quseir al-Qadim, which is now identified as Myos Hormos (see myoshormos); the two are not the same site.","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Nile Valley & NE Africa"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Hatshepsut's Punt expedition"],"region":"Nile Valley & NE Africa"}},{"id":"explorers:punt","dataset":"explorers","title":"Punt","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: unlocated — Eritrea / eastern Sudan now favoured on archaeological grounds (Wadi Gawasis material); Somalia formerly proposed","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Eritrea / eastern Sudan now favoured on archaeological grounds (Wadi Gawasis material); Somalia formerly proposed","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","East Africa"],"details":{"certainty":"unlocated","journeys":[],"region":"East Africa"}},{"id":"explorers:punt_landfall","dataset":"explorers","title":"Punt landfall (approx.)","coordinates":[39.9,15.3],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Indicative southern Red Sea / Eritrean coast (Adulis / Gulf of Zula region) as the Punt voyage's sea terminus; the land of Punt itself is unlocated.","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Indicative southern Red Sea / Eritrean coast (Adulis / Gulf of Zula region) as the Punt voyage's sea terminus; the land of Punt itself is unlocated.","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","East Africa"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Hatshepsut's Punt expedition"],"region":"East Africa"}},{"id":"explorers:redsea_suez","dataset":"explorers","title":"Red Sea head / Cleopatris","coordinates":[32.55,29.97],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Suez / Arsinoe (canal terminus)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Suez / Arsinoe (canal terminus)","limit":"Canal/lagoon head much changed since antiquity. (schematic)","references":["Hdt.4.42","Hdt.2.158-159","Diod.1.33.9","Str.17.1.25","Hdt.4.44","Hdt.3.102","Scylax.incipit","Plin.6.160","Str.2.5.12","Str.16.4.22-24"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Nile Valley & NE Africa"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Necho II (circumnavigation)","Scylax of Caryanda","L. Aelius Gallus"],"region":"Nile Valley & NE Africa"}},{"id":"explorers:capegoodhope","dataset":"explorers","title":"(Southern tip of Africa)","coordinates":[18.47,-34.36],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Implied southern point of the Necho circuit","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Implied southern point of the Necho circuit","limit":"No archaeological corroboration: the Necho circumnavigation rests on a single Herodotean notice (4,42) that Herodotus himself half-disbelieved; this ‘southern tip’ is an implied point, not an attested landfall.","references":["Hdt.4.42","Hdt.2.158-159","Diod.1.33.9","Str.17.1.25"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Southern Africa"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Necho II (circumnavigation)"],"region":"Southern Africa"}},{"id":"explorers:niledelta","dataset":"explorers","title":"Nile Delta / Egypt","coordinates":[31.8,31.2],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — return point of the Necho circuit","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"return point of the Necho circuit","limit":"Modern delta coast — the Nile Delta has prograded seaward since antiquity; the ancient shoreline lay further inland. (schematic)","references":["Hdt.4.42","Hdt.2.158-159","Diod.1.33.9","Str.17.1.25"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Nile Valley & NE Africa"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Necho II (circumnavigation)"],"region":"Nile Valley & NE Africa"}},{"id":"explorers:myoshormos","dataset":"explorers","title":"Myos Hormos","coordinates":[34.24,26.15],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Quseir al-Qadim — Roman India-trade port","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Quseir al-Qadim — Roman India-trade port","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Str.2.3.4","Mela.3.90-93","Plin.2.169","Plin.6.160","Str.2.5.12","Str.16.4.22-24"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":"786069","topics":["exploration","Nile Valley & NE Africa"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Eudoxus of Cyzicus","L. Aelius Gallus"],"region":"Nile Valley & NE Africa"}},{"id":"explorers:berenike","dataset":"explorers","title":"Berenike","coordinates":[35.48,23.91],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Berenike Troglodytica, Ras Banas — principal Roman India-trade port","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Berenike Troglodytica, Ras Banas — principal Roman India-trade port","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":"785986","topics":["exploration","Nile Valley & NE Africa"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":[],"region":"Nile Valley & NE Africa"}},{"id":"explorers:muziris","dataset":"explorers","title":"Muziris","coordinates":[76.24,10.17],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Pattanam, Kerala — the great pepper emporion (PME §54; the Muziris papyrus / Hermapollon cargo)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Pattanam, Kerala — the great pepper emporion (PME §54; the Muziris papyrus / Hermapollon cargo)","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":"50146","topics":["exploration","South Asia"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":[],"region":"South Asia"}},{"id":"explorers:barygaza","dataset":"explorers","title":"Barygaza","coordinates":[72.99,21.7],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Bharuch, Gujarat — NW-India emporion (PME §§41–49)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Bharuch, Gujarat — NW-India emporion (PME §§41–49)","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":"59737","topics":["exploration","South Asia"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":[],"region":"South Asia"}},{"id":"explorers:adulis","dataset":"explorers","title":"Adulis","coordinates":[39.66,15.26],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Gulf of Zula, Eritrea — Aksumite Red Sea ivory port (PME §4)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Gulf of Zula, Eritrea — Aksumite Red Sea ivory port (PME §4)","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":"39271","topics":["exploration","East Africa"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":[],"region":"East Africa"}},{"id":"explorers:qana","dataset":"explorers","title":"Cana (Qana)","coordinates":[48.32,14.01],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Bir Ali, Yemen — Hadramawt frankincense port (PME §27)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Bir Ali, Yemen — Hadramawt frankincense port (PME §27)","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":"39355","topics":["exploration","Arabia"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":[],"region":"Arabia"}},{"id":"explorers:opone","dataset":"explorers","title":"Opone","coordinates":[51.28,10.42],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Ras Hafun, Somalia — cinnamon/tortoiseshell port (PME §13)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Ras Hafun, Somalia — cinnamon/tortoiseshell port (PME §13)","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":"39403","topics":["exploration","East Africa"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":[],"region":"East Africa"}},{"id":"explorers:moscha","dataset":"explorers","title":"Moscha Limen","coordinates":[54.43,17.04],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Khor Rori / Sumhuram, Dhofar — incense port (PME §32)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Khor Rori / Sumhuram, Dhofar — incense port (PME §32)","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":"39264","topics":["exploration","Arabia"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":[],"region":"Arabia"}},{"id":"explorers:lixus","dataset":"explorers","title":"Lixus","coordinates":[-6.11,35.2],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Larache, Morocco (Gaditane recognition point)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Larache, Morocco (Gaditane recognition point)","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Str.2.3.4","Mela.3.90-93","Plin.2.169"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":"275666","topics":["exploration","NW Africa (Atlantic)"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Eudoxus of Cyzicus"],"region":"NW Africa (Atlantic)"}},{"id":"explorers:india_indus","dataset":"explorers","title":"Indus mouth","coordinates":[67.5,24.0],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — geographic feature","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"geographic feature","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Str.2.3.4","Mela.3.90-93","Plin.2.169","Ptol.1.9","Hdt.4.44","Hdt.3.102","Scylax.incipit","Arr.Ind.1.1","Arr.Ind.43.11-12"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","South Asia"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Eudoxus of Cyzicus","Diogenes","Scylax of Caryanda","Alexander III the Great","Nearchus"],"region":"South Asia"}},{"id":"explorers:ethiopia_coast","dataset":"explorers","title":"Coast of ‘Ethiopia’","coordinates":[45.02,10.44],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — where Eudoxus was blown south; the Berbera shore (the old 10.0/44.0 sat 61 km inland at 1,043 m)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"where Eudoxus was blown south; the Berbera shore (the old 10.0/44.0 sat 61 km inland at 1,043 m)","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Str.2.3.4","Mela.3.90-93","Plin.2.169"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","East Africa"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Eudoxus of Cyzicus"],"region":"East Africa"}},{"id":"explorers:aromata","dataset":"explorers","title":"Aromata","coordinates":[51.27,11.82],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Cape Guardafui (Ras Asir) / Damo, Somalia — incense emporium (PME)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Cape Guardafui (Ras Asir) / Damo, Somalia — incense emporium (PME)","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Ptol.1.9"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","East Africa"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Diogenes"],"region":"East Africa"}},{"id":"explorers:rhapta","dataset":"explorers","title":"Rhapta","coordinates":[39.0,-6.5],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — E African coast (Tanzania) — exact site lost","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"E African coast (Tanzania) — exact site lost","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","East Africa"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":[],"region":"East Africa"}},{"id":"explorers:lakevictoria","dataset":"explorers","title":"Source-lakes (L. Victoria)","coordinates":[33.0,-1.0],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — the Nile source-lakes Diogenes reportedly reached","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"the Nile source-lakes Diogenes reportedly reached","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Ptol.1.9"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","East Africa"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Diogenes"],"region":"East Africa"}},{"id":"explorers:syene","dataset":"explorers","title":"Syene","coordinates":[32.9,24.09],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Aswan","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Aswan","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Dio.54.5.4-5","Plin.6.181f.","Str.17.1.54","Prop.4.6.78","Plin.6.181","Plin.6.184f.","Plin.12.19","Dio.63.8.1"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":"786058","topics":["exploration","Nile Valley & NE Africa"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["P. Petronius","Nero's Nile expedition"],"region":"Nile Valley & NE Africa"}},{"id":"explorers:pselkis","dataset":"explorers","title":"Pselkis","coordinates":[32.75,23.19],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — ad-Dakka, Lower Nubia (now under Lake Nasser)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"ad-Dakka, Lower Nubia (now under Lake Nasser)","limit":"Submerged under Lake Nasser since the Aswan High Dam; coordinate indicative. (verify)","references":["Dio.54.5.4-5","Plin.6.181f.","Str.17.1.54","Prop.4.6.78"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Nile Valley & NE Africa"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["P. Petronius"],"region":"Nile Valley & NE Africa"}},{"id":"explorers:primis","dataset":"explorers","title":"Primis","coordinates":[31.99,22.65],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Qasr Ibrim — one of the few Nubian sites not submerged (verify coords)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Qasr Ibrim — one of the few Nubian sites not submerged (verify coords)","limit":"On the Lake Nasser shore; surroundings inundated since the Aswan High Dam. (verify)","references":["Dio.54.5.4-5","Plin.6.181f.","Str.17.1.54","Prop.4.6.78"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Nile Valley & NE Africa"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["P. Petronius"],"region":"Nile Valley & NE Africa"}},{"id":"explorers:napata","dataset":"explorers","title":"Napata","coordinates":[31.83,18.53],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Jebel Barkal, Sudan","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Jebel Barkal, Sudan","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Dio.54.5.4-5","Plin.6.181f.","Str.17.1.54","Prop.4.6.78"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":"795785","topics":["exploration","Nile Valley & NE Africa"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["P. Petronius"],"region":"Nile Valley & NE Africa"}},{"id":"explorers:hierasykaminos","dataset":"explorers","title":"Hiera Sykaminos","coordinates":[32.78,23.05],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — el-Maharraqa, the Roman limes terminus (now under Lake Nasser)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"el-Maharraqa, the Roman limes terminus (now under Lake Nasser)","limit":"Submerged under Lake Nasser since the Aswan High Dam; coordinate indicative. (verify)","references":["Plin.6.181","Plin.6.184f.","Plin.12.19","Dio.63.8.1"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Nile Valley & NE Africa"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Nero's Nile expedition"],"region":"Nile Valley & NE Africa"}},{"id":"explorers:meroe","dataset":"explorers","title":"Meroë","coordinates":[33.72,16.93],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Begrawiya, Sudan","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Begrawiya, Sudan","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Plin.6.181","Plin.6.184f.","Plin.12.19","Dio.63.8.1"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":"795639","topics":["exploration","Nile Valley & NE Africa"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Nero's Nile expedition"],"region":"Nile Valley & NE Africa"}},{"id":"explorers:sudd","dataset":"explorers","title":"The Sudd","coordinates":[30.0,8.0],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — White Nile swamp reached by Nero's praetorians","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"White Nile swamp reached by Nero's praetorians","limit":"A shifting White-Nile wetland, not a fixed point. (schematic)","references":["Plin.6.181","Plin.6.184f.","Plin.12.19","Dio.63.8.1"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Nile Valley & NE Africa"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Nero's Nile expedition"],"region":"Nile Valley & NE Africa"}},{"id":"explorers:leukekome","dataset":"explorers","title":"Leuke Kome","coordinates":[35.2,28.1],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — NW Arabian port (Aynunah?)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"NW Arabian port (Aynunah?)","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Plin.6.160","Str.2.5.12","Str.16.4.22-24"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Arabia"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["L. Aelius Gallus"],"region":"Arabia"}},{"id":"explorers:caripeta","dataset":"explorers","title":"Caripeta","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: unlocated — Gallus' furthest point in Arabia Felix","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Gallus' furthest point in Arabia Felix","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Plin.6.160","Str.2.5.12","Str.16.4.22-24"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Arabia"],"details":{"certainty":"unlocated","journeys":["L. Aelius Gallus"],"region":"Arabia"}},{"id":"explorers:egra","dataset":"explorers","title":"Egra","coordinates":[37.95,26.79],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Hegra / Mada'in Salih; Strabo's Egra kome lies ἐπὶ θαλάττης (16.4.24), so the mapped inland site stands for Hegra's coastal outlet","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Hegra / Mada'in Salih; Strabo's Egra kome lies ἐπὶ θαλάττης (16.4.24), so the mapped inland site stands for Hegra's coastal outlet","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Plin.6.160","Str.2.5.12","Str.16.4.22-24"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":"814675","topics":["exploration","Arabia"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["L. Aelius Gallus"],"region":"Arabia"}},{"id":"explorers:arabiafelix","dataset":"explorers","title":"Arabia Felix","coordinates":[44.2,15.5],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Sabaean heartland (region)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Sabaean heartland (region)","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Arabia"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":[],"region":"Arabia"}},{"id":"explorers:caspapyrus","dataset":"explorers","title":"Caspapyrus","coordinates":[71.49,34.17],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — on the Kophen/Kabul R. (Pushkalavati?)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"on the Kophen/Kabul R. (Pushkalavati?)","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Hdt.4.44","Hdt.3.102","Scylax.incipit"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","South Asia"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Scylax of Caryanda"],"region":"South Asia"}},{"id":"explorers:sardis","dataset":"explorers","title":"Sardis","coordinates":[28.04,38.49],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Lydia","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Lydia","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Xen.An.incipit"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":"550883","topics":["exploration","Near East"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["March of the Ten Thousand","Alexander III the Great"],"region":"Near East"}},{"id":"explorers:cunaxa","dataset":"explorers","title":"Cunaxa","coordinates":[44.2,33.0],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — near the Euphrates N of Babylon","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"near the Euphrates N of Babylon","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Xen.An.incipit"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Near East"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["March of the Ten Thousand"],"region":"Near East"}},{"id":"explorers:trapezus","dataset":"explorers","title":"Trapezus","coordinates":[39.72,41.0],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Trabzon — ‘Thalatta!’","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Trabzon — ‘Thalatta!’","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Xen.An.incipit"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":"857359","topics":["exploration","Near East"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["March of the Ten Thousand"],"region":"Near East"}},{"id":"explorers:susa","dataset":"explorers","title":"Susa","coordinates":[48.26,32.19],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Achaemenid capital","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Achaemenid capital","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":"922712","topics":["exploration","Near East"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Alexander III the Great"],"region":"Near East"}},{"id":"explorers:palimbothra","dataset":"explorers","title":"Palimbothra","coordinates":[85.14,25.61],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Pataliputra / Patna — Maurya court","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Pataliputra / Patna — Maurya court","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Arr.Anab.5.6.2","Arr.Ind.3.5-7","Str.2.1.9"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","South Asia"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Megasthenes","Daimachus of Plataeae"],"region":"South Asia"}},{"id":"explorers:arachosia","dataset":"explorers","title":"Arachosia","coordinates":[65.7,31.61],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Kandahar region (Megasthenes' base)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Kandahar region (Megasthenes' base)","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Arr.Anab.5.6.2","Arr.Ind.3.5-7","Str.2.1.9"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","South Asia"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Megasthenes"],"region":"South Asia"}},{"id":"explorers:euphratesmouth","dataset":"explorers","title":"Euphrates mouth","coordinates":[48.5,30.0],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — head of the Persian Gulf","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"head of the Persian Gulf","limit":"Modern Gulf-head — the Persian Gulf head has silted/prograded ~tens of km S since antiquity; the ancient landfall lay further N. (verify)","references":["Arr.Ind.1.1","Arr.Ind.43.11-12"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Near East"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Nearchus"],"region":"Near East"}},{"id":"explorers:caspian","dataset":"explorers","title":"Caspian Sea","coordinates":[50.5,41.0],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Patrocles' fleet","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Patrocles' fleet","limit":"Caspian outline/level has shifted since antiquity. (schematic)","references":["Plin.6.58"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Near East"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Patrocles"],"region":"Near East"}},{"id":"explorers:oxus","dataset":"explorers","title":"Oxus (Amu Darya)","coordinates":[61.0,40.0],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — geographic feature","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"geographic feature","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Plin.6.58"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Iran & Central Asia"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Patrocles"],"region":"Iran & Central Asia"}},{"id":"explorers:hierapolis","dataset":"explorers","title":"Hierapolis (Euphrates)","coordinates":[37.93,36.46],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Membij, Syria — conventional origin of Marinus' longitude count (the Euphrates crossing)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Membij, Syria — conventional origin of Marinus' longitude count (the Euphrates crossing)","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Amm.23.6.60","Ptol.1.11-12","Ptol.6.13"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Near East"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Maes Titianus"],"region":"Near East"}},{"id":"explorers:duraeuropus","dataset":"explorers","title":"Dura-Europus","coordinates":[40.73,34.75],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — as-Salihiya, Syria","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"as-Salihiya, Syria","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Amm.23.6.60","Ptol.1.11-12","Ptol.6.13"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":"893990","topics":["exploration","Near East"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Maes Titianus"],"region":"Near East"}},{"id":"explorers:hecatompylus","dataset":"explorers","title":"Hecatompylus","coordinates":[54.05,35.95],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Shahr-e Qumis, Iran","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Shahr-e Qumis, Iran","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Amm.23.6.60","Ptol.1.11-12","Ptol.6.13"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Iran & Central Asia"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Maes Titianus"],"region":"Iran & Central Asia"}},{"id":"explorers:merv","dataset":"explorers","title":"Antiochia Margiana","coordinates":[62.19,37.66],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Merv, Turkmenistan","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Merv, Turkmenistan","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Amm.23.6.60","Ptol.1.11-12","Ptol.6.13"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Iran & Central Asia"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Maes Titianus"],"region":"Iran & Central Asia"}},{"id":"explorers:baktra","dataset":"explorers","title":"Baktra","coordinates":[66.9,36.76],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Balkh, Afghanistan","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Balkh, Afghanistan","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Amm.23.6.60","Ptol.1.11-12","Ptol.6.13","Shiji.123.mission","Shiji.123.escape","Shiji.123.return","Shiji.123.report","Shiji.123.shubu","Shiji.123.sidao"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Iran & Central Asia"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Maes Titianus","Zhang Qian 張騫 (mission to the Yuezhi)"],"region":"Iran & Central Asia"}},{"id":"explorers:wakhan","dataset":"explorers","title":"Wakhan / Sarikol approach","coordinates":[73.6,37.2],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Bactra→Pamir ascent (Wakhan corridor) — the hardest, most diagnostic segment; site of the Komedai/Comedi","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Bactra→Pamir ascent (Wakhan corridor) — the hardest, most diagnostic segment; site of the Komedai/Comedi","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Amm.23.6.60","Ptol.1.11-12","Ptol.6.13"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Iran & Central Asia"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Maes Titianus"],"region":"Iran & Central Asia"}},{"id":"explorers:stonetower","dataset":"explorers","title":"Stone Tower (Lithinos Pyrgos)","coordinates":[75.23,37.78],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Pamirs; Tashkurgan a leading candidate. Daraut-Kurgan/Alai and Osh/Sary-Tash also proposed — Ammianus' & Ptolemy's Komedai/Comedi setting and Ptolemy's lat. 43° lean toward the Alai.","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Pamirs; Tashkurgan a leading candidate. Daraut-Kurgan/Alai and Osh/Sary-Tash also proposed — Ammianus' & Ptolemy's Komedai/Comedi setting and Ptolemy's lat. 43° lean toward the Alai.","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Amm.23.6.60","Ptol.1.11-12","Ptol.6.13"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Iran & Central Asia"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Maes Titianus"],"region":"Iran & Central Asia"}},{"id":"explorers:kashgar","dataset":"explorers","title":"Kashgar (Shule)","coordinates":[75.99,39.47],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Tarim oasis — gateway down from the Pamirs","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Tarim oasis — gateway down from the Pamirs","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Amm.23.6.60","Ptol.1.11-12","Ptol.6.13"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Iran & Central Asia"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Maes Titianus"],"region":"Iran & Central Asia"}},{"id":"explorers:kucha","dataset":"explorers","title":"Kucha (Qiuci)","coordinates":[82.96,41.72],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — northern Tarim-rim oasis","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"northern Tarim-rim oasis","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Amm.23.6.60","Ptol.1.11-12","Ptol.6.13"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Iran & Central Asia"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Maes Titianus"],"region":"Iran & Central Asia"}},{"id":"explorers:turfan","dataset":"explorers","title":"Turfan","coordinates":[89.18,42.95],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — northern Tarim-rim oasis","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"northern Tarim-rim oasis","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Amm.23.6.60","Ptol.1.11-12","Ptol.6.13"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Iran & Central Asia"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Maes Titianus"],"region":"Iran & Central Asia"}},{"id":"explorers:dunhuang","dataset":"explorers","title":"Dunhuang (Jade Gate)","coordinates":[94.66,40.14],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Yumenguan — the gate into China","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Yumenguan — the gate into China","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Amm.23.6.60","Ptol.1.11-12","Ptol.6.13"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","East Asia"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Maes Titianus"],"region":"East Asia"}},{"id":"explorers:jiuquan","dataset":"explorers","title":"Jiuquan","coordinates":[98.49,39.74],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Hexi (Gansu) corridor","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Hexi (Gansu) corridor","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Amm.23.6.60","Ptol.1.11-12","Ptol.6.13"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","East Asia"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Maes Titianus"],"region":"East Asia"}},{"id":"explorers:sera","dataset":"explorers","title":"Sera metropolis","coordinates":[112.45,34.62],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Chinese capital — Luoyang OR Chang'an, identification disputed; possibly a notional terminus back-calculated from itinerary stades. The overland Seres (Serica, via the Stone Tower) ≠ the maritime Sinae/Thinae.","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Chinese capital — Luoyang OR Chang'an, identification disputed; possibly a notional terminus back-calculated from itinerary stades. The overland Seres (Serica, via the Stone Tower) ≠ the maritime Sinae/Thinae.","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Amm.23.6.60","Ptol.1.11-12","Ptol.6.13"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","East Asia"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Maes Titianus"],"region":"East Asia"}},{"id":"explorers:alexandria","dataset":"explorers","title":"Alexandria","coordinates":[29.92,31.2],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Ptolemaic geographic hub","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Ptolemaic geographic hub","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":"727070","topics":["exploration","Nile Valley & NE Africa"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":[],"region":"Nile Valley & NE Africa"}},{"id":"explorers:rhodes","dataset":"explorers","title":"Rhodes (parallel)","coordinates":[28.22,36.43],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — the canonical latitude line","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"the canonical latitude line","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Aegean (parallel ref.)"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":[],"region":"Aegean (parallel ref.)"}},{"id":"explorers:borysthenes","dataset":"explorers","title":"Borysthenes","coordinates":[32.0,46.6],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Dnieper mouth (N parallel)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Dnieper mouth (N parallel)","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Pontic steppe (parallel ref.)"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":[],"region":"Pontic steppe (parallel ref.)"}},{"id":"explorers:babelmandeb","dataset":"explorers","title":"Bab-el-Mandeb","coordinates":[43.35,12.6],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — the Red Sea gate (strait)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"the Red Sea gate (strait)","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Str.2.3.4","Mela.3.90-93","Plin.2.169"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Arabia"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Eudoxus of Cyzicus"],"region":"Arabia"}},{"id":"explorers:adenport","dataset":"explorers","title":"Eudaemon Arabia (Aden)","coordinates":[45.02,12.79],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Aden; the S-Arabian maritime hub","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Aden; the S-Arabian maritime hub","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Hdt.4.44","Hdt.3.102","Scylax.incipit"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Arabia"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Scylax of Caryanda"],"region":"Arabia"}},{"id":"explorers:belerion","dataset":"explorers","title":"Belerion","coordinates":[-5.71,50.07],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Land's End / the tin coast (Diod. 5.21-22, from Pytheas)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Land's End / the tin coast (Diod. 5.21-22, from Pytheas)","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Atlantic Europe"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Pytheas of Massalia"],"region":"Atlantic Europe"}},{"id":"explorers:najran","dataset":"explorers","title":"Negrana (Najran)","coordinates":[44.13,17.49],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Aelius Gallus' march (Str. 16.4.24)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Aelius Gallus' march (Str. 16.4.24)","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Plin.6.160","Str.2.5.12","Str.16.4.22-24"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Arabia"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["L. Aelius Gallus"],"region":"Arabia"}},{"id":"explorers:marib","dataset":"explorers","title":"Marsiaba (Marib)","coordinates":[45.33,15.42],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Mariaba of the Rhammanitae besieged by Aelius Gallus (Str. 16.4.24); conventionally identified with Sabaean Marib (contested)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Mariaba of the Rhammanitae besieged by Aelius Gallus (Str. 16.4.24); conventionally identified with Sabaean Marib (contested)","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Plin.6.160","Str.2.5.12","Str.16.4.22-24"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Arabia"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["L. Aelius Gallus"],"region":"Arabia"}},{"id":"explorers:caspian_shore","dataset":"explorers","title":"E Caspian shore","coordinates":[53.0,40.02],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Balkan gulf / Türkmenbaşy — the shore of Patrocles' survey","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Balkan gulf / Türkmenbaşy — the shore of Patrocles' survey","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Plin.6.58"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Iran & Central Asia"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Patrocles"],"region":"Iran & Central Asia"}},{"id":"explorers:changan","dataset":"explorers","title":"Chang'an 長安","coordinates":[108.86,34.3],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — Han capital (NW of modern Xi'an); departure 138 BC and return 126 BC","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Han capital (NW of modern Xi'an); departure 138 BC and return 126 BC","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Shiji.123.mission","Shiji.123.escape","Shiji.123.return","Shiji.123.report","Shiji.123.shubu","Shiji.123.sidao"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","East Asia"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":["Zhang Qian 張騫 (mission to the Yuezhi)"],"region":"East Asia"}},{"id":"explorers:longxi","dataset":"explorers","title":"Longxi 隴西","coordinates":[104.63,35.0],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Longxi commandery, upper Wei valley (Gansu) — 出隴西 (Shiji 123); pin at the modern namesake county town — the Han commandery seat was Didao (Lintao, c. 35.38N 103.86E)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Longxi commandery, upper Wei valley (Gansu) — 出隴西 (Shiji 123); pin at the modern namesake county town — the Han commandery seat was Didao (Lintao, c. 35.38N 103.86E)","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Shiji.123.mission","Shiji.123.escape","Shiji.123.return","Shiji.123.report","Shiji.123.shubu","Shiji.123.sidao"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","East Asia"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Zhang Qian 張騫 (mission to the Yuezhi)"],"region":"East Asia"}},{"id":"explorers:dayuan","dataset":"explorers","title":"Dayuan 大宛 (Ferghana)","coordinates":[71.78,40.39],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — Ferghana valley heartland; the capital ('Ershi') is disputed (Khujand/Marhamat proposed) — valley centroid","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Ferghana valley heartland; the capital ('Ershi') is disputed (Khujand/Marhamat proposed) — valley centroid","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Shiji.123.mission","Shiji.123.escape","Shiji.123.return","Shiji.123.report","Shiji.123.shubu","Shiji.123.sidao"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Iran & Central Asia"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Zhang Qian 張騫 (mission to the Yuezhi)"],"region":"Iran & Central Asia"}},{"id":"explorers:kangju","dataset":"explorers","title":"Kangju 康居","coordinates":[68.3,42.9],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — middle Syr Darya / Tashkent–Otrar steppe polity — region centroid, no fixed royal seat","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"middle Syr Darya / Tashkent–Otrar steppe polity — region centroid, no fixed royal seat","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Shiji.123.mission","Shiji.123.escape","Shiji.123.return","Shiji.123.report","Shiji.123.shubu","Shiji.123.sidao"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Iran & Central Asia"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Zhang Qian 張騫 (mission to the Yuezhi)"],"region":"Iran & Central Asia"}},{"id":"explorers:yuezhi_court","dataset":"explorers","title":"Da Yuezhi 大月氏 court","coordinates":[66.0,38.6],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: approximate — the Yuezhi seat north of the Gui/Oxus (媯水) c. 129–128 BC; north-bank Transoxiana, exact site unknown","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"the Yuezhi seat north of the Gui/Oxus (媯水) c. 129–128 BC; north-bank Transoxiana, exact site unknown","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":["Shiji.123.mission","Shiji.123.escape","Shiji.123.return","Shiji.123.report","Shiji.123.shubu","Shiji.123.sidao"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Iran & Central Asia"],"details":{"certainty":"approximate","journeys":["Zhang Qian 張騫 (mission to the Yuezhi)"],"region":"Iran & Central Asia"}},{"id":"explorers:khotan","dataset":"explorers","title":"Khotan (Yutian 于窴)","coordinates":[79.92,37.11],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: secure — southern Tarim oasis on the Nan Shan rim — the 并南山 return route (Shiji 123)","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"southern Tarim oasis on the Nan Shan rim — the 并南山 return route (Shiji 123)","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","Iran & Central Asia"],"details":{"certainty":"secure","journeys":[],"region":"Iran & Central Asia"}},{"id":"explorers:tiaozhi","dataset":"explorers","title":"Tiaozhi 條支 (Characene/Susiana?)","coordinates":[48.5,30.9],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: conjectural — A region rather than a point, and the sea Gan Ying reached is not identified: Characene and Susiana with the Persian Gulf (Hill 2015; Kauz and Liu 2008) against Syrian Antioch or Susiana/Fars. Plotted as an indicative regional point ONLY — the great sea itself is never drawn","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"A region rather than a point, and the sea Gan Ying reached is not identified: Characene and Susiana with the Persian Gulf (Hill 2015; Kauz and Liu 2008) against Syrian Antioch or Susiana/Fars. Plotted as an indicative regional point ONLY — the great sea itself is never drawn","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","unlocated"],"details":{"certainty":"conjectural","journeys":[],"region":null}},{"id":"explorers:aman","dataset":"explorers","title":"Aman 阿蠻 (Ecbatana?)","coordinates":[48.52,34.8],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: conjectural — Identification disputed: Ecbatana/Hamadan (Hirth 1885; Chavannes, Shiratori, Yu Taishan; preferred by Pasha Zanous and Yang 2018, 132) — but Armenia (Kauz and Liu 2008) and Herat (Hill 2015) are also argued, and Ecbatana was doubted by Leslie and Gardiner 1996. Plotted at Ecbatana as the best-supported guess ONLY","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Identification disputed: Ecbatana/Hamadan (Hirth 1885; Chavannes, Shiratori, Yu Taishan; preferred by Pasha Zanous and Yang 2018, 132) — but Armenia (Kauz and Liu 2008) and Herat (Hill 2015) are also argued, and Ecbatana was doubted by Leslie and Gardiner 1996. Plotted at Ecbatana as the best-supported guess ONLY","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","unlocated"],"details":{"certainty":"conjectural","journeys":[],"region":null}},{"id":"explorers:sibin","dataset":"explorers","title":"Sibin 斯賓 (Ctesiphon?)","coordinates":[44.58,33.09],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: conjectural — Identification disputed: Ctesiphon (Hirth 1885, with Chavannes, Shiratori, Yu Taishan and Pasha Zanous and Yang 2018) against Susa (Hill 2015). Plotted at Ctesiphon as the best-supported guess ONLY","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Identification disputed: Ctesiphon (Hirth 1885, with Chavannes, Shiratori, Yu Taishan and Pasha Zanous and Yang 2018) against Susa (Hill 2015). Plotted at Ctesiphon as the best-supported guess ONLY","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","unlocated"],"details":{"certainty":"conjectural","journeys":[],"region":null}},{"id":"explorers:yuluo","dataset":"explorers","title":"Yuluo 於羅 (Spasinou Charax?)","coordinates":[47.65,30.52],"geometry_role":"Source gazetteer: conjectural — Identification unresolved and the most fragile of the four: Spasinou Charax on the Persian Gulf (Hill 2015 on the phonetics, *ka-ra for Charax; adopted by Pasha Zanous and Yang 2018, 133) against Hira (Hirth — rejected because Hira was founded only under the last Arsacid king), Ura (Shiratori) and Hatra (Yu Taishan). Plotted at Charax as the best-supported guess ONLY","evidence":"exploration gazetteer interpretation","summary":"Identification unresolved and the most fragile of the four: Spasinou Charax on the Persian Gulf (Hill 2015 on the phonetics, *ka-ra for Charax; adopted by Pasha Zanous and Yang 2018, 133) against Hira (Hirth — rejected because Hira was founded only under the last Arsacid king), Ura (Shiratori) and Hatra (Yu Taishan). Plotted at Charax as the best-supported guess ONLY","limit":"A located waypoint does not verify a voyage, report, or identification.","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Open the exploration reader","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["exploration","unlocated"],"details":{"certainty":"conjectural","journeys":[],"region":null}},{"id":"voyages:1","dataset":"voyages","title":"Colaeus of Samos","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Tartessian/Phoenician silver circuit (already active)","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. ","references":["Hdt.4.152"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Herodotus (4,152) dates nothing directly; the conventional c. 640–630 BC rests on the Battus/Cyrene foundation chronology the story is embedded in. −640 is a conventional placeholder.","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Mediterranean–Atlantic"],"route":[[32.55,23.1],[32.917,22.75],[32.917,15.25],[37.083,11.083],[37.083,10.417],[37.417,10.083],[37.417,-1.417],[36.75,-2.083],[36.75,-2.417],[36.583,-2.583],[36.583,-4.417],[36.417,-4.583],[36.417,-4.917],[36.25,-5.083],[36.25,-5.25],[35.95,-5.6],[35.917,-5.917],[36.25,-6.25],[36.417,-6.25],[36.75,-6.583],[37.0,-6.4]],"waypoints":["platea","pillars","tartessus"],"details":{"date_note":"Herodotus (4,152) dates nothing directly; the conventional c. 640–630 BC rests on the Battus/Cyrene foundation chronology the story is embedded in. −640 is a conventional placeholder.","season":"","goods":["silver"],"exchange_note":"","route_unlocated":[]}},{"id":"voyages:2","dataset":"voyages","title":"Himilko of Carthage","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Phoenician/Carthaginian Atlantic tin route","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. ","references":["Plin.2.169"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No ancient date survives; Himilco is known from Pliny's one-line notice (2,169) and Avienus' late reception. −500 is a conventional placeholder tied to the traditional pairing with Hanno.","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Mediterranean–Atlantic"],"route":[[36.85,10.33],[37.25,10.25],[37.417,10.083],[37.417,8.583],[37.083,8.083],[37.083,2.25],[36.917,2.083],[36.917,1.083],[36.75,0.917],[36.75,0.583],[36.083,-0.083],[36.083,-1.083],[35.917,-1.25],[35.917,-1.417],[35.583,-1.75],[35.583,-5.083],[35.917,-5.417],[35.95,-5.6],[35.917,-5.917],[36.25,-6.25],[36.53,-6.3]],"waypoints":["carthage","pillars","gades","oestrymnides"],"details":{"date_note":"No ancient date survives; Himilco is known from Pliny's one-line notice (2,169) and Avienus' late reception. −500 is a conventional placeholder tied to the traditional pairing with Hanno.","season":"","goods":["tin"],"exchange_note":"","route_unlocated":["oestrymnides"]}},{"id":"voyages:3","dataset":"voyages","title":"Pytheas of Massalia","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Atlantic tin & amber routes","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. ","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Source date not resolved here","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Mediterranean–Atlantic"],"route":[[43.3,5.37],[43.083333333333314,5.416666666666657],[43.083,3.75],[42.75,3.417],[42.417,3.417],[42.25,3.25],[41.917,3.25],[41.583,2.917],[41.583,2.75],[41.25,2.25],[41.25,2.083],[41.083,1.917],[41.083,1.75],[39.417,0.083],[38.917,0.083],[38.75,0.25],[37.583,-0.917],[37.583,-1.083],[37.083,-1.583],[37.083,-1.75],[36.75,-2.083],[36.75,-2.417],[36.583,-2.583],[36.583,-4.417],[36.417,-4.583],[36.417,-4.917],[36.25,-5.083],[36.25,-5.25],[35.95,-5.6],[35.917,-5.917],[36.25,-6.25],[36.53,-6.3],[36.417,-6.583],[36.75,-6.917],[36.75,-7.25],[36.917,-7.417],[36.917,-8.917],[37.083,-9.083],[38.25,-9.083],[38.75,-9.583],[39.083,-9.583],[39.25,-9.417],[39.917,-9.417],[40.083,-9.25],[40.583,-9.25],[40.75,-9.083],[42.583,-9.083],[42.917,-9.417],[43.083,-9.417],[43.417,-8.917],[43.417,-8.583],[43.75,-8.25],[43.75,-8.083],[43.917,-7.917],[43.917,-4.583],[43.75,-4.417],[43.75,-1.917],[43.917,-1.75],[44.583,-1.75],[44.75,-1.583],[46.25,-1.583],[46.75,-2.083],[46.917,-2.083],[47.083,-2.25],[47.28,-2.16],[47.083333333333314,-2.25],[47.083,-3.75],[48.083,-4.75],[48.25,-4.75],[48.417,-4.917],[49.25,-4.917],[50.07,-5.71],[49.917,-5.583],[49.917,-3.417],[50.25,-3.083],[50.25,-2.583],[50.417,-2.417],[50.417,0.75],[51.15,1.36],[51.083,2.583],[51.417,3.083],[51.417,3.583],[52.083,4.25],[52.083,4.583],[53.917,6.417],[53.88,9.13],[53.917,7.75],[53.583,7.25],[53.583,6.25],[52.75,5.417],[52.75,5.083],[51.917,4.25],[51.98,4.13]],"waypoints":["massalia","pillars","gades","loire","belerion","britain","thule","elbe","rhine"],"details":{"date_note":"","season":"","goods":["tin","amber"],"exchange_note":"","route_unlocated":["thule"]}},{"id":"voyages:4","dataset":"voyages","title":"Hanno of Carthage","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Carthaginian Atlantic–Africa colonial/trade network","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. Repeated watering stops (ὑδρευσάμενοι); halted when supplies ran out — water/provisioning the binding constraint. (The 60 pentekontors are plausible as a colonial fleet, but the ‘30,000 persons’ of §1 is textual inflation / a cumulative figure, not a sailing complement.)","references":["Hanno.Periplus.full","Arr.Ind.43.11-12","Arist.Mir.833a","Mela.3.90-93","Plin.2.169","Plin.5.8"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"The periplus itself is undated; the conventional c. 500 BC rests on Carthaginian-expansion chronology, and scholarship ranges over the 6th–5th c. −500 is a conventional placeholder.","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Mediterranean–Atlantic"],"route":[[36.85,10.33],[37.25,10.25],[37.417,10.083],[37.417,8.583],[37.083,8.083],[37.083,2.25],[36.917,2.083],[36.917,1.083],[36.75,0.917],[36.75,0.583],[36.083,-0.083],[36.083,-1.083],[35.917,-1.25],[35.917,-1.417],[35.583,-1.75],[35.583,-5.083],[35.917,-5.417],[35.95,-5.6],[35.917,-5.75],[35.75,-5.917],[35.417,-6.25],[35.25,-6.25],[34.083,-7.417],[34.083,-7.75],[33.917,-7.917],[32.417,-9.417],[32.083,-9.417],[31.51,-9.77],[30.25,-9.917],[29.25,-10.917],[29.25,-11.083],[28.083,-12.25],[28.083,-12.75],[26.25,-14.583],[25.917,-14.583],[25.417,-14.917],[24.917,-14.917],[23.917,-15.917],[23.75,-15.917],[23.583,-16.083],[23.417,-16.083],[23.25,-16.25],[23.083,-16.25],[22.917,-16.417],[22.583,-16.417],[22.083,-16.917],[21.917,-16.917],[21.75,-17.083],[20.583,-17.083],[20.083,-16.583],[18.75,-16.583],[18.417,-16.25],[17.083,-16.25],[16.917,-16.417],[16.417,-16.417],[16.25,-16.583],[15.75,-16.583],[15.417,-16.917],[15.25,-16.917],[14.75,-17.417],[14.25,-17.417],[13.75,-17.083],[12.583,-17.083],[11.75,-16.25],[11.75,-16.083],[11.417,-15.75],[11.083,-15.75],[9.083,-13.75],[8.583,-13.75],[7.25,-12.417],[7.25,-12.083],[7.083,-11.917],[7.083,-11.75],[6.583,-11.25],[6.583,-11.083],[6.083,-10.583],[6.083,-10.417],[5.417,-9.75],[5.417,-9.583],[4.917,-9.083],[4.917,-8.917],[4.75,-8.75],[4.75,-8.583],[4.583,-8.417],[4.583,-8.25],[4.25,-7.75],[4.25,-6.75],[4.417,-6.583],[4.417,-6.25],[4.583,-6.083],[4.583,-5.583],[4.75,-5.417],[4.75,-4.417],[4.917,-4.25],[4.917,-2.417],[4.583,-2.083],[4.583,-1.25],[4.75,-1.083],[4.75,-0.75],[4.917,-0.583],[4.917,-0.417],[5.25,0.083],[5.25,0.25],[5.417,0.417],[5.417,0.75],[5.583,0.917],[5.583,1.083],[5.75,1.25],[5.75,1.583],[5.917,1.75],[5.917,2.25],[6.083,2.417],[6.083,4.25],[5.583,4.75],[5.417,4.75],[4.25,5.917],[4.25,8.583],[3.75,9.083],[3.417,9.083],[3.0,9.5]],"waypoints":["carthage","pillars","kerne","southernhorn"],"details":{"date_note":"The periplus itself is undated; the conventional c. 500 BC rests on Carthaginian-expansion chronology, and scholarship ranges over the 6th–5th c. −500 is a conventional placeholder.","season":"","goods":["gold","ivory","hides"],"exchange_note":"","route_unlocated":[]}},{"id":"voyages:5","dataset":"voyages","title":"C. Suetonius Paullinus","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Mauretanian/Saharan frontier","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. ","references":["Plin.5.11-15","Solinus.24.15","Dio.60.9.1"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Usually placed AD 41–42; the year is given by Dio 60,9,1 (now in the corpus, via the Loeb), which sets it in the Mauretanian war of AD 41–42.","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Trans-Saharan"],"route":[[34.07,-5.55],[33.917,-5.417],[33.75,-5.417],[33.25,-4.917],[33.083,-4.917],[32.917,-4.75],[32.68,-4.74],[32.6,-4.53],[32.583,-4.75],[32.49,-4.99],[31.93,-4.43],[31.75,-4.25],[31.75,-3.917],[31.417,-3.583],[31.5,-3.5]],"waypoints":["volubilis","atlas","ger"],"details":{"date_note":"Usually placed AD 41–42; the year is given by Dio 60,9,1 (now in the corpus, via the Loeb), which sets it in the Mauretanian war of AD 41–42.","season":"","goods":[],"exchange_note":"Classification: a Mauretanian/Atlas frontier penetration — it did not reach the Garamantian trans-Saharan caravan system.","route_unlocated":[]}},{"id":"voyages:6","dataset":"voyages","title":"Mago the Carthaginian","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Garamantian trans-Saharan caravan circuit","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. ","references":["Athen.2.22"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No floruit recoverable; only a terminus ante quem of 322 BC (Aristotle's death). −350 is a placeholder.","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Trans-Saharan"],"route":[[36.85,10.33],[35.917,10.25],[33.917,8.25],[33.917,7.25],[31.95,5.33],[30.25,3.583],[30.25,2.417],[30.083,2.25],[30.083,2.083],[29.917,1.917],[29.917,1.75],[27.87,-0.29],[27.75,-0.417],[26.25,-0.417],[22.68,-3.98],[22.583,-3.917],[22.417,-3.75],[20.417,-3.75],[20.25,-3.583],[18.9,-3.53],[18.417,-3.083],[17.583,-3.083],[17.417,-2.917],[16.77,-3.0]],"waypoints":["carthage","timbuktu"],"details":{"date_note":"No floruit recoverable; only a terminus ante quem of 322 BC (Aristotle's death). −350 is a placeholder.","season":"","goods":["gold","ivory"],"exchange_note":"","route_unlocated":[]}},{"id":"voyages:7","dataset":"voyages","title":"L. Cornelius Balbus","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Garamantian trans-Saharan caravan circuit","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. ","references":["Plin.5.36f."],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Dated by the triumph ex Africa of 27 March 19 BC (Fasti triumphales): the campaign is 20/19 BC, not the proconsulate.","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Trans-Saharan"],"route":[[32.79,12.48],[32.75,12.25],[30.13,9.5],[26.917,12.75],[26.59,12.78],[26.52,13.06]],"waypoints":["sabratha","cidamus","garama"],"details":{"date_note":"Dated by the triumph ex Africa of 27 March 19 BC (Fasti triumphales): the campaign is 20/19 BC, not the proconsulate.","season":"","goods":["gold","ivory"],"exchange_note":"","route_unlocated":[]}},{"id":"voyages:8","dataset":"voyages","title":"Septimius Flaccus & Iulius Maternus","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Garamantian trans-Saharan caravan circuit","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. ","references":["Ptol.1.8"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Ptol. 1,8 preserves TWO journeys in one corridor: Septimius Flaccus marched three months south from the Garamantes to the Aethiopians; Iulius Maternus, setting out from Leptis and Garama with the king of the Garamantes, four months to Agisymba. They are conflated here as one record for the shared Garama→south corridor; the c. AD 86 date is conventional (known only through Marinus in Ptolemy).","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Trans-Saharan"],"route":[[26.52,13.06],[26.583,13.25],[25.92,13.93],[20.25,13.917],[19.917,13.583],[19.417,13.583],[18.68,12.92],[17.083,12.917],[16.417,13.583],[13.583,13.583],[13.083,14.083],[13.0,14.0]],"waypoints":["garama","agisymba"],"details":{"date_note":"Ptol. 1,8 preserves TWO journeys in one corridor: Septimius Flaccus marched three months south from the Garamantes to the Aethiopians; Iulius Maternus, setting out from Leptis and Garama with the king of the Garamantes, four months to Agisymba. They are conflated here as one record for the shared Garama→south corridor; the c. AD 86 date is conventional (known only through Marinus in Ptolemy).","season":"","goods":[],"exchange_note":"","route_unlocated":[]}},{"id":"voyages:9","dataset":"voyages","title":"Hatshepsut's Punt expedition","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Egyptian Red Sea–Punt trade","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. ","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"= Hatshepsut's regnal year 9, c. 1463 BC (reign c. 1473–1458 BC; Egyptian chronology varies ±a decade).","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Red Sea–Indian Ocean"],"route":[[25.74,32.61],[25.99,32.82],[25.917,33.417],[26.083,33.583],[26.083,33.75],[26.55,34.03],[26.417,34.25],[26.25,34.25],[26.083,34.417],[25.917,34.417],[25.75,34.583],[25.583,34.583],[24.75,35.417],[24.25,35.417],[24.083,35.583],[23.417,35.583],[22.083,36.917],[21.917,36.917],[21.75,37.083],[21.417,37.083],[21.25,37.25],[19.583,37.25],[19.417,37.417],[19.25,37.417],[17.917,38.75],[17.75,38.75],[17.583,38.917],[17.417,38.917],[17.25,39.083],[16.917,39.083],[16.75,39.25],[16.25,39.25],[15.75,39.583],[15.583,39.583],[15.417,39.75],[15.3,39.9]],"waypoints":["deirelbahari","leukoslimen","punt_landfall"],"details":{"date_note":"= Hatshepsut's regnal year 9, c. 1463 BC (reign c. 1473–1458 BC; Egyptian chronology varies ±a decade).","season":"","goods":["incense","myrrh","ebony","ivory","gold"],"exchange_note":"","route_unlocated":[]}},{"id":"voyages:10","dataset":"voyages","title":"Necho II (circumnavigation)","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Phoenician Red Sea & Mediterranean networks","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. ","references":["Hdt.4.42","Hdt.2.158-159","Diod.1.33.9","Str.17.1.25"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Reign of Necho II 610–595 BC; the alleged voyage is undatable within it — −600 is a conventional placeholder.","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Red Sea–Indian 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of Necho II 610–595 BC; the alleged voyage is undatable within it — −600 is a conventional placeholder.","season":"","goods":[],"exchange_note":"Classification: an attempted circumnavigation of Africa (a single Herodotean report), not a trade voyage.","route_unlocated":[]}},{"id":"voyages:11","dataset":"voyages","title":"Eudoxus of Cyzicus","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Ptolemaic Red Sea–India monsoon route","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. 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.083,12.417],[-12.917,12.417],[-12.083,13.25],[-11.417,13.25],[-11.25,13.417],[-10.25,13.417],[-9.75,13.083],[-9.417,13.083],[-9.25,12.917],[-7.583,12.917],[-7.417,12.75],[-7.083,12.75],[-6.75,12.417],[-6.583,12.417],[-6.417,12.25],[-5.917,12.25],[-5.75,12.083],[-5.25,12.083],[-5.083,11.917],[-4.917,11.917],[-3.917,10.917],[-3.75,10.917],[-2.083,9.25],[-1.917,9.25],[-1.75,9.083],[-1.583,9.083],[-1.417,8.917],[-1.25,8.917],[-1.083,8.75],[-0.25,8.75],[-0.083,8.917],[0.583,8.917],[0.75,9.083],[1.583,9.083],[1.917,9.417],[3.417,9.417],[3.917,8.917],[3.917,8.25],[4.083,8.083],[4.083,6.083],[4.75,5.417],[4.917,5.417],[5.083,5.25],[5.917,4.417],[5.917,4.25],[6.083,4.083],[6.083,1.25],[5.75,0.75],[5.75,0.25],[5.417,-0.083],[5.417,-0.25],[5.25,-0.417],[5.25,-0.583],[5.083,-0.75],[5.083,-1.083],[4.917,-1.25],[4.917,-1.583],[4.583,-2.083],[4.583,-2.917],[4.75,-3.083],[4.75,-3.75],[4.917,-3.917],[4.917,-6.083],[4.75,-6.25],[4.75,-6.583],[4.583,-6.75],[4.583,-6.917],[4.25,-7.417],[4.25,-8.417],[4.417,-8.583],[4.417,-8.75],[4.583,-8.917],[4.583,-9.083],[4.75,-9.25],[4.75,-9.417],[5.25,-9.917],[5.25,-10.083],[5.917,-10.75],[5.917,-10.917],[6.417,-11.417],[6.417,-11.583],[8.25,-13.417],[9.083,-13.417],[11.583,-15.917],[11.583,-16.083],[12.417,-16.917],[13.083,-16.917],[13.25,-17.083],[14.417,-17.083],[14.75,-17.417],[15.25,-17.417],[15.583,-17.083],[15.75,-17.083],[15.917,-16.917],[16.25,-16.917],[16.417,-16.75],[16.917,-16.75],[17.083,-16.583],[17.417,-16.583],[17.583,-16.417],[18.25,-16.417],[18.417,-16.25],[18.917,-16.25],[19.25,-16.583],[20.583,-16.583],[20.917,-16.917],[21.083,-16.917],[21.25,-17.083],[22.417,-17.083],[22.75,-16.75],[22.917,-16.75],[23.417,-16.417],[23.583,-16.417],[23.75,-16.25],[23.917,-16.25],[24.917,-15.25],[25.417,-15.25],[25.583,-15.083],[25.75,-15.083],[28.083,-12.75],[28.083,-12.25],[28.25,-12.083],[28.25,-11.917],[29.75,-10.417],[29.917,-10.417],[30.25,-10.083],[31.75,-10.083],[33.417,-8.417],[33.417,-8.25],[33.583,-8.083],[33.583,-7.917],[35.2,-6.11],[36.53,-6.3]],"waypoints":["myoshormos","babelmandeb","india_indus","ethiopia_coast","lixus","gades"],"details":{"date_note":"Patron sequence: 1st India voyage under Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II (d. 116 BC), 2nd under Cleopatra III; the African attempts fall under Ptolemy IX Lathyros (Pliny/Mela). The voyages straddle c. 118–108 BC; −116 is a midpoint.","season":"Erythraean monsoon: out on the SW monsoon (~Jun–Sep), back on the NE monsoon (~Nov–Feb). Schematic.","goods":["aromatics","gems"],"exchange_note":"","route_unlocated":[]}},{"id":"voyages:12","dataset":"voyages","title":"Diogenes","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Erythraean/Indian-Ocean trade (Aromata emporion)","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. Ptol. 1,9: returning from India, Diogenes was driven off by N winds at Cape Aromata, then ran S along the Troglodyte (African) shore, coast on his right, ~25 days, and — in the transmitted text — παραγενέσθαι εἰς τὰς λίμνας, 'arrived at the lakes' from which the Nile flows. Rhapta enters the passage only as a latitude reference (τὸ τῶν Ῥαπτῶν ἀκρωτήριον ὀλίγῳ νοτιώτερον), not as a sailed endpoint, so no Rhapta waypoint is drawn; the whole Aromata→lakes reach is shown as reported/inferred (faint dots), the report reaching us only through Marinus in Ptolemy.","references":["Ptol.1.9"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Known only through Marinus (early 2nd c. AD) in Ptol. 1,9; the voyage is undatable within the late Hellenistic–early imperial monsoon trade. −50 is a conventional placeholder.","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Red Sea–Indian Ocean"],"route":[[24.0,67.5],[23.869,67.299],[23.737,67.099],[23.606,66.898],[23.474,66.699],[23.342,66.499],[23.209,66.301],[23.076,66.102],[22.943,65.904],[22.81,65.706],[22.677,65.509],[22.543,65.312],[22.409,65.115],[22.275,64.919],[22.141,64.723],[22.006,64.528],[21.871,64.333],[21.736,64.138],[21.601,63.944],[21.465,63.75],[21.329,63.556],[21.193,63.363],[21.057,63.17],[20.921,62.977],[20.784,62.785],[20.647,62.593],[20.51,62.402],[20.373,62.21],[20.235,62.02],[20.098,61.829],[19.96,61.639],[19.822,61.449],[19.683,61.26],[19.545,61.07],[19.406,60.882],[19.267,60.693],[19.128,60.505],[18.989,60.317],[18.85,60.129],[18.71,59.942],[18.57,59.755],[18.43,59.569],[18.29,59.382],[18.149,59.196],[18.009,59.01],[17.868,58.825],[17.727,58.64],[17.586,58.455],[17.445,58.27],[17.304,58.086],[17.162,57.902],[17.02,57.718],[16.878,57.535],[16.736,57.352],[16.594,57.169],[16.451,56.986],[16.309,56.804],[16.166,56.622],[16.023,56.44],[15.88,56.258],[15.737,56.077],[15.594,55.896],[15.45,55.715],[15.307,55.535],[15.163,55.354],[15.019,55.174],[14.875,54.995],[14.731,54.815],[14.586,54.636],[14.442,54.457],[14.297,54.278],[14.153,54.099],[14.008,53.921],[13.863,53.742],[13.718,53.564],[13.572,53.387],[13.427,53.209],[13.282,53.032],[13.136,52.855],[12.99,52.678],[12.844,52.501],[12.698,52.325],[12.552,52.148],[12.406,51.972],[12.26,51.796],[12.113,51.621],[11.967,51.445],[11.82,51.27],[11.583,51.25],[11.417,51.083],[11.083,51.083],[4.083,44.083],[4.083,43.917],[0.25,40.083],[0.25,39.917],[-0.083,39.583],[-0.083,38.417],[-0.917,37.583],[-0.917,37.417],[-1.25,37.083],[-1.25,34.083],[-1.083,33.917],[-1.0,33.0]],"waypoints":["india_indus","aromata","lakevictoria"],"details":{"date_note":"Known only through Marinus (early 2nd c. AD) in Ptol. 1,9; the voyage is undatable within the late Hellenistic–early imperial monsoon trade. −50 is a conventional placeholder.","season":"","goods":["aromatics"],"exchange_note":"Classification: a trader's accidental landfall on the return from India, not a deliberate exploration.","route_unlocated":[]}},{"id":"voyages:13","dataset":"voyages","title":"P. Petronius","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Roman–Meroitic Nile frontier","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. ","references":["Dio.54.5.4-5","Plin.6.181f.","Str.17.1.54","Prop.4.6.78"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Source date not resolved here","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Red Sea–Indian Ocean"],"route":[[24.09,32.9],[23.332,32.914],[23.146,32.8],[23.19,32.75],[23.146,32.8],[22.672,32.418],[22.733,32.137],[22.65,31.99],[21.493,30.994],[21.399,30.97],[21.177,30.699],[20.9,30.576],[20.805,30.397],[20.616,30.317],[20.417,30.366],[20.329,30.539],[20.214,30.591],[19.967,30.575],[19.857,30.37],[19.786,30.35],[19.471,30.458],[18.794,30.511],[18.154,30.809],[18.002,31.146],[18.077,31.474],[18.223,31.642],[18.53,31.83]],"waypoints":["syene","pselkis","primis","napata"],"details":{"date_note":"","season":"","goods":[],"exchange_note":"Classification: a Roman–Meroitic Nile-frontier campaign, not Indian-Ocean monsoon trade.","route_unlocated":[]}},{"id":"voyages:14","dataset":"voyages","title":"Nero's Nile expedition","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Roman–Meroitic Nile frontier","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. ","references":["Plin.6.181","Plin.6.184f.","Plin.12.19","Dio.63.8.1"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Source date not resolved here","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Red Sea–Indian Ocean"],"route":[[24.09,32.9],[23.332,32.914],[23.082,32.744],[23.05,32.78],[21.609,31.091],[21.399,30.97],[21.177,30.699],[20.9,30.576],[20.774,30.37],[20.527,30.321],[20.358,30.422],[20.291,30.571],[20.098,30.6],[19.967,30.575],[19.857,30.37],[19.786,30.35],[19.471,30.458],[18.66,30.562],[18.154,30.809],[18.002,31.146],[18.077,31.474],[18.58,31.921],[18.606,32.005],[18.812,32.076],[18.89,32.306],[19.474,32.938],[19.503,33.138],[19.423,33.38],[19.173,33.539],[18.741,33.59],[18.662,33.675],[18.455,33.718],[18.278,33.9],[18.107,33.942],[17.55,33.925],[17.246,33.74],[16.93,33.72],[16.738,33.519],[16.508,32.929],[16.256,32.629],[16.04,32.535],[15.635,32.49],[15.6,32.53],[15.604,32.487],[14.902,32.37],[14.637,32.196],[14.465,32.172],[14.032,32.295],[13.638,32.587],[13.424,32.586],[13.004,32.796],[12.19,32.73],[11.795,32.764],[11.103,32.645],[10.51,32.106],[10.369,32.244],[10.246,32.27],[9.968,32.158],[9.562,31.64],[9.376,31.518],[9.433,31.125],[8.0,30.0]],"waypoints":["syene","hierasykaminos","meroe","sudd"],"details":{"date_note":"","season":"","goods":[],"exchange_note":"Classification: a Roman–Meroitic Nile-frontier campaign, not Indian-Ocean monsoon trade.","route_unlocated":[]}},{"id":"voyages:15","dataset":"voyages","title":"Scylax of Caryanda","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Achaemenid imperial maritime survey","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. ","references":["Hdt.4.44","Hdt.3.102","Scylax.incipit"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Source date not resolved here","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Red Sea–Indian Ocean"],"route":[[34.17,71.49],[33.757,72.038],[33.504,71.914],[33.372,71.762],[32.994,71.651],[32.838,71.425],[32.311,71.273],[31.569,70.861],[31.3,70.801],[30.92,70.829],[30.811,70.77],[30.004,70.827],[29.55,70.657],[29.353,70.702],[29.098,70.657],[28.677,70.115],[28.531,69.829],[28.246,69.535],[27.981,68.942],[27.823,68.883],[27.719,68.938],[27.678,68.826],[27.771,68.669],[27.572,68.307],[27.371,68.297],[27.342,68.194],[27.208,68.175],[26.91,67.911],[26.487,67.891],[26.302,67.926],[25.795,68.379],[25.226,68.313],[25.139,68.352],[24.979,68.245],[24.87,68.068],[24.43,67.936],[24.396,67.85],[24.104,67.659],[24.049,67.487],[24.0,67.5],[23.917,67.25],[24.917,66.25],[24.917,59.583],[24.25,58.917],[23.25,58.917],[22.417,59.75],[21.75,59.75],[20.583,58.583],[20.25,58.583],[19.917,58.25],[19.75,58.25],[19.583,58.083],[19.25,58.083],[18.917,57.75],[18.917,57.417],[17.75,56.25],[17.75,55.75],[16.917,54.917],[16.917,54.083],[16.583,53.583],[16.583,53.25],[15.417,52.083],[15.417,51.917],[15.25,51.75],[15.25,51.583],[15.083,51.417],[15.083,50.917],[14.917,50.75],[14.917,50.417],[14.75,50.25],[14.75,49.583],[14.583,49.417],[14.583,49.25],[13.917,48.583],[13.917,47.75],[13.583,47.417],[13.583,47.083],[13.417,46.917],[13.417,46.417],[13.25,46.25],[13.25,45.583],[12.79,45.02],[12.75,44.917],[12.583,44.75],[12.583,44.583],[12.417,44.417],[12.417,43.583],[13.917,42.083],[13.917,41.917],[16.25,39.583],[16.75,39.583],[16.917,39.417],[17.25,39.417],[17.75,39.083],[17.917,39.083],[19.25,37.75],[19.417,37.75],[19.583,37.583],[21.25,37.583],[21.417,37.417],[21.75,37.417],[21.917,37.25],[22.083,37.25],[23.417,35.917],[24.083,35.917],[24.583,35.583],[24.75,35.583],[25.917,34.417],[26.75,34.417],[26.917,34.25],[27.417,34.25],[28.583,33.083],[28.917,33.083],[29.25,32.75],[29.417,32.75],[29.583,32.583],[29.75,32.583],[29.97,32.55]],"waypoints":["caspapyrus","india_indus","adenport","redsea_suez"],"details":{"date_note":"","season":"","goods":[],"exchange_note":"Classification: an Achaemenid imperial reconnaissance under Darius I (Hdt. 4,44), not part of the commercial monsoon system.","route_unlocated":[]}},{"id":"voyages:16","dataset":"voyages","title":"L. Aelius Gallus","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Nabataean-controlled incense route","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. Campaign crippled by water shortage, disease and bad roads (Str. 16,4,24), not by battle.","references":["Plin.6.160","Str.2.5.12","Str.16.4.22-24"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Conventionally 26/25–25/24 BC (a two-season campaign; Strabo 16,4,22–24).","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Red Sea–Indian Ocean"],"route":[[29.97,32.55],[29.75,32.583333333333314],[29.583,32.583],[29.417,32.75],[28.917,32.75],[27.75,33.917],[27.75,35.083],[27.917,35.25],[28.1,35.2],[27.75,35.583],[27.583,35.583],[27.25,35.917],[27.083,35.917],[26.583,36.417],[26.417,36.417],[25.917,36.75],[25.75,36.75],[25.25,37.25],[24.917,37.25],[24.25,37.917],[24.25,38.083],[23.583,38.75],[23.417,38.75],[23.25,38.917],[23.083,38.917],[22.917,39.083],[22.75,39.083],[22.583,39.25],[21.25,39.25],[19.583,40.917],[19.417,40.917],[19.083,41.25],[18.75,41.25],[18.583,41.417],[18.417,41.417],[17.583,42.25],[17.583,43.583],[17.417,43.75],[17.49,44.13],[17.083,44.083],[16.417,44.75],[16.25,44.75],[15.75,45.25],[15.42,45.33],[15.75,45.25],[16.25,44.75],[16.417,44.75],[17.083,44.083],[17.49,44.13],[17.417,43.75],[17.583,43.583],[17.583,42.25],[18.417,41.417],[18.583,41.417],[18.75,41.25],[19.083,41.25],[19.417,40.917],[19.583,40.917],[21.25,39.25],[22.583,39.25],[22.75,39.083],[22.917,39.083],[23.083,38.917],[23.25,38.917],[23.417,38.75],[23.583,38.75],[23.917,38.417],[25.583,38.417],[26.083,38.083],[26.25,38.083],[26.417,37.917],[26.79,37.95],[25.917,37.083],[25.916666666666657,36.583333333333314],[25.917,34.417],[26.15,34.24]],"waypoints":["redsea_suez","leukekome","najran","marib","caripeta","najran","egra","myoshormos"],"details":{"date_note":"Conventionally 26/25–25/24 BC (a two-season campaign; Strabo 16,4,22–24).","season":"Red Sea sailing season; Arabian campaign timing. Schematic.","goods":["incense","aromatics","gems"],"exchange_note":"","route_unlocated":["caripeta"]}},{"id":"voyages:17","dataset":"voyages","title":"March of the Ten Thousand","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Achaemenid royal road","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. ","references":["Xen.An.incipit"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Source date not resolved here","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Near East–Caspian"],"route":[[38.49,28.04],[38.417,28.583],[38.25,28.75],[38.25,29.25],[38.083,29.417],[38.06,30.17],[38.083,31.583],[37.917,31.75],[37.87,32.49],[37.917,32.75],[37.75,32.917],[37.83,34.62],[37.583,34.75],[37.32,34.79],[37.083,34.917],[36.92,34.9],[36.917,36.083],[36.75,36.25],[36.47,36.23],[36.083,36.583],[36.083,37.583],[35.917,37.75],[35.917,39.583],[34.583,40.917],[34.583,41.25],[34.417,41.417],[34.417,42.083],[33.583,42.917],[33.583,43.083],[33.417,43.25],[33.417,43.75],[33.0,44.2],[33.083,44.25],[34.25,43.083],[36.36,43.15],[37.33,42.19],[37.583,41.917],[38.083,41.917],[38.25,42.083],[38.4,42.11],[38.75,41.75],[39.417,41.75],[39.9,41.27],[39.917,40.583],[40.25,40.083],[40.25,39.75],[40.64,39.39],[41.0,39.72]],"waypoints":["sardis","cunaxa","trapezus"],"details":{"date_note":"","season":"","goods":[],"exchange_note":"","route_unlocated":[]}},{"id":"voyages:18","dataset":"voyages","title":"Alexander III the Great","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Achaemenid imperial road network","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. ","references":[],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Source date not resolved here","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Near East–Caspian"],"route":[[38.49,28.04],[38.417,28.583],[38.25,28.75],[38.25,29.25],[38.083,29.417],[38.06,30.17],[38.25,30.417],[38.25,30.583],[39.65,31.99],[39.083,32.417],[39.083,32.75],[37.75,34.083],[37.75,34.25],[37.32,34.79],[37.083,34.917],[36.92,34.9],[36.917,36.083],[36.75,36.25],[36.47,36.23],[36.417,36.583],[36.25,36.75],[36.19,44.01],[34.083,44.083],[33.917,44.25],[33.25,44.25],[33.083,44.417],[32.54,44.42],[32.583,45.083],[32.25,45.417],[32.19,48.26],[30.25,50.25],[30.25,50.583],[30.083,50.75],[30.083,52.417],[29.917,52.583],[29.94,52.89],[30.25,52.917],[32.25,50.917],[32.417,50.917],[34.8,48.52],[34.75,48.75],[34.917,48.917],[34.917,52.75],[35.083,52.917],[35.083,53.25],[35.95,54.05],[35.917,54.583],[35.083,55.417],[35.083,57.75],[34.917,57.917],[34.917,58.583],[34.583,59.083],[34.583,59.583],[34.417,59.75],[34.35,62.2],[33.417,62.25],[31.583,64.083],[31.61,65.7],[31.583,66.417],[32.417,67.25],[32.417,67.417],[34.083,69.083],[34.417,69.083],[34.53,69.17],[34.583,70.25],[34.417,70.417],[34.417,70.583],[34.25,70.75],[34.25,70.917],[34.08,71.14],[34.083,72.25],[33.75,72.583],[33.74,72.83],[32.583,71.583],[30.417,71.583],[30.25,71.417],[30.083,71.417],[29.917,71.25],[29.75,71.25],[27.75,69.25],[27.25,69.25],[27.083,69.083],[25.25,69.083],[24.0,67.5]],"waypoints":["sardis","susa","india_indus"],"details":{"date_note":"","season":"","goods":[],"exchange_note":"","route_unlocated":[]}},{"id":"voyages:19","dataset":"voyages","title":"Nearchus","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Persian Gulf coasting route","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. ","references":["Arr.Ind.1.1","Arr.Ind.43.11-12"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Source date not resolved here","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Near East–Caspian"],"route":[[24.0,67.5],[23.917,67.417],[24.25,67.083],[24.25,66.917],[24.917,66.25],[24.917,59.583],[25.083,59.417],[25.083,58.75],[25.25,58.583],[25.25,58.083],[25.417,57.917],[25.417,57.417],[26.417,56.417],[26.417,53.25],[26.75,52.917],[26.75,52.75],[26.917,52.583],[26.917,52.417],[27.417,51.917],[27.417,51.75],[27.917,51.25],[28.083,51.25],[28.417,50.917],[28.583,50.917],[29.75,49.75],[29.75,48.75],[30.0,48.5]],"waypoints":["india_indus","euphratesmouth"],"details":{"date_note":"","season":"Indus→Persian Gulf with the NE monsoon, late 325 BC. Schematic.","goods":[],"exchange_note":"Classification: a naval reconnaissance up the Persian Gulf (Alexander's fleet), not Red Sea–India trade.","route_unlocated":[]}},{"id":"voyages:20","dataset":"voyages","title":"Patrocles","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Seleucid Caspian survey","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. ","references":["Plin.6.58"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Source date not resolved here","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Near East–Caspian"],"route":[[41.0,50.5],[40.97,50.579],[40.94,50.658],[40.91,50.737],[40.88,50.817],[40.85,50.895],[40.82,50.974],[40.79,51.053],[40.76,51.132],[40.73,51.211],[40.7,51.289],[40.669,51.368],[40.639,51.446],[40.608,51.524],[40.578,51.603],[40.547,51.681],[40.517,51.759],[40.486,51.837],[40.455,51.915],[40.425,51.993],[40.394,52.071],[40.363,52.149],[40.332,52.227],[40.301,52.304],[40.27,52.382],[40.239,52.459],[40.208,52.537],[40.177,52.614],[40.145,52.691],[40.114,52.769],[40.083,52.846],[40.051,52.923],[40.02,53.0],[40.083,55.25],[39.917,55.417],[40.0,61.0]],"waypoints":["caspian","caspian_shore","oxus"],"details":{"date_note":"","season":"","goods":[],"exchange_note":"","route_unlocated":[]}},{"id":"voyages:21","dataset":"voyages","title":"Megasthenes","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Seleucid–Maurya diplomatic route","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. ","references":["Arr.Anab.5.6.2","Arr.Ind.3.5-7","Str.2.1.9"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Source date not resolved here","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Near East–Caspian"],"route":[[31.61,65.7],[31.583,66.417],[32.417,67.25],[32.417,67.417],[34.083,69.083],[34.417,69.083],[34.53,69.17],[34.583,70.25],[34.417,70.417],[34.417,70.583],[34.25,70.75],[34.25,70.917],[34.08,71.14],[34.15,71.74],[34.083,72.25],[33.75,72.583],[33.74,72.83],[32.917,73.583],[32.93,73.73],[31.417,73.75],[27.49,77.67],[27.25,77.917],[27.25,78.083],[26.75,78.583],[26.75,78.917],[26.417,79.25],[26.417,79.417],[26.083,79.75],[26.083,79.917],[25.917,80.083],[25.917,80.25],[25.75,80.417],[25.75,80.75],[25.583,80.917],[25.583,81.583],[25.417,81.75],[25.44,81.85],[25.417,83.583],[25.583,83.75],[25.61,85.14]],"waypoints":["arachosia","palimbothra"],"details":{"date_note":"","season":"","goods":[],"exchange_note":"","route_unlocated":[]}},{"id":"voyages:22","dataset":"voyages","title":"Daimachus of Plataeae","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Seleucid–Maurya diplomatic route","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. ","references":["Str.2.1.9"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Source date not resolved here","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Near East–Caspian"],"route":[[25.61,85.14]],"waypoints":["palimbothra"],"details":{"date_note":"","season":"","goods":[],"exchange_note":"","route_unlocated":[]}},{"id":"voyages:23","dataset":"voyages","title":"Maes Titianus","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Established Silk-Road relay (mercatoribus pervium, Amm. 23,6,60)","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. ","references":["Amm.23.6.60","Ptol.1.11-12","Ptol.6.13"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Dated only through Marinus (writing early 2nd c. AD); Maes' agents travelled c. AD 70–110. The flat ‘AD 100’ is a midpoint.","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Silk Road"],"route":[[36.46,37.93],[35.917,38.417],[35.917,39.583],[34.75,40.73],[34.583,40.917],[34.583,41.25],[34.417,41.417],[34.417,42.083],[33.583,42.917],[33.583,43.083],[33.417,43.25],[33.417,44.083],[33.083,44.417],[33.09,44.52],[34.083,45.583],[34.083,46.75],[34.25,46.917],[34.31,47.07],[34.25,47.25],[34.39,47.44],[34.417,47.917],[34.583,48.083],[34.583,48.25],[34.75,48.417],[34.8,48.52],[34.75,48.75],[34.917,48.917],[34.917,50.583],[35.417,51.083],[35.417,51.25],[35.59,51.43],[35.083,51.917],[35.083,53.25],[35.95,54.05],[35.917,55.75],[36.917,56.75],[36.917,57.083],[37.75,57.917],[37.75,58.083],[37.96,58.2],[37.917,59.75],[36.54,61.16],[37.583,62.083],[37.66,62.19],[37.583,65.083],[37.417,65.25],[37.417,65.917],[37.25,66.083],[37.3,66.24],[37.083,66.417],[37.083,66.583],[36.76,66.9],[36.917,67.083],[36.917,70.083],[37.083,70.25],[37.083,71.25],[36.72,71.61],[36.75,71.917],[36.917,72.083],[36.917,73.083],[37.25,73.417],[37.2,73.6],[37.25,74.25],[37.1,74.48],[37.083,74.583],[37.78,75.23],[37.75,75.583],[38.25,76.083],[38.417,76.083],[38.583,76.25],[39.083,76.25],[39.47,75.99],[39.417,77.75],[39.583,77.917],[39.583,78.75],[41.083,80.25],[41.17,80.26],[41.25,82.417],[41.72,82.96],[41.583,83.083],[41.583,86.25],[41.917,86.583],[41.917,87.583],[42.083,87.75],[42.083,87.917],[42.417,88.25],[42.417,88.417],[42.917,88.917],[42.95,89.18],[42.917,89.583],[42.75,89.75],[42.83,93.51],[41.417,93.583],[40.917,94.083],[40.75,94.083],[40.25,94.583],[40.14,94.66],[40.417,94.917],[40.417,97.917],[39.917,98.417],[39.74,98.49],[39.75,99.417],[39.583,99.583],[39.583,99.75],[38.93,100.45],[38.917,100.583],[38.75,100.75],[38.75,101.417],[38.417,101.917],[38.417,102.25],[38.083,102.583],[37.93,102.63],[37.917,102.75],[37.75,102.917],[37.417,102.917],[36.75,103.583],[36.25,103.583],[36.06,103.79],[36.083,104.083],[34.75,105.417],[34.75,105.583],[34.583,105.75],[34.583,106.417],[34.417,106.583],[34.417,107.917],[34.25,108.083],[34.27,108.95],[34.75,109.417],[34.75,111.583],[34.583,111.75],[34.62,112.45]],"waypoints":["hierapolis","duraeuropus","hecatompylus","merv","baktra","wakhan","stonetower","kashgar","kucha","turfan","dunhuang","jiuquan","sera"],"details":{"date_note":"Dated only through Marinus (writing early 2nd c. AD); Maes' agents travelled c. AD 70–110. The flat ‘AD 100’ is a midpoint.","season":"","goods":["silk"],"exchange_note":"Corridor disputed: this Stone Tower→Sera leg follows the northern Tarim rim (Kashgar–Kucha–Turfan–Dunhuang); the southern rim (Yarkand–Khotan–Niya–Miran) is at least as likely for a Tashkurgan hinge. Sera = Luoyang or Chang'an (disputed).","route_unlocated":[]}},{"id":"voyages:24","dataset":"voyages","title":"Cn. Iulius Agricola (fleet round Britain)","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Roman Britain's northern frontier; the fleet's circuit turns the island into affirmed knowledge (adfirmavit insulam esse Britanniam, Agr. 10). Tacitus reports a prior, involuntary circuit in the preceding season — the mutinous Usipi cohort, circumvecti Britanniam (Agr. 28) — whose report survives only because the survivors were captured and sold on; so tunc primum is the fleet's own claim, not the year's only rounding.","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. The northern limit is set by the season and by the order, in that order: dispecta est et Thule, quia hactenus iussum et hiems adpetebat (Agr. 10). Winter closes the sailing year, so the furthest land is seen and not approached — the record's terminus is a sighting. Tacitus adds the sea itself as a second constraint, sluggish and heavy to the oar (mare pigrum et grave remigantibus), and reports it does not rise and fall like other seas but works through the land like a current (Agr. 10) — an ecological explanation offered for why this ocean resists the fleet that has just proved the island's shape.","references":["Tac.Agr.10","Tac.Agr.38","Tac.Agr.28"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Governorship 77–83 or 78–84. Tacitus counts seven campaigning seasons from a mid-summer arrival (media iam aestate transgressus, Agr. 18; septimus annus est, Agr. 33), so the start year fixes the end and the debate is only over which start: 77 gives a last season of 83, 78 gives 84 — no scheme ends in 85, and the older '77/78–84/85' pairing was arithmetically impossible. The circumnavigation belongs to the last of the seven, after Mons Graupius; the record takes the later scheme, while this project's own Atlantic packet gives the operations as 83–84. The circuit itself (Agr. 10 & 38) is the knowledge-event: adfirmavit insulam esse Britanniam.","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Mediterranean–Atlantic"],"route":[[58.98,-2.96]],"waypoints":["trucculensis","orkneys"],"details":{"date_note":"Governorship 77–83 or 78–84. Tacitus counts seven campaigning seasons from a mid-summer arrival (media iam aestate transgressus, Agr. 18; septimus annus est, Agr. 33), so the start year fixes the end and the debate is only over which start: 77 gives a last season of 83, 78 gives 84 — no scheme ends in 85, and the older '77/78–84/85' pairing was arithmetically impossible. The circumnavigation belongs to the last of the seven, after Mons Graupius; the record takes the later scheme, while this project's own Atlantic packet gives the operations as 83–84. The circuit itself (Agr. 10 & 38) is the knowledge-event: adfirmavit insulam esse Britanniam.","season":"","goods":[],"exchange_note":"Route schema: the attested event is a circuit of the whole island, which no polyline here reproduces. The fleet's own base and terminus, the portus Trucculensis (Agr. 38), is unidentified and is therefore carried unlocated rather than pinned; what is drawn is the one securely-located point the chapter names, the Orcades. The borrowed Kantion start was removed 2026-08-11 — it was Pytheas' landfall and asserted a Kentish departure no passage supports.","route_unlocated":["trucculensis"]}},{"id":"voyages:25","dataset":"voyages","title":"Roman Germania probes (Drusus to Tiberius)","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Rhine–North Sea naval corridor of the Augustan advance (RG 26)","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. Germania's environment is the stated limit of the probes: the Ocean resisted inquiry into itself (obstitit Oceanus in se … inquiri, Germ. 34), and the land war foundered in forests and marshes (the silvae and paludes of Tacitus' Germania and the Teutoburg narratives; Germanicus' North Sea fleet was storm-wrecked, Ann. 2,23–24, cited not quoted). The probes end at a verdict rather than at a furthest point: mox nemo temptavit.","references":["RG.26","Tac.Germ.34","Vell.2.106"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Two-phase conflation in one corridor record: Drusus enters the Ocean in 12 BC (the event Tac. Germ. 34 records; Germ. 34 itself carries no date — the year comes from the campaign chronology); the fleet reaches the Elbe mouth and the fines Cimbrorum in AD 5 (RG 26, contemporary and documentary; cf. Vell. 2,106). AD 5 is used as the record's year. After Teutoburg (AD 9) and Germanicus' storm-wrecked fleets (Tac. Ann. 2,23–24, cited not quoted), the attempt closes: mox nemo temptavit (Germ. 34).","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Mediterranean–Atlantic"],"route":[[51.98,4.13],[51.917,4.25],[52.583,4.917],[52.583,5.083],[52.75,5.25],[52.75,5.583],[53.25,6.083],[53.25,6.917],[53.75,7.417],[53.75,8.417],[53.917,8.583],[53.88,9.13],[54.417,8.583],[55.083,8.583],[55.583,8.083],[56.75,8.083],[57.25,8.583],[57.25,9.417],[57.583,9.75],[57.583,9.917],[57.75,10.083],[57.73,10.59]],"waypoints":["rhine","elbe","cimbrian_cape"],"details":{"date_note":"Two-phase conflation in one corridor record: Drusus enters the Ocean in 12 BC (the event Tac. Germ. 34 records; Germ. 34 itself carries no date — the year comes from the campaign chronology); the fleet reaches the Elbe mouth and the fines Cimbrorum in AD 5 (RG 26, contemporary and documentary; cf. Vell. 2,106). AD 5 is used as the record's year. After Teutoburg (AD 9) and Germanicus' storm-wrecked fleets (Tac. Ann. 2,23–24, cited not quoted), the attempt closes: mox nemo temptavit (Germ. 34).","season":"","goods":[],"exchange_note":"","route_unlocated":[]}},{"id":"voyages:29","dataset":"voyages","title":"Nero's amber expedition (eques R. missus)","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"The Danube–Baltic amber road, travelled end to end for a single commission (NH 37,45); the route existed as trade before the journey, and what was new was a Roman going the length of it and reporting back.","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. No environmental obstacle is reported at all, which is itself the finding: the knight travelled commercia ea et litora and came home with amber by the cartload (NH 37,45). The road was in working order and the constraint was distance, given by Pliny as a stated reckoning of about 600 miles from Carnuntum, not as terrain survived.","references":["Plin.37.45"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"AD 63 is a conventional placement inside Nero's reign, NOT an attested date: Pliny fixes the journey only by Julianus' management of a Neronian gladiatorial munus and by percognitum nuper ('recently ascertained'), writing in the 70s. Treat the year as an ordering device.","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Mediterranean–Atlantic"],"route":[[48.11,16.86],[48.583,16.917],[49.75,18.083],[52.083,18.083],[52.417,18.417],[52.583,18.417],[52.917,18.75],[53.083,18.75],[54.9,20.5]],"waypoints":["carnuntum","amber_coast"],"details":{"date_note":"AD 63 is a conventional placement inside Nero's reign, NOT an attested date: Pliny fixes the journey only by Julianus' management of a Neronian gladiatorial munus and by percognitum nuper ('recently ascertained'), writing in the 70s. Treat the year as an ordering device.","season":"","goods":["amber"],"exchange_note":"Route schema: Pliny gives a reckoning (DC M p. fere a Carnunto) and a destination region, not an itinerary. The drawn line is the Danube–Baltic corridor between his two stated ends; no intermediate station is attested, and the German terminus is a coast, not a landfall.","route_unlocated":[]}},{"id":"voyages:26","dataset":"voyages","title":"Zhang Qian 張騫 (mission to the Yuezhi)","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Xiongnu-contested steppe corridor; in Daxia's markets Zhang found Shu cloth and Qiong bamboo already arriving via Shendu (Shiji 123) — the exchange network preceded the mission","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. The binding constraint is political, not physical: both outbound and return legs pass through Xiongnu-held country and both end in capture (十餘歲 the first time, 歲餘 the second — Shiji 123). The return deliberately hugs the Nan Shan (并南山) through Qiang country to avoid the steppe, and fails anyway. Of 100+ starters, two return. The drawn line is schematic: the outbound Xiongnu detention (a decade somewhere in Xiongnu territory — the Shiji does not localize it) is not routable as a path.","references":["Shiji.123.mission","Shiji.123.escape","Shiji.123.return","Shiji.123.report","Shiji.123.shubu","Shiji.123.sidao"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"Departure 138 BC (建元中); c. ten years' Xiongnu detention; Dayuan–Kangju–Yuezhi–Daxia reached c. 129–128 BC; return to Chang'an 126 BC after a second, year-long detention (去十三歲, Shiji 123). −128 (the furthest point) is used as the record's year. The Shiji's own chronology is relative; absolute dates are the standard modern reconstruction.","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Silk Road"],"route":[[34.3,108.86],[34.25,108.083],[34.417,107.917],[34.417,106.583],[34.583,106.417],[34.583,105.75],[34.917,105.25],[35.0,104.63],[35.583,104.583],[36.417,103.75],[36.583,103.75],[37.417,102.917],[37.75,102.917],[37.917,102.75],[37.93,102.63],[38.083,102.583],[38.417,102.25],[38.417,101.917],[38.75,101.417],[38.75,100.75],[38.917,100.583],[38.93,100.45],[39.583,99.75],[39.583,99.583],[40.083,99.083],[40.083,98.75],[40.25,98.583],[40.25,98.083],[40.417,97.917],[40.417,94.917],[40.14,94.66],[40.25,94.583],[40.75,94.083],[40.917,94.083],[41.417,93.583],[42.83,93.51],[42.75,89.75],[42.917,89.583],[42.95,89.18],[42.917,88.583],[43.583,87.917],[43.583,87.75],[44.75,86.583],[44.75,82.083],[43.9,81.3],[43.917,79.583],[42.583,78.25],[42.583,77.917],[42.417,77.75],[42.48,76.18],[42.417,75.917],[42.25,75.75],[42.25,75.417],[41.75,74.917],[41.75,74.75],[41.27,74.2],[41.083,74.083],[41.083,73.75],[40.75,73.417],[40.75,72.083],[40.39,71.78],[40.583,71.583],[40.583,70.417],[40.917,69.917],[40.917,69.583],[42.25,68.25],[42.9,68.3],[42.25,68.25],[41.3,69.27],[40.917,68.917],[40.917,68.583],[40.25,67.917],[40.25,67.75],[38.6,66.0],[38.75,66.083],[37.583,66.083],[36.76,66.9],[36.917,66.917],[37.22,67.28],[37.083,67.417],[37.083,71.25],[36.72,71.61],[36.75,71.917],[36.917,72.083],[36.917,74.25],[37.1,74.48],[37.083,74.583],[37.78,75.23],[37.75,75.75],[37.917,75.917],[37.917,76.75],[38.42,77.24],[38.417,78.583],[37.11,79.92],[37.07,82.68],[38.083,83.75],[38.14,85.53],[38.583,86.083],[38.583,86.25],[38.75,86.417],[38.75,86.75],[38.917,86.917],[38.917,87.25],[39.083,87.417],[39.02,88.17],[39.417,88.583],[39.417,89.75],[38.417,90.75],[38.25,90.8],[38.25,92.583],[38.083,92.75],[38.083,92.917],[37.417,93.583],[37.417,93.917],[37.083,94.25],[37.083,94.75],[36.917,94.917],[36.98,98.48],[36.75,98.583],[36.75,99.083],[36.583,99.25],[36.56,100.75],[36.583,102.083],[36.417,102.25],[36.417,102.917],[36.25,103.083],[36.25,103.583],[36.06,103.79],[35.917,103.75],[35.083,104.583],[35.0,104.63],[34.917,105.25],[34.583,105.75],[34.583,106.417],[34.417,106.583],[34.417,107.917],[34.25,108.083],[34.3,108.86]],"waypoints":["changan","longxi","dayuan","kangju","yuezhi_court","baktra","longxi","changan"],"details":{"date_note":"Departure 138 BC (建元中); c. ten years' Xiongnu detention; Dayuan–Kangju–Yuezhi–Daxia reached c. 129–128 BC; return to Chang'an 126 BC after a second, year-long detention (去十三歲, Shiji 123). −128 (the furthest point) is used as the record's year. The Shiji's own chronology is relative; absolute dates are the standard modern reconstruction.","season":"","goods":[],"exchange_note":"Classification: a Han diplomatic reconnaissance seeking a Yuezhi alliance against the Xiongnu (Shiji 123) — not a trade venture. The 'Silk Road' system label is retrospective: Zhang's report documents the corridor's prehistory, and its Shu-cloth notice shows exchange already running before any Han mission. The record is also the reader's first non-Greco-Latin witness: the source text is Classical Chinese, read on its own evidential frame (身所至 autopsy vs 傳聞 hearsay). Mapping note: Daxia 大夏 is drawn at the Baktra pin — the identification of its seat 藍市城 with Balkh is a convention resting on Hanshu 96, not given by Shiji 123.","route_unlocated":[]}},{"id":"voyages:27","dataset":"voyages","title":"Qin maritime search for the three spirit-mountains (Xu Fu 徐市)","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Eastern seaboard of the new empire; the search continues a Warring-States Qi–Yan coastal tradition (Shiji 28)","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. The constraint is stated as the sea itself and is never overcome: every crew met offshore explained itself by the wind — 船交海中，皆以風為解，曰未能至，望見之焉 (Shiji 28). The target is placed 在勃海中 and reached by no one in the record. Nothing beyond the attested coastal embarkation points is drawn, because the sources give a search with no landfall.","references":["Shiji.6.xufu","Shiji.28.sanshen","Shiji.28.feng"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"219 BC = Qin Shihuang's 28th year, the dated commission of Shiji 6 (printed p. 247). The record is a PROGRAMME, not one voyage: Shiji 28 (p. 1370) gives repeated progresses over roughly a decade — Langye the following year, Jieshi three years later, Huiji five years after that — ending at the emperor's death. The year marks the commission only.","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Silk Road"],"route":[[35.09,119.32],[34.917,119.083],[34.91666666666666,119.25],[34.917,119.583],[35.417,120.083],[35.417,120.25],[35.583,120.417],[35.583,120.583],[35.75,120.75],[35.75,120.917],[36.25,121.417],[36.25,121.583],[36.417,121.75],[36.417,122.083],[36.917,122.583],[37.083,122.583],[37.25,122.75],[37.583,122.417],[37.583,121.75],[38.25,121.083],[38.417,121.25],[38.75,121.25],[38.917,121.083],[39.917,121.083],[40.083,120.917],[40.083,120.25],[39.75,119.75],[39.75,119.583],[39.583,119.417],[39.8,119.3],[39.583333333333314,119.41666666666663],[39.583,119.917],[39.75,120.083],[39.75,120.25],[39.917,120.417],[39.917,120.75],[40.083,120.917],[39.917,121.083],[38.583,121.083],[38.417,121.25],[38.25,121.083],[37.917,121.583],[37.917,122.083],[37.25,122.75],[37.083,122.75],[36.75,122.417],[36.75,121.75],[36.583,121.583],[36.583,121.25],[35.25,119.917],[35.083,119.917],[34.917,119.75],[34.75,119.75],[34.25,120.25],[34.083,120.25],[33.75,120.583],[33.417,120.583],[33.083,120.917],[32.917,120.917],[31.917,121.917],[30.917,121.917],[30.75,121.75],[30.75,121.417],[30.25,120.917],[30.083,120.75],[30.0,120.57]],"waypoints":["langye","jieshi","huiji","sanshenshan"],"details":{"date_note":"219 BC = Qin Shihuang's 28th year, the dated commission of Shiji 6 (printed p. 247). The record is a PROGRAMME, not one voyage: Shiji 28 (p. 1370) gives repeated progresses over roughly a decade — Langye the following year, Jieshi three years later, Huiji five years after that — ending at the emperor's death. The year marks the commission only.","season":"","goods":[],"exchange_note":"","route_unlocated":["sanshenshan"]}},{"id":"voyages:28","dataset":"voyages","title":"Han southwestern probes (four columns out of Shu)","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"No defensible point imported","evidence":"reported voyage / editorial route","summary":"Southwestern approaches from Shu toward Shendu/Daxia; the corridor Zhang Qian's Shu-cloth notice implied","limit":"The line is an editorial itinerary, not an observed ancient track. Blocking is political and topographic together: 其北方閉氐、笮，南方閉巂、昆明, and the Kunming polities 善寇盜，輒殺略漢使，終莫得通 (Shiji 123). Each of the four columns is reported to have covered only 一二千里 before stopping; none reached a named terminus, so no column is drawn as a completed traverse.","references":["Shiji.123.shubu","Shiji.123.sidao"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"c. 122 BC is a conventional placement, NOT an attested date: Shiji 123 gives the dispatch as consequent on Zhang Qian's return report without a year. Treat the year as an ordering device tied to record #26, and note the programme had been begun, abandoned for cost, and revived.","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the voyage and its source","url":"/explorers/reader.html"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["routes","Silk Road"],"route":[[30.66,104.07],[29.2,104.07],[27.583,104.083],[27.25,103.75],[25.917,103.75],[24.88,102.83]],"waypoints":["shu","jianwei","kunmingdian","dianyue"],"details":{"date_note":"c. 122 BC is a conventional placement, NOT an attested date: Shiji 123 gives the dispatch as consequent on Zhang Qian's return report without a year. Treat the year as an ordering device tied to record #26, and note the programme had been begun, abandoned for cost, and revived.","season":"","goods":[],"exchange_note":"","route_unlocated":["dianyue"]}},{"id":"periplus:0","dataset":"periplus","title":"Myos Hormos","coordinates":[34.244,26.1566],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer orientation: Myos Hormos?","evidence":"ancient itinerary / gazetteer alignment","summary":"Selected place in the Periplus Maris Erythraei itinerary.","limit":"This selected itinerary is not an exhaustive harbour inventory. Gazetteer alignment does not verify every reported feature.","references":["Peripl. M. Rubr. §1"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the Periplus itinerary","url":"/periplus/periplus-itinerary.html"},{"label":"Open Pleiades identification","url":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/786069"}],"pleiades":"786069","topics":["Red Sea","Indian Ocean","itinerary"]},{"id":"periplus:1","dataset":"periplus","title":"Berenike","coordinates":[35.4748,23.9106],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer orientation: Berenice/Berenike","evidence":"ancient itinerary / gazetteer alignment","summary":"Selected place in the Periplus Maris Erythraei itinerary.","limit":"This selected itinerary is not an exhaustive harbour inventory. Gazetteer alignment does not verify every reported feature.","references":["Peripl. M. Rubr. §1"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the Periplus itinerary","url":"/periplus/periplus-itinerary.html"},{"label":"Open Pleiades identification","url":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/785986"}],"pleiades":"785986","topics":["Red Sea","Indian Ocean","itinerary"]},{"id":"periplus:2","dataset":"periplus","title":"Ptolemais Theron","coordinates":[37.8854,18.5826],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer orientation: Ptolemais Theron","evidence":"ancient itinerary / gazetteer alignment","summary":"Selected place in the Periplus Maris Erythraei itinerary.","limit":"This selected itinerary is not an exhaustive harbour inventory. Gazetteer alignment does not verify every reported feature.","references":["Peripl. M. Rubr. §3"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the Periplus itinerary","url":"/periplus/periplus-itinerary.html"},{"label":"Open Pleiades identification","url":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/39409"}],"pleiades":"39409","topics":["Red Sea","Indian Ocean","itinerary"]},{"id":"periplus:3","dataset":"periplus","title":"Adulis","coordinates":[39.66,15.26],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer orientation: Adulis","evidence":"ancient itinerary / gazetteer alignment","summary":"Selected place in the Periplus Maris Erythraei itinerary.","limit":"This selected itinerary is not an exhaustive harbour inventory. Gazetteer alignment does not verify every reported feature.","references":["Peripl. M. Rubr. §4"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the Periplus itinerary","url":"/periplus/periplus-itinerary.html"},{"label":"Open Pleiades identification","url":null}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["Red Sea","Indian Ocean","itinerary"]},{"id":"periplus:4","dataset":"periplus","title":"Avalites","coordinates":[43.49,11.36],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer orientation: Avalites","evidence":"ancient itinerary / gazetteer alignment","summary":"Selected place in the Periplus Maris Erythraei itinerary.","limit":"This selected itinerary is not an exhaustive harbour inventory. Gazetteer alignment does not verify every reported feature.","references":["Peripl. M. Rubr. §7"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the Periplus itinerary","url":"/periplus/periplus-itinerary.html"},{"label":"Open Pleiades identification","url":null}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["Red Sea","Indian Ocean","itinerary"]},{"id":"periplus:5","dataset":"periplus","title":"Malao","coordinates":[45.0131,10.4203],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer orientation: Malao","evidence":"ancient itinerary / gazetteer alignment","summary":"Selected place in the Periplus Maris Erythraei itinerary.","limit":"This selected itinerary is not an exhaustive harbour inventory. Gazetteer alignment does not verify every reported feature.","references":["Peripl. M. Rubr. §8"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the Periplus itinerary","url":"/periplus/periplus-itinerary.html"},{"label":"Open Pleiades identification","url":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/39375"}],"pleiades":"39375","topics":["Red Sea","Indian Ocean","itinerary"]},{"id":"periplus:6","dataset":"periplus","title":"Mosyllon","coordinates":[49.18,11.28],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer orientation: Mosyllon","evidence":"ancient itinerary / gazetteer alignment","summary":"Selected place in the Periplus Maris Erythraei itinerary.","limit":"This selected itinerary is not an exhaustive harbour inventory. Gazetteer alignment does not verify every reported feature.","references":["Peripl. M. Rubr. §10"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the Periplus itinerary","url":"/periplus/periplus-itinerary.html"},{"label":"Open Pleiades identification","url":null}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["Red Sea","Indian Ocean","itinerary"]},{"id":"periplus:7","dataset":"periplus","title":"Opone","coordinates":[51.2761,10.4161],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer orientation: Opone","evidence":"ancient itinerary / gazetteer alignment","summary":"Selected place in the Periplus Maris Erythraei itinerary.","limit":"This selected itinerary is not an exhaustive harbour inventory. Gazetteer alignment does not verify every reported feature.","references":["Peripl. M. Rubr. §13"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the Periplus itinerary","url":"/periplus/periplus-itinerary.html"},{"label":"Open Pleiades identification","url":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/39403"}],"pleiades":"39403","topics":["Red Sea","Indian Ocean","itinerary"]},{"id":"periplus:8","dataset":"periplus","title":"Rhapta","coordinates":[39.6268,-7.803],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer orientation: Rhapta","evidence":"ancient itinerary / gazetteer alignment","summary":"Selected place in the Periplus Maris Erythraei itinerary.","limit":"This selected itinerary is not an exhaustive harbour inventory. Gazetteer alignment does not verify every reported feature.","references":["Peripl. M. Rubr. §16"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the Periplus itinerary","url":"/periplus/periplus-itinerary.html"},{"label":"Open Pleiades identification","url":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/39414"}],"pleiades":"39414","topics":["Red Sea","Indian Ocean","itinerary"]},{"id":"periplus:9","dataset":"periplus","title":"Muza","coordinates":[43.25,13.32],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer orientation: Muza","evidence":"ancient itinerary / gazetteer alignment","summary":"Selected place in the Periplus Maris Erythraei itinerary.","limit":"This selected itinerary is not an exhaustive harbour inventory. Gazetteer alignment does not verify every reported feature.","references":["Peripl. M. Rubr. §24"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the Periplus itinerary","url":"/periplus/periplus-itinerary.html"},{"label":"Open Pleiades identification","url":null}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["Red Sea","Indian Ocean","itinerary"]},{"id":"periplus:10","dataset":"periplus","title":"Okelis","coordinates":[43.4791,12.7138],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer orientation: Akila/Okelis","evidence":"ancient itinerary / gazetteer alignment","summary":"Selected place in the Periplus Maris Erythraei itinerary.","limit":"This selected itinerary is not an exhaustive harbour inventory. Gazetteer alignment does not verify every reported feature.","references":["Peripl. M. Rubr. §25"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the Periplus itinerary","url":"/periplus/periplus-itinerary.html"},{"label":"Open Pleiades identification","url":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/39279"}],"pleiades":"39279","topics":["Red Sea","Indian Ocean","itinerary"]},{"id":"periplus:11","dataset":"periplus","title":"Eudaimon Arabia (Aden)","coordinates":[45.0389,12.7717],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer orientation: Adane/Athenae/Eudaimon Arabia","evidence":"ancient itinerary / gazetteer alignment","summary":"Selected place in the Periplus Maris Erythraei itinerary.","limit":"This selected itinerary is not an exhaustive harbour inventory. Gazetteer alignment does not verify every reported feature.","references":["Peripl. M. Rubr. §26"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the Periplus itinerary","url":"/periplus/periplus-itinerary.html"},{"label":"Open Pleiades identification","url":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/39269"}],"pleiades":"39269","topics":["Red Sea","Indian Ocean","itinerary"]},{"id":"periplus:12","dataset":"periplus","title":"Kane","coordinates":[47.5,12.5],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer orientation: Kane","evidence":"ancient itinerary / gazetteer alignment","summary":"Selected place in the Periplus Maris Erythraei itinerary.","limit":"This selected itinerary is not an exhaustive harbour inventory. Gazetteer alignment does not verify every reported feature.","references":["Peripl. M. Rubr. §27"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the Periplus itinerary","url":"/periplus/periplus-itinerary.html"},{"label":"Open Pleiades identification","url":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/39355"}],"pleiades":"39355","topics":["Red Sea","Indian Ocean","itinerary"]},{"id":"periplus:13","dataset":"periplus","title":"Moscha Limen","coordinates":[54.43,17.04],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer orientation: Moscha Limen","evidence":"ancient itinerary / gazetteer alignment","summary":"Selected place in the Periplus Maris Erythraei itinerary.","limit":"This selected itinerary is not an exhaustive harbour inventory. Gazetteer alignment does not verify every reported feature.","references":["Peripl. M. Rubr. §32"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the Periplus itinerary","url":"/periplus/periplus-itinerary.html"},{"label":"Open Pleiades identification","url":null}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["Red Sea","Indian Ocean","itinerary"]},{"id":"periplus:14","dataset":"periplus","title":"Omana","coordinates":[55.6261,25.5222],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer orientation: Omana?","evidence":"ancient itinerary / gazetteer alignment","summary":"Selected place in the Periplus Maris Erythraei itinerary.","limit":"This selected itinerary is not an exhaustive harbour inventory. Gazetteer alignment does not verify every reported feature.","references":["Peripl. M. Rubr. §36"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the Periplus itinerary","url":"/periplus/periplus-itinerary.html"},{"label":"Open Pleiades identification","url":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/932474"}],"pleiades":"932474","topics":["Red Sea","Indian Ocean","itinerary"]},{"id":"periplus:15","dataset":"periplus","title":"Apologos","coordinates":[47.8332,30.5217],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer orientation: Apologos/[al-Ubulla]","evidence":"ancient itinerary / gazetteer alignment","summary":"Selected place in the Periplus Maris Erythraei itinerary.","limit":"This selected itinerary is not an exhaustive harbour inventory. Gazetteer alignment does not verify every reported feature.","references":["Peripl. M. Rubr. §35"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the Periplus itinerary","url":"/periplus/periplus-itinerary.html"},{"label":"Open Pleiades identification","url":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/912807"}],"pleiades":"912807","topics":["Red Sea","Indian Ocean","itinerary"]},{"id":"periplus:16","dataset":"periplus","title":"Barbarikon","coordinates":[69.0215,24.9241],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer orientation: Barbarikon","evidence":"ancient itinerary / gazetteer alignment","summary":"Selected place in the Periplus Maris Erythraei itinerary.","limit":"This selected itinerary is not an exhaustive harbour inventory. Gazetteer alignment does not verify every reported feature.","references":["Peripl. M. Rubr. §38"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the Periplus itinerary","url":"/periplus/periplus-itinerary.html"},{"label":"Open Pleiades identification","url":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/59734"}],"pleiades":"59734","topics":["Red Sea","Indian Ocean","itinerary"]},{"id":"periplus:17","dataset":"periplus","title":"Barygaza","coordinates":[72.9831,21.7008],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer orientation: Barygaza","evidence":"ancient itinerary / gazetteer alignment","summary":"Selected place in the Periplus Maris Erythraei itinerary.","limit":"This selected itinerary is not an exhaustive harbour inventory. Gazetteer alignment does not verify every reported feature.","references":["Peripl. M. Rubr. §41"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the Periplus itinerary","url":"/periplus/periplus-itinerary.html"},{"label":"Open Pleiades identification","url":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/59737"}],"pleiades":"59737","topics":["Red Sea","Indian Ocean","itinerary"]},{"id":"periplus:18","dataset":"periplus","title":"Muziris","coordinates":[76.2131,10.154],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer orientation: Muziris","evidence":"ancient itinerary / gazetteer alignment","summary":"Selected place in the Periplus Maris Erythraei itinerary.","limit":"This selected itinerary is not an exhaustive harbour inventory. Gazetteer alignment does not verify every reported feature.","references":["Peripl. M. Rubr. §54"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the Periplus itinerary","url":"/periplus/periplus-itinerary.html"},{"label":"Open Pleiades identification","url":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/50146"}],"pleiades":"50146","topics":["Red Sea","Indian Ocean","itinerary"]},{"id":"periplus:19","dataset":"periplus","title":"Nelkynda","coordinates":[76.5588,9.2726],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer orientation: Nelkynda","evidence":"ancient itinerary / gazetteer alignment","summary":"Selected place in the Periplus Maris Erythraei itinerary.","limit":"This selected itinerary is not an exhaustive harbour inventory. Gazetteer alignment does not verify every reported feature.","references":["Peripl. M. Rubr. §54"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the Periplus itinerary","url":"/periplus/periplus-itinerary.html"},{"label":"Open Pleiades identification","url":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/50165"}],"pleiades":"50165","topics":["Red Sea","Indian Ocean","itinerary"]},{"id":"periplus:20","dataset":"periplus","title":"Komarei","coordinates":[77.55,8.08],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer orientation: Komarei","evidence":"ancient itinerary / gazetteer alignment","summary":"Selected place in the Periplus Maris Erythraei itinerary.","limit":"This selected itinerary is not an exhaustive harbour inventory. Gazetteer alignment does not verify every reported feature.","references":["Peripl. M. Rubr. §58"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the Periplus itinerary","url":"/periplus/periplus-itinerary.html"},{"label":"Open Pleiades identification","url":null}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["Red Sea","Indian Ocean","itinerary"]},{"id":"periplus:21","dataset":"periplus","title":"Argaru","coordinates":[79.1,9.93],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer orientation: Argaru","evidence":"ancient itinerary / gazetteer alignment","summary":"Selected place in the Periplus Maris Erythraei itinerary.","limit":"This selected itinerary is not an exhaustive harbour inventory. Gazetteer alignment does not verify every reported feature.","references":["Peripl. M. Rubr. §59"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the Periplus itinerary","url":"/periplus/periplus-itinerary.html"},{"label":"Open Pleiades identification","url":null}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["Red Sea","Indian Ocean","itinerary"]},{"id":"periplus:22","dataset":"periplus","title":"Ganges emporion","coordinates":[83.7799,25.9323],"geometry_role":"Gazetteer orientation: Ganges (river)","evidence":"ancient itinerary / gazetteer alignment","summary":"Selected place in the Periplus Maris Erythraei itinerary.","limit":"This selected itinerary is not an exhaustive harbour inventory. Gazetteer alignment does not verify every reported feature.","references":["Peripl. M. Rubr. §63"],"time":{"kind":"context","label":"No date band imported","bands":[]},"links":[{"label":"Read the Periplus itinerary","url":"/periplus/periplus-itinerary.html"},{"label":"Open Pleiades identification","url":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/59822"}],"pleiades":"59822","topics":["Red Sea","Indian Ocean","itinerary"]},{"id":"production:alburnus-maior","dataset":"production","title":"Alburnus Maior","coordinates":[23.128,46.305],"geometry_role":"modern Roșia Montană (approximate); approximate","evidence":"production dossier / source coding","summary":"GENUS: qualifies as a bounded fiscal-legal production enclave (convergence 1/2/1 - all axes >= 1). SPECIES: a Vipasca-adjacent gold district whose distinctive signature is a strongly monetized, contractual, FREE-waged in-situ life (the tabulae ceratae) inside a fisc-run metallum - dirigiste in direction but only partially documented as such (no lex), state-fiscal-revenue-oriented, mixed labour tilting free/waged with NO attested penal limb, and capital drawn by wages + population transfer rather than any liberalitas act. It shows the free-wage/monetized side of the metallum type more clearly than Vipasca, while lacking Vipasca's directly-attested differential law, service monopolies, and penal coercion.","limit":"Imported dossier coding, not a new verification of all underlying scholarship. Date bands describe the source dossier, not uninterrupted operation.","references":["Tabulae ceratae Dacicae, three locatio-conductio work contracts: IDR I 40-42 = CIL III pp. 948-949 (nos. IX, X, XI; IDR I 43 is a separate loan/deposit, not a work contract - P5 corr. per EDCS)","Tabulae ceratae Dacicae corpus: 25 wooden wax tablets found near Alburnus Maior/Roșia Montană 1786-1855; loans, deposits, slave-sales, house-sales, a collegium funeraticium (IDR I 31 = CIL III pp. 924-927); loan tablets IDR I 33 = CIL III pp. 930-932 etc.","M. Aurelius Maximus, legulus auri, votive inscription CIL III 1260 = IDR III/3, 390 (Alburnus Maior); leguli aurariarum honouring Annia Lucilla at Ampelum AD 165/6, CIL III 1307 = IDR III/3, 283","Settlement/administrative record: beneficiarii consulares dedications at Alburnus Maior; ethnic settlement units vicus Pirustarum (wax tablet IX), k(astellum) Ansi/Anso, k(astellum) Baridustarum, collegium Sardiat(ensium); dossiers in Piso 2004: 291, 297f. and Ciongradi et al. 2008; Wollmann 1996","Procuratorial administration at Ampelum: freedman procurator CIL III 1312 = ILS 1593 = IDR III/3, 366 (AMP 1); shift freedman -> equestrian procuratores aurariarum under Marcus Aurelius, freedmen becoming subprocuratores aurariarum (Hirt 2010, ch. 8 conclusion)","Roman mining works and settlements over c. 5.5 km2 at Roșia Montană: timbered trapezoidal galleries (1.5-1.9 m) with oil-lamp niches on Carpeni; stone-mortar/hypocaust structures with tiles stamped legio XIII Gemina; votive altar to Ianus at Găuri; area sacra (35 altars). C14: Cârnic 2nd-4th c. AD, Zeus 1st-2nd c. AD continuing (Wollmann 1996; Damian 2003; Cauuet et al.)","Domergue 2008, Les mines antiques, ch. VII (pp. 198-207): Dacian gold mines 'régies par le fisc' on the Vipasca model (régie indirecte); Alburnus Maior the district closest to the Vipasca model; worked from Trajan's conquest to abandonment AD 257-258; concession-gridding modeled parallel to Vipasca (Cauet, fig. 124)","Hirt 2010, Imperial Mines and Quarries, esp. conclusion (pp. 358-362): metallum as a territorial district distinct from civic entities; procurators uniquely held judicial authority in fiscal matters; most metalla were property of the Roman state, in rare instances the emperor's"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"district worked c. AD 106 (Trajanic conquest) to 257/8 abandonment; dated wax tablets AD 162-167, Ampelum leguli dedication AD 165/6","basis":"Domergue 2008 (Trajanic conquest to abandonment 257-8); C14 at Cârnic mine 2nd-4th c. AD, Zeus mine 1st-2nd c. continuing; consular/palaeographic dates of the tabulae ceratae","bands":[{"start":106,"end":258}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the production dossier","url":"/production-ecology/#/site/alburnus-maior"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["gold","production"],"details":{"bibliography_keys":["hirt2010","domergue2008","mrozek1969","noeske1977","wollmann1996","damian2003","cuvigny1996"],"evidence":[{"idx":0,"type":"legal","citation":"Tabulae ceratae Dacicae, three locatio-conductio work contracts: IDR I 40-42 = CIL III pp. 948-949 (nos. IX, X, XI; IDR I 43 is a separate loan/deposit, not a work contract - P5 corr. per EDCS)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Conductores (Socratio Socratis 'an Oriental'; Aurelius Adiutor; Titus Beusantis qui et Bradua, an Illyrian peregrine) hire locatores (L. Ulpius Valerius; Memmius Asclepi; [-]Restitutus agnomine Seniori) for 'opus aurarium' - underground shaft/tunnel work. IDR I 41 = CIL III p. 948, ll. 7-8: conductor not liable to pay the wage 'si laborem fluor impedierit' (if flooding stops work). Wages in denarii.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Tabulae%20ceratae%20Dacicae%2C%20three%20locatio-conductio%20work%20contracts%3A%20IDR%20I%2040-42%20%3D%20C","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"verified","pass":"P5"},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":1,"type":"legal","citation":"Tabulae ceratae Dacicae corpus: 25 wooden wax tablets found near Alburnus Maior/Roșia Montană 1786-1855; loans, deposits, slave-sales, house-sales, a collegium funeraticium (IDR I 31 = CIL III pp. 924-927); loan tablets IDR I 33 = CIL III pp. 930-932 etc.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Not a single archive; a person may appear on several tablets in different roles. Iulius Alexander (Eastern origin), financier in 4 tablets AD 162-167, lends at interest: Anduena Batonis 140 denarii; Alexander Caricci 60 denarii; Lupus Carentis 50 denarii as 'depositum irregulare'. Parties mostly peregrine (Dasius Verzonis, Maximus Batonis, Dasius Breucus, etc.). A monetized, contractual, denarii-denominated private-law society documented in situ.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Tabulae%20ceratae%20Dacicae%20corpus%3A%2025%20wooden%20wax%20tablets%20found%20near%20Alburnus%20Maior/","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":2,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"M. Aurelius Maximus, legulus auri, votive inscription CIL III 1260 = IDR III/3, 390 (Alburnus Maior); leguli aurariarum honouring Annia Lucilla at Ampelum AD 165/6, CIL III 1307 = IDR III/3, 283","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"'Legulus' ('picker', normally an agricultural term) as the occupational identity of gold-workers; rare in the epigraphic record (M. Aurelius Maximus is the notable exception). Cuvigny's wage comparison of Mons Claudianus and Alburnus Maior indicates ordinary miners here received above-average pay - enough to fund membership of an inscribed funerary collegium.","access":{"open_url":"https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=CIL%2003%2C%2001260","resolver":"EDH (CIL search)","pid_class":"search","query":"CIL 03, 01260","verified_hits":1},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"verified","pass":"P5"},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":3,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"Settlement/administrative record: beneficiarii consulares dedications at Alburnus Maior; ethnic settlement units vicus Pirustarum (wax tablet IX), k(astellum) Ansi/Anso, k(astellum) Baridustarum, collegium Sardiat(ensium); dossiers in Piso 2004: 291, 297f. and Ciongradi et al. 2008; Wollmann 1996","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Transplanted Dalmatian communities (Pirustae, Baridustae, Sardeates) settled in named kastella around the working, keeping their onomastics and cults; largest coherent immigrant community. Population transfer under Trajan (Domergue 2008). Area sacra at Hăbad-Brădoaia with 35 inscribed altars.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Settlement/administrative%20record%3A%20beneficiarii%20consulares%20dedications%20at%20Alburnu","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":4,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"Procuratorial administration at Ampelum: freedman procurator CIL III 1312 = ILS 1593 = IDR III/3, 366 (AMP 1); shift freedman -> equestrian procuratores aurariarum under Marcus Aurelius, freedmen becoming subprocuratores aurariarum (Hirt 2010, ch. 8 conclusion)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Ampelum (Zlatna) is the seat of the district administration for the Dacian gold; fisc agents (dispensator, a commentariis, tabellarius, librarius) named there (Domergue 2008). Later beneficiarii procuratoris show the district procurator subordinate to the provincial financial procurator.","access":{"open_url":"https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=CIL%2003%2C%2001312","resolver":"EDH (CIL search)","pid_class":"search","query":"CIL 03, 01312","verified_hits":1},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"verified","pass":"P5"},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":5,"type":"archaeological","citation":"Roman mining works and settlements over c. 5.5 km2 at Roșia Montană: timbered trapezoidal galleries (1.5-1.9 m) with oil-lamp niches on Carpeni; stone-mortar/hypocaust structures with tiles stamped legio XIII Gemina; votive altar to Ianus at Găuri; area sacra (35 altars). C14: Cârnic 2nd-4th c. AD, Zeus 1st-2nd c. AD continuing (Wollmann 1996; Damian 2003; Cauuet et al.)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"legio XIII Gemina tiles imply an occasional military contingent; heavy modern mining destroyed much of the ancient layout.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Roman%20mining%20works%20and%20settlements%20over%20c.%205.5%20km2%20at%20Ro%C8%99ia%20Montan%C4%83%3A%20timbered%20tr","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":6,"type":"literary","citation":"Domergue 2008, Les mines antiques, ch. VII (pp. 198-207): Dacian gold mines 'régies par le fisc' on the Vipasca model (régie indirecte); Alburnus Maior the district closest to the Vipasca model; worked from Trajan's conquest to abandonment AD 257-258; concession-gridding modeled parallel to Vipasca (Cauet, fig. 124)","certainty":"inferred","source_key":"domergue2008","note":"The fiscal-allocation/occupatio mechanism at Alburnus is reconstructed by analogy to the Vipasca lex (no lex metalli survives for Alburnus); the downstream contractor labour-market is what the tablets directly attest. Domergue also stresses that damnati ad metalla were NOT typical of metal mines (found in quarries, Egypt 1st c., Numidia/Fenan 3rd c. Christian condemnati) - none evidenced at the Dacian gold.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Domergue%202008%2C%20Les%20mines%20antiques%2C%20ch.%20VII%20%28pp.%20198-207%29%3A%20Dacian%20gold%20mines%20%27r%C3%A9g","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":7,"type":"legal","citation":"Hirt 2010, Imperial Mines and Quarries, esp. conclusion (pp. 358-362): metallum as a territorial district distinct from civic entities; procurators uniquely held judicial authority in fiscal matters; most metalla were property of the Roman state, in rare instances the emperor's","certainty":"disputed","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Basis for the contested ownership assertion and for the (fiscal-only) delegated jurisdiction of the district procurator. Hirt refutes the 'vast district marked by toll stations' thesis (Alföldy/Dušanić) for the Danube provinces.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Hirt%202010%2C%20Imperial%20Mines%20and%20Quarries%2C%20esp.%20conclusion%20%28pp.%20358-362%29%3A%20metallum%20","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null}],"date_basis":"Domergue 2008 (Trajanic conquest to abandonment 257-8); C14 at Cârnic mine 2nd-4th c. AD, Zeus mine 1st-2nd c. continuing; consular/palaeographic dates of the tabulae ceratae","honesty":{"evidence_type_gaps":["archaeometric","numismatic","papyrological"],"disputed_ownership":[{"period":"high-imperial","status":"contested","treasury":"fiscus","holder_view":"Domergue 2008: the gold/silver mines of the Danubian provinces (Dacia, Dalmatia, Noricum, Pannonia, Moesia Sup.) belonged in propriety to the emperors; Hirt 2010: most metalla were property of the Roman STATE, in rare instances the emperor's - contested. Dacian gold delivered to / 'régies par le fisc'.","evidence_ref":[6,7]}],"disputed_evidence":["Hirt 2010, Imperial Mines and Quarries, esp. conclusion (pp. 358-362): metallum as a territorial district distinct from civic entities; procurators uniquely held judicial authority in fiscal matters; most metalla were property of the Roman state, in rare instances the emperor's"],"calibration_fragile":false,"genus_flip":false,"no_pid":true}}},{"id":"production:aphrodisias-marble","dataset":"production","title":"Aphrodisias marble quarries (City Quarries)","coordinates":[28.72,37.72],"geometry_role":"City Quarries ~2 km N of Aphrodisias (37.7089 N, 28.7236 E); approximate; approximate","evidence":"production dossier / source coding","summary":"GENUS: FAILS (convergence 0/1/0 — no bounded jurisdiction, only civic self-management of access, no fiscal-monopoly apparatus). A CIVIC/municipal marble quarry on ordinary polis territory, self-supplying the city's monuments and sculpture school, with no procurator metallorum and no imperial metallum status. The negative control that exposes the marble-set sampling artefact: because the marble comparanda were drawn from Hirt 2010's IMPERIAL quarries, the set had no civic base rate — Aphrodisias shows that not every quarry is an enclave.","limit":"Imported dossier coding, not a new verification of all underlying scholarship. Date bands describe the source dossier, not uninterrupted operation.","references":["G. Ponti & P. Rockwell, survey of the Aphrodisias City Quarries (1996); Marmora Asiatica project survey (from 2015): ~96 quarries over ~500 km2, City Quarries ~1.5 km2, c. 2 km N of the city","B. Russell, The Economics of the Roman Stone Trade (Oxford 2013)","J. Long, 'Urbanism, Art, and Economy: The Marble Quarrying Industries of Aphrodisias and Roman Asia Minor' (diss., Michigan 2012); Long, 'Extracting economics from Roman marble quarries', Economic History Review 70 (2017), 52-78","A. Hirt, Imperial Mines and Quarries in the Roman World: Organizational Aspects 27 BC - AD 235 (Oxford 2010)","The 'school of Aphrodisias' sculpture workshops: signed statue bases and workshop finds in the city (1st-3rd c. AD)"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"Augustan foundation of the marble programme; apogee of the sculpture school 1st-3rd c. AD; activity into Late Antiquity","basis":"quarry survey (Ponti & Rockwell 1996; Marmora Asiatica) + urban development sequence (Ratté 2002)","bands":[{"start":-30,"end":400}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the production dossier","url":"/production-ecology/#/site/aphrodisias-marble"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["marble_decorative_stone","production"],"details":{"bibliography_keys":["pontirockwell1996","russell2013","long2012","hirt2010"],"evidence":[{"idx":0,"type":"archaeological","citation":"G. Ponti & P. Rockwell, survey of the Aphrodisias City Quarries (1996); Marmora Asiatica project survey (from 2015): ~96 quarries over ~500 km2, City Quarries ~1.5 km2, c. 2 km N of the city","certainty":"attested","source_key":"pontirockwell1996","note":"Establishes the City Quarries as the local marble source immediately adjacent to the city; white, grey and dark-grey marble destined for building and carving in Aphrodisias.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=G.%20Ponti%20%26%20P.%20Rockwell%2C%20survey%20of%20the%20Aphrodisias%20City%20Quarries%20%281996%29%3B%20Marmora%20","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":1,"type":"literary","citation":"B. Russell, The Economics of the Roman Stone Trade (Oxford 2013)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"russell2013","note":"Modern scholarship. Treats Aphrodisias as a CIVIC quarry: marble used primarily locally for civic adornment, with export in the form of finished sculpture rather than raw blocks; distinguishes such civically-run quarries from the imperially administered marble quarries (e.g. Dokimeion, Prokonnesos, the porphyry/granodiorite Egyptian metalla).","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=B.%20Russell%2C%20The%20Economics%20of%20the%20Roman%20Stone%20Trade%20%28Oxford%202013%29","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":2,"type":"literary","citation":"J. Long, 'Urbanism, Art, and Economy: The Marble Quarrying Industries of Aphrodisias and Roman Asia Minor' (diss., Michigan 2012); Long, 'Extracting economics from Roman marble quarries', Economic History Review 70 (2017), 52-78","certainty":"attested","source_key":"long2012","note":"Modern scholarship. Reconstructs the organisation and economics of the Aphrodisias quarries as a locally/civically run industry embedded in the city's building and sculpture economy, not a centrally administered imperial estate.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=J.%20Long%2C%20%27Urbanism%2C%20Art%2C%20and%20Economy%3A%20The%20Marble%20Quarrying%20Industries%20of%20Aphrodi","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":3,"type":"literary","citation":"A. Hirt, Imperial Mines and Quarries in the Roman World: Organizational Aspects 27 BC - AD 235 (Oxford 2010)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"The sampling-bias control. Hirt's catalogue covers imperially administered mines/quarries (those with procuratorial/metallum organisation). Aphrodisias is NOT among them: its ABSENCE from the imperial-quarry corpus is precisely the point — the marble-set genus hit-rate was drawn from a sample of imperial quarries, so it lacks a civic base rate.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=A.%20Hirt%2C%20Imperial%20Mines%20and%20Quarries%20in%20the%20Roman%20World%3A%20Organizational%20Aspects%20","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":4,"type":"archaeological","citation":"The 'school of Aphrodisias' sculpture workshops: signed statue bases and workshop finds in the city (1st-3rd c. AD)","certainty":"attested","source_key":null,"note":"Documents the civic/private beneficiary: local sculptors and the city's building programme, not a fiscus capturing marble in kind. Supports orientation_beneficiary = civic/mixed, not state-fiscal.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=The%20%27school%20of%20Aphrodisias%27%20sculpture%20workshops%3A%20signed%20statue%20bases%20and%20worksho","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null}],"date_basis":"quarry survey (Ponti & Rockwell 1996; Marmora Asiatica) + urban development sequence (Ratté 2002)","honesty":{"evidence_type_gaps":["archaeometric","epigraphic","legal","numismatic","papyrological"],"disputed_ownership":[],"disputed_evidence":[],"calibration_fragile":false,"genus_flip":false,"no_pid":true}}},{"id":"production:astigi-ecija-figlinae","dataset":"production","title":"Astigi figlinae (Genil/Singilis valley)","coordinates":[-5.0826,37.5422],"geometry_role":"Écija node (CEIPAC); approximate","evidence":"production dossier / source coding","summary":"GENUS: FAILS — convergence 0/1/1. The Astigi (Genil-valley) figlina district: named private patrons (Fulvius Carisianus at Malpica) and figlinae (Las Delicias) exporting to the annona/army markets, on ordinary colonial-municipal territory. A private production cluster plugged into the state supply chain, with no bounded jurisdiction — the same verdict and profile as the zone and La Catria.","limit":"Imported dossier coding, not a new verification of all underlying scholarship. Date bands describe the source dossier, not uninterrupted operation.","references":["CEIPAC amphora-stamp dataset (Rubio 2018): 320 Dressel 20 stamp instances at the Écija (Astigi) node; principal Genil-valley cluster","J. Remesal Rodríguez: the Astigi district — specifically the site of Las Delicias — exported olive oil to Germania in the 2nd c.; the neighbouring Malpica district (patron Fulvius Carisianus) similarly supplied Germania but stopped in the 3rd c.","M. Ponsich, Implantation rurale antique sur le Bas-Guadalquivir (survey of Genil/Singilis-valley oil and kiln sites); Astigi as a Dressel 20 collection node"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"later 1st – mid 3rd c. AD; Las Delicias and neighbouring figlinae export to Germania in the 2nd c.","basis":"Dressel 20 stamp seriation (CEIPAC) + Remesal on the Astigi district (Las Delicias) exporting to Germania","bands":[{"start":30,"end":260}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the production dossier","url":"/production-ecology/#/site/astigi-ecija-figlinae"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["amphorae","olive_oil","production"],"details":{"bibliography_keys":["remesal_export","ponsich1974","ceipac2018"],"evidence":[{"idx":0,"type":"archaeological","citation":"CEIPAC amphora-stamp dataset (Rubio 2018): 320 Dressel 20 stamp instances at the Écija (Astigi) node; principal Genil-valley cluster","certainty":"attested","source_key":"ceipac2018","note":"Count computed from the dataset; node value.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=CEIPAC%20amphora-stamp%20dataset%20%28Rubio%202018%29%3A%20320%20Dressel%2020%20stamp%20instances%20at%20the","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":1,"type":"literary","citation":"J. Remesal Rodríguez: the Astigi district — specifically the site of Las Delicias — exported olive oil to Germania in the 2nd c.; the neighbouring Malpica district (patron Fulvius Carisianus) similarly supplied Germania but stopped in the 3rd c.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"remesal_export","note":"Names concrete Genil-valley figlina districts and their private patrons/export destinations.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=J.%20Remesal%20Rodr%C3%ADguez%3A%20the%20Astigi%20district%20%E2%80%94%20specifically%20the%20site%20of%20Las%20Delicia","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":2,"type":"archaeological","citation":"M. Ponsich, Implantation rurale antique sur le Bas-Guadalquivir (survey of Genil/Singilis-valley oil and kiln sites); Astigi as a Dressel 20 collection node","certainty":"attested","source_key":"ponsich1974","note":null,"access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=M.%20Ponsich%2C%20Implantation%20rurale%20antique%20sur%20le%20Bas-Guadalquivir%20%28survey%20of%20Genil","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null}],"date_basis":"Dressel 20 stamp seriation (CEIPAC) + Remesal on the Astigi district (Las Delicias) exporting to Germania","honesty":{"evidence_type_gaps":["archaeometric","epigraphic","legal","numismatic","papyrological"],"disputed_ownership":[],"disputed_evidence":[],"calibration_fragile":false,"genus_flip":false,"no_pid":true}}},{"id":"production:baelo-claudia","dataset":"production","title":"Baelo Claudia","coordinates":[-5.7736,36.0897],"geometry_role":"Baelo Claudia archaeological site, Bolonia (approximate); approximate","evidence":"production dossier / source coding","summary":"GENUS: FAILS - convergence 0/0/0: a major Baetican garum/salsamenta processing centre (eight cetariae, tuna-driven, ~500 m3 of vats) that is NOT a fiscal-legal enclave. Its cetariae lie INSIDE the walls of a self-governing municipium - the sharpest possible negation of an extra-civitatem district. DIVERGENCE: liberalizing/market (mag 1 = no special regime), private_export_profit (mag 2), mixed private free/servile labour without penal component (mag 1), no development incentive (mag 0). Private processing, not enclave.","limit":"Imported dossier coding, not a new verification of all underlying scholarship. Date bands describe the source dossier, not uninterrupted operation.","references":["Baelo Claudia excavations: a walled industrial quarter of eight cetariae (opus-signinum salting vats) plus small cleaning basins and dolia for garum, on the western shore of the Strait of Gibraltar","Ichthyofaunal (fish-bone) assemblages from Baelo Claudia: Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) dominant","A. Marzano, Harvesting the Sea (OUP 2013)","Baetican fish-sauce amphora seriation (Dressel 7-11, Beltran IIA/IIB) and local imitations of Italic fish-sauce amphorae at Baelo Claudia","Municipal status: Baelo raised to municipium (Baelo Claudia) under Claudius; the cetariae lie within the walled town under civic government"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"1st-2nd c. AD Roman apogee (municipium under Claudius); production continues to the 5th c.","basis":"vat archaeology + amphora seriation (Dressel 7-11, Beltran IIA/IIB) + fish-bone (bluefin tuna) assemblages","bands":[{"start":-100,"end":500}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the production dossier","url":"/production-ecology/#/site/baelo-claudia"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["garum_salsamenta","amphorae","salt","production"],"details":{"bibliography_keys":["marzano2013","wilson2006"],"evidence":[{"idx":0,"type":"archaeological","citation":"Baelo Claudia excavations: a walled industrial quarter of eight cetariae (opus-signinum salting vats) plus small cleaning basins and dolia for garum, on the western shore of the Strait of Gibraltar","certainty":"attested","source_key":null,"note":"Distinct from the small retail garum shops of Pompeii: an industrial-scale salting quarter. Fresh tuna, sardine and anchovy from the nearby almadraba fisheries were cleaned and salted/fermented on site. Later factories C.I. XI (~90 m3) and C.I. XII (~106 m3) extend production to the 5th c.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Baelo%20Claudia%20excavations%3A%20a%20walled%20industrial%20quarter%20of%20eight%20cetariae%20%28opus-s","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":1,"type":"archaeometric","citation":"Ichthyofaunal (fish-bone) assemblages from Baelo Claudia: Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) dominant","certainty":"inferred","source_key":null,"note":"Percentage reported in site summaries; VERIFY precise NISP figure and reference.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ichthyofaunal%20%28fish-bone%29%20assemblages%20from%20Baelo%20Claudia%3A%20Atlantic%20bluefin%20tuna%20","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":2,"type":"literary","citation":"A. Marzano, Harvesting the Sea (OUP 2013)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"marzano2013","note":"Frames Baetican cetaria production as market-oriented private enterprise using legal/technological means to defend commercial interests - not a state monopoly. See also 'The Baelo Claudia Paradigm: The Exploitation of Marine Resources in Roman Cetariae'.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=A.%20Marzano%2C%20Harvesting%20the%20Sea%20%28OUP%202013%29","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":3,"type":"archaeological","citation":"Baetican fish-sauce amphora seriation (Dressel 7-11, Beltran IIA/IIB) and local imitations of Italic fish-sauce amphorae at Baelo Claudia","certainty":"attested","source_key":null,"note":"Dressel 7-11 and Beltran forms are the standard Gaditan-zone salsamenta/garum containers; residue and tituli-picti studies confirm fish-product contents. Documents a private export good in ordinary commercial circulation.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Baetican%20fish-sauce%20amphora%20seriation%20%28Dressel%207-11%2C%20Beltran%20IIA/IIB%29%20and%20local%20","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":4,"type":"literary","citation":"Municipal status: Baelo raised to municipium (Baelo Claudia) under Claudius; the cetariae lie within the walled town under civic government","certainty":"attested","source_key":null,"note":"The municipal setting is the analytic hinge: the salting quarter is intra muros civic space, categorically NOT an extra-civic fiscal-legal district.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Municipal%20status%3A%20Baelo%20raised%20to%20municipium%20%28Baelo%20Claudia%29%20under%20Claudius%3B%20the","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null}],"date_basis":"vat archaeology + amphora seriation (Dressel 7-11, Beltran IIA/IIB) + fish-bone (bluefin tuna) assemblages","honesty":{"evidence_type_gaps":["epigraphic","legal","numismatic","papyrological"],"disputed_ownership":[],"disputed_evidence":[],"calibration_fragile":false,"genus_flip":false,"no_pid":true}}},{"id":"production:baetica-oil-zone","dataset":"production","title":"Baetican olive-oil production/export zone (Guadalquivir valley)","coordinates":[-5.4,37.65],"geometry_role":"centroid of Baetis-valley figlina belt (Ponsich surveys; CEIPAC Baetica find-spots); regional","evidence":"production dossier / source coding","summary":"GENUS: FAILS — convergence 0/1/1 (bounded_jurisdiction 0: no differential-law perimeter, figlinae on ordinary Baetican municipal territory, annona administration sits at Rome and along the shipping chain; allocated_exploitation 1: dominantly private market entry with a real but bounded Antonine–Severan direct-imperial-figlina component; fiscal_monopoly_apparatus 1: a genuine praefectura-annonae/fiscus/Ratio-Fisci apparatus, but distribution-and-collection-side and empire-wide, not a bounded farmed local vectigal+service-monopoly system). The verdict turns precisely on the missing bounded jurisdiction: a massive, state-ARTICULATED PRIVATE export economy is NOT a bounded fiscal-legal production enclave. DIVERGENCE: split/mixed on every axis — regime_direction mixed (liberalizing production under a dirigiste distribution overlay), orientation_beneficiary mixed (private_export_profit interlocked with state provisioning), labor mixed-private with NO penal pole, and a capital incentive on the tax-exemption pole (annona immunities) that mirrors a MODERN SEZ rather than Vipasca. Baetica is the decisive intermediate control between La Graufesenque (0/0/0, no state apparatus at all) and Henchir Mettich (1/2/1, an actual imperial-estate enclave): it has MORE fiscal apparatus than the pottery cluster yet still fails, because state involvement in collection, shipping and certification does not create the bounded jurisdiction that defines the genus.","limit":"Imported dossier coding, not a new verification of all underlying scholarship. Date bands describe the source dossier, not uninterrupted operation.","references":["CEIPAC amphora-stamp dataset (Rubio 2018): 10,238 Dressel 20 stamp instances (of 24,092 records); Baetis-valley production nodes among the find-spots (Écija/Astigi 320, Lora del Río/Axati 310, Alcolea del Río 273, Hornachuelos 157, Palma del Río 101, Almodóvar del Río 83); empire-wide distribution (Germania Superior 2,121, Britannia 1,845, Narbonensis 1,807, Lugdunensis 591, Italia 476)","M. Ponsich, Implantation rurale antique sur le Bas-Guadalquivir I–III (Madrid/Paris, 1974–1987): systematic survey of oil-pressing sites and amphora figlinae along the Betis and Genil","Monte Testaccio (Rome): artificial mound of c. 53 million Dressel 20 amphorae representing c. 6 billion litres of Baetican oil; deposition mainly 2nd – mid-3rd c. AD","Testaccio Dressel 20 stamps and tituli picti published in CIL XV (Dressel); the δ-position (Ratio Fisci) tituli record fiscal weighing/certification of the oil at Rome","praefectura annonae oil administration: Sex. Iulius Possessor, seconded 'ad oleum Afrum et Hispanum recensendum' (career inscription, Hispalis = CIL II 1180 = ILS 1403 = AE 1965, 237, verified EDCS/P5); a subpraefectus annonae from c. AD 170 (Remesal: P. Cominius Clemens)","Baetican oil merchants at Rome and Hispalis: M. Iulius Hermesianus, diffusor olei ad annonam Urbis, honoured by the corpus oleariorum (Hispalis); negotiatores/diffusores olearii ex Baetica","Digest 50.6.6.3 (Callistratus): negotiatores who supply the city and navicularii who serve the annona of the city obtain immunitas munerum while so engaged, 'so that their risks be encouraged by rewards'","Ratio Fisci tituli and imperial names replacing diffusores/mercatores from the Antonine period; part of the Baetican figlinae (incl. La Catria) taken into imperial administration and passing to the ratio privata under the Severi (Remesal's reinterpretation of the Historia Augusta confiscation notice)","D. J. Mattingly, 'Oil for export? A comparison of Libyan, Spanish and Tunisian olive oil production in the Roman empire', JRA 1 (1988), 33–56","J. Remesal Rodríguez, on the annona system (praefectura annonae) as the organising frame of Baetican oil export; 'The latest work on the export of Baetican olive oil' and related studies"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"later 1st – mid 3rd c. AD (Dressel 20 apogee); Dressel 23 successor to the 5th c.","basis":"kiln surveys (Ponsich I–III) + Dressel 20 stamp seriation (CEIPAC) + Monte Testaccio deposition (mainly 2nd–mid 3rd c.) + tituli picti consular dates (CIL XV)","bands":[{"start":-20,"end":450}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the production dossier","url":"/production-ecology/#/site/baetica-oil-zone"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["olive_oil","amphorae","production"],"details":{"bibliography_keys":["remesal_export","remesal1998","mattingly1988","ponsich1974","ceipac2018","cil15","digest"],"evidence":[{"idx":0,"type":"archaeological","citation":"CEIPAC amphora-stamp dataset (Rubio 2018): 10,238 Dressel 20 stamp instances (of 24,092 records); Baetis-valley production nodes among the find-spots (Écija/Astigi 320, Lora del Río/Axati 310, Alcolea del Río 273, Hornachuelos 157, Palma del Río 101, Almodóvar del Río 83); empire-wide distribution (Germania Superior 2,121, Britannia 1,845, Narbonensis 1,807, Lugdunensis 591, Italia 476)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"ceipac2018","note":"Counts computed directly from the dataset; find-spot ≠ production site (these are consumption/deposition points), but they measure the multiprovincial reach and the Baetis-valley source cluster.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=CEIPAC%20amphora-stamp%20dataset%20%28Rubio%202018%29%3A%2010%2C238%20Dressel%2020%20stamp%20instances%20%28of","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":1,"type":"archaeological","citation":"M. Ponsich, Implantation rurale antique sur le Bas-Guadalquivir I–III (Madrid/Paris, 1974–1987): systematic survey of oil-pressing sites and amphora figlinae along the Betis and Genil","certainty":"attested","source_key":"ponsich1974","note":"Establishes the density and riverside siting of the figlinae (kiln access to clay, water, and the navigable Baetis for downstream shipment).","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=M.%20Ponsich%2C%20Implantation%20rurale%20antique%20sur%20le%20Bas-Guadalquivir%20I%E2%80%93III%20%28Madrid/Pa","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":2,"type":"archaeological","citation":"Monte Testaccio (Rome): artificial mound of c. 53 million Dressel 20 amphorae representing c. 6 billion litres of Baetican oil; deposition mainly 2nd – mid-3rd c. AD","certainty":"attested","source_key":"remesal_export","note":"Vessel and volume figures are order-of-magnitude estimates. The terminal deposit of the STATE-directed portion of the trade at Rome.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Monte%20Testaccio%20%28Rome%29%3A%20artificial%20mound%20of%20c.%2053%20million%20Dressel%2020%20amphorae%20re","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":3,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"Testaccio Dressel 20 stamps and tituli picti published in CIL XV (Dressel); the δ-position (Ratio Fisci) tituli record fiscal weighing/certification of the oil at Rome","certainty":"attested","source_key":"cil15","note":"The multi-element titulus records empty weight, the merchant (mercator/diffusor), oil weight, control-signatures, and origin; the Ratio Fisci marks are the state fiscal-control layer. Precise CIL XV numbers not asserted here (verify individual tituli against CIL XV pars 2).","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Testaccio%20Dressel%2020%20stamps%20and%20tituli%20picti%20published%20in%20CIL%20XV%20%28Dressel%29%3B%20the%20","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":4,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"praefectura annonae oil administration: Sex. Iulius Possessor, seconded 'ad oleum Afrum et Hispanum recensendum' (career inscription, Hispalis = CIL II 1180 = ILS 1403 = AE 1965, 237, verified EDCS/P5); a subpraefectus annonae from c. AD 170 (Remesal: P. Cominius Clemens)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"remesal_export","note":"P5-verified: CIL II 1180 = ILS 1403 = AE 1965, 237 (Hispalis); cursus includes 'ad oleum Afrum et Hispanum recensendum'. Shows the state role was collection/accounting/shipping, run from Rome.","access":{"open_url":"https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=CIL%2002%2C%2001180","resolver":"EDH (CIL search)","pid_class":"search","query":"CIL 02, 01180","verified_hits":1},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"verified","pass":"P5"},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":5,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"Baetican oil merchants at Rome and Hispalis: M. Iulius Hermesianus, diffusor olei ad annonam Urbis, honoured by the corpus oleariorum (Hispalis); negotiatores/diffusores olearii ex Baetica","certainty":"attested","source_key":"remesal1998","note":"The Hermesianus pedestal is a later Hispalis find, NOT CIL II 1180 (that number is the DISTINCT Possessor cursus); it carries no classic CIL II number (P5 corr.). Establishes that distribution was carried by PRIVATE merchants organised in corpora, operating within — not replaced by — the annona.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Baetican%20oil%20merchants%20at%20Rome%20and%20Hispalis%3A%20M.%20Iulius%20Hermesianus%2C%20diffusor%20ole","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":6,"type":"legal","citation":"Digest 50.6.6.3 (Callistratus): negotiatores who supply the city and navicularii who serve the annona of the city obtain immunitas munerum while so engaged, 'so that their risks be encouraged by rewards'","certainty":"attested","source_key":"digest","note":"The capital-attraction instrument here is an IMMUNITY/EXEMPTION granted to annona service (the tax-holiday pole), attaching to shippers/merchants — NOT a liberalitas grant tied to a bounded production enclave.","access":{"open_url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/search/?q=Digest%2050.6.6.3","resolver":"Scaife (author discovery)","pid_class":"discovery","query":"Digest 50.6.6.3"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":7,"type":"archaeological","citation":"Ratio Fisci tituli and imperial names replacing diffusores/mercatores from the Antonine period; part of the Baetican figlinae (incl. La Catria) taken into imperial administration and passing to the ratio privata under the Severi (Remesal's reinterpretation of the Historia Augusta confiscation notice)","certainty":"disputed","source_key":"remesal_export","note":"DISPUTED / VERIFY: Remesal argues the imperial takeover was already Antonine and that the Severan 'confiscation' of the HA was minor. The extent of direct imperial ownership of figlinae is debated — this is the genuine, but bounded, direct-fisc component.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ratio%20Fisci%20tituli%20and%20imperial%20names%20replacing%20diffusores/mercatores%20from%20the%20A","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":8,"type":"literary","citation":"D. J. Mattingly, 'Oil for export? A comparison of Libyan, Spanish and Tunisian olive oil production in the Roman empire', JRA 1 (1988), 33–56","certainty":"attested","source_key":"mattingly1988","note":"Modern scholarship. Reads Baetican output as a private landowner export economy oriented to (largely state) demand; compares organisational modes across Baetica, Tripolitania and Byzacena. Baetica = intensive private production feeding annona demand, not a state production enclave.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=D.%20J.%20Mattingly%2C%20%27Oil%20for%20export%3F%20A%20comparison%20of%20Libyan%2C%20Spanish%20and%20Tunisian%20o","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":9,"type":"literary","citation":"J. Remesal Rodríguez, on the annona system (praefectura annonae) as the organising frame of Baetican oil export; 'The latest work on the export of Baetican olive oil' and related studies","certainty":"inferred","source_key":"remesal_export","note":"Remesal's STATIST thesis: 'there was no annona militaris, but merely a praefectura annonae'; the state centralised collection, provisioning and shipping (paying navicularii's transport costs) and monopolised the fiscal exactions — but production stayed with private landowners. Remesal's degree of statism is itself contested (more market-oriented readings, e.g. Mattingly, stress private negotiatores and demand-led trade).","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=J.%20Remesal%20Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C%20on%20the%20annona%20system%20%28praefectura%20annonae%29%20as%20the%20organisi","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null}],"date_basis":"kiln surveys (Ponsich I–III) + Dressel 20 stamp seriation (CEIPAC) + Monte Testaccio deposition (mainly 2nd–mid 3rd c.) + tituli picti consular dates (CIL XV)","honesty":{"evidence_type_gaps":["archaeometric","numismatic","papyrological"],"disputed_ownership":[{"period":"Antonine–Severan","status":"contested","treasury":"res_privata","holder_view":"Remesal: from the Antonine period part of the figlinae taken into imperial administration; Ratio Fisci tituli and imperial names replace diffusores/mercatores; estates pass to the ratio privata under the Severi. Extent of Severan confiscation debated (Remesal reinterprets the Historia Augusta claim as minimal/earlier).","evidence_ref":[7]}],"disputed_evidence":["Ratio Fisci tituli and imperial names replacing diffusores/mercatores from the Antonine period; part of the Baetican figlinae (incl. La Catria) taken into imperial administration and passing to the ratio privata under the Severi (Remesal's reinterpretation of the Historia Augusta confiscation notice)"],"calibration_fragile":false,"genus_flip":false,"no_pid":true}}},{"id":"production:dokimeion","dataset":"production","title":"Dokimeion","coordinates":[30.783889,38.837222],"geometry_role":"Russell 2013, OXREP quarries gazetteer, s.v. Iscehisar (ancient Dokimeion); approximate","evidence":"production dossier / source coding","summary":"GENUS: qualifies as a bounded fiscal-legal production enclave (convergence 2/2/1) - territorial imperial district in the provincia Phrygia with a resident procurator marmorum (bounded 2), allocated by mixed direct-working + caesura contracting (allocated 2), central consignment + a rich ratio-marmorum accounting apparatus but no farmed vectigalia/service monopolies (fiscal 1). SPECIES: dirigiste but with the strongest PRIVATE-CONTRACTING dimension of the imperial marble quarries (caesura-holders as locatio conductio operis contractors), state/prestige-oriented (imperial pavonazzetto columns) yet with a real private sarcophagus/door-stone trade, labour mixed and NON-penal (no ergastulum), and 'capital attraction' via commercial contracting rather than sovereign liberalitas. The best-documented quarry-mark DATING system (Fant's ratio marmorum) and the most commercialized of the qualifying imperial marble quarries.","limit":"Imported dossier coding, not a new verification of all underlying scholarship. Date bands describe the source dossier, not uninterrupted operation.","references":["Russell 2013, OXREP quarries gazetteer, s.v. Iscehisar (ancient Dokimeion, NE of Afyon): two varieties of marble - one fine white, one white with pink and grey-blue shades and veins of purple and pink (pavonazzetto = marmor synnadicum / phrygium); both exported inter-regionally in the Roman Imperial period, the pavonazzetto much further.","Roman pavonazzetto quarries c.0.24 km2 in the marmoriferous zone SE of Iscehisar, extraction concentrated at the Bacakale outcrop; quarry walls left standing to divide extraction zones; ancient rubble largely removed by 1980s re-quarrying so no Roman architectural structures survive; landlocked, exported via Synnada/Apameia/Laodiceia down the Maeander.","M. Aurelius Marcio, libertus Augusti and procurator provinciae Phrygiae, whose cursus (recorded at Troknada/Trocnades (Kaymaz), CIL III 348 = ILS 1477) includes proximus a rationibus and procurator marmorum; Hirschfeld and Strubbe identify the procurator marmorum with the procuratorship of the imperial quarries at Dokimeion.","Imperial procuratores named in pavonazzetto quarry-labels at Bacakale and Rome: Irenaeus (AD 136), Maro (AD 194). provincia Phrygia = a district formed by the unification of several imperial territories (regiones/tractus) under one freedman procurator, HQ at Synnada, where officiales and procuratores are documented.","The Docimian ratio-marmorum quarry-mark apparatus (Fant 1989a): blocks carry a consular date + n(umero)/loci-numbers; from AD 136 a caesura-mark (contractor, in the genitive) + officina-mark (dressing workshop); sub cura + procurator-name (from AD 136); ex r(atione) + personal name; COM(M) ordinal marks (from AD 180); and REPR marks read as probator / r(eprobatum) (quality approval / rejection). The pre-136 notation shows periodic inventories in AD 100, 105, 107, 109, 114, 115, 116 (a quinquennial lustrum cycle); latest dated inscription AD 236.","caesura-holders as private contractors: a caesura-holder worked a section of quarry under a locatio conductio operis, obliged to deliver a previously agreed number of blocks within a limited period for a fixed payment (merces), his output recorded in the labels so the imperial administration could check he had met his obligations; from AD 154 caesurae and officinae are named together (stone cut by the caesura, dressed by the officina). caesura-holders could be army officers, familia Caesaris, OR private individuals - work at the pavonazzetto quarries was increasingly contracted out.","72 columns of Synnadian (pavonazzetto) marble given by Hadrian to Smyrna for a gymnasium (CIG 3148 = IGRR IV 1431; Millar 1992: 421; Fant 1993a); pavonazzetto's exclusive use in imperial construction contexts is taken to rule out any large private trade in the columns, though white Bacakale marble and pavonazzetto 'door-stones' and sarcophagi were traded locally/commercially.","Roman quarries under imperial control were metalla, most of them probably property of the Roman state under the emperor's control rather than private domains; Strubbe (1975: 244, 249) observed direct Roman-state involvement in Phrygian quarrying from the late 1st c. AD, with regular imperial procurators only from the mid-2nd c., and concluded the Dokimeion (and Kurt Koy) quarries were not incorporated into imperial private estates."],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"later 1st - 2nd c. AD (imperial pavonazzetto apogee)","basis":"quarry-mark inventories run AD 100-116, caesura/officina system from AD 136, latest dated Synnadic inscription AD 236 (Hirt 2010: 300, 302; Fant 1989a). Best-documented imperial marble quarry after the Egyptian ones.","bands":[{"start":25,"end":250}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the production dossier","url":"/production-ecology/#/site/dokimeion"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["marble_decorative_stone","production"],"details":{"bibliography_keys":["hirt2010","russell2013","fant1989a","fant1985","fant1993a","christol_drewbear1991","roder1971","strubbe1975","waelkens1985"],"evidence":[{"idx":0,"type":"archaeological","citation":"Russell 2013, OXREP quarries gazetteer, s.v. Iscehisar (ancient Dokimeion, NE of Afyon): two varieties of marble - one fine white, one white with pink and grey-blue shades and veins of purple and pink (pavonazzetto = marmor synnadicum / phrygium); both exported inter-regionally in the Roman Imperial period, the pavonazzetto much further.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"russell2013","note":"Coordinates 38.837222 / 30.783889. Bibliography: Mielsch 1985; Gnoli 1988; Waelkens 1982b; Fant 1985/1989a/1990; Lazzarini et al. 1985; Roder 1971.","access":{"open_url":"https://oxrep.web.ox.ac.uk/databases","resolver":"OXREP (portal)","pid_class":"discovery"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":1,"type":"archaeological","citation":"Roman pavonazzetto quarries c.0.24 km2 in the marmoriferous zone SE of Iscehisar, extraction concentrated at the Bacakale outcrop; quarry walls left standing to divide extraction zones; ancient rubble largely removed by 1980s re-quarrying so no Roman architectural structures survive; landlocked, exported via Synnada/Apameia/Laodiceia down the Maeander.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 27-28, 31 (Roder 1971: 265f., 269, 271; Fant 1989a: 4f., 41-8).","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Roman%20pavonazzetto%20quarries%20c.0.24%20km2%20in%20the%20marmoriferous%20zone%20SE%20of%20Iscehisar","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":2,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"M. Aurelius Marcio, libertus Augusti and procurator provinciae Phrygiae, whose cursus (recorded at Troknada/Trocnades (Kaymaz), CIL III 348 = ILS 1477) includes proximus a rationibus and procurator marmorum; Hirschfeld and Strubbe identify the procurator marmorum with the procuratorship of the imperial quarries at Dokimeion.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 113 (Hirschfeld 1905: 170 fn.5; Strubbe 1975: 244 fn.60). Omission of a geographical qualifier explained by proximity of the Dokimeion quarries. P5 correction (EDCS/Potter ZPE 123.1998): CIL III 348 = ILS 1477 (Latin cursus, Tricomia); the earlier '= CIG 3822' equivalence is WRONG - CIG 3822 is a distinct Synnada Greek monument; Marcio's Greek honorific is IGR IV 704.","access":{"open_url":"https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=CIL%2003%2C%2000348","resolver":"print (EDH has no record for this reference)","pid_class":"print_only","query":"CIL 03, 00348","verified_hits":0},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"verified","pass":"P5"},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":3,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"Imperial procuratores named in pavonazzetto quarry-labels at Bacakale and Rome: Irenaeus (AD 136), Maro (AD 194). provincia Phrygia = a district formed by the unification of several imperial territories (regiones/tractus) under one freedman procurator, HQ at Synnada, where officiales and procuratores are documented.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 113-114 (App. nos. 303, 304, 194; specific numbers not transcribed to avoid error). Strabo 12.8.14: Dokimeion marble known at Rome as marmor Synnadicum, hinting at a Synnada->Dokimeion supervisory link.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Imperial%20procuratores%20named%20in%20pavonazzetto%20quarry-labels%20at%20Bacakale%20and%20Rome%3A%20","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":4,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"The Docimian ratio-marmorum quarry-mark apparatus (Fant 1989a): blocks carry a consular date + n(umero)/loci-numbers; from AD 136 a caesura-mark (contractor, in the genitive) + officina-mark (dressing workshop); sub cura + procurator-name (from AD 136); ex r(atione) + personal name; COM(M) ordinal marks (from AD 180); and REPR marks read as probator / r(eprobatum) (quality approval / rejection). The pre-136 notation shows periodic inventories in AD 100, 105, 107, 109, 114, 115, 116 (a quinquennial lustrum cycle); latest dated inscription AD 236.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 295-303 (Fant 1989a; Christol & Drew-Bear 1987: 105f., 1991). This is the best-documented quarry-mark DATING system of the Roman world; Fant reads the Domitianic-Trajanic inventory clustering as 'an eager hunt for usable material'.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=The%20Docimian%20ratio-marmorum%20quarry-mark%20apparatus%20%28Fant%201989a%29%3A%20blocks%20carry%20a%20c","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":5,"type":"legal","citation":"caesura-holders as private contractors: a caesura-holder worked a section of quarry under a locatio conductio operis, obliged to deliver a previously agreed number of blocks within a limited period for a fixed payment (merces), his output recorded in the labels so the imperial administration could check he had met his obligations; from AD 154 caesurae and officinae are named together (stone cut by the caesura, dressed by the officina). caesura-holders could be army officers, familia Caesaris, OR private individuals - work at the pavonazzetto quarries was increasingly contracted out.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 296-297, 299, 302, 318-319, 330 (Fant 1989a: 35; Christol & Drew-Bear 1991; Cuvigny 2000a). The distinctive Dokimeion feature vs Simitthus: a genuine private-contracting dimension. White marble at Bacakale and in the Upper Tembris valley was leased out to individuals supplying a local workshop (Waelkens 1985: 643; after AD 156).","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=caesura-holders%20as%20private%20contractors%3A%20a%20caesura-holder%20worked%20a%20section%20of%20qua","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":6,"type":"literary","citation":"72 columns of Synnadian (pavonazzetto) marble given by Hadrian to Smyrna for a gymnasium (CIG 3148 = IGRR IV 1431; Millar 1992: 421; Fant 1993a); pavonazzetto's exclusive use in imperial construction contexts is taken to rule out any large private trade in the columns, though white Bacakale marble and pavonazzetto 'door-stones' and sarcophagi were traded locally/commercially.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 297-298 (Waelkens 1985: 643; Fant 1985, 1993a). Grounds a state/prestige orientation for the columns alongside a real market in sarcophagi and door-stones - the mixed profile.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=72%20columns%20of%20Synnadian%20%28pavonazzetto%29%20marble%20given%20by%20Hadrian%20to%20Smyrna%20for%20a%20g","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"verified","pass":"P5"},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":7,"type":"legal","citation":"Roman quarries under imperial control were metalla, most of them probably property of the Roman state under the emperor's control rather than private domains; Strubbe (1975: 244, 249) observed direct Roman-state involvement in Phrygian quarrying from the late 1st c. AD, with regular imperial procurators only from the mid-2nd c., and concluded the Dokimeion (and Kurt Koy) quarries were not incorporated into imperial private estates.","certainty":"inferred","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 106, 114 (Strubbe 1975). Basis for the state_public ownership assertion; the fiscus/aerarium legal distinction was largely irrelevant to actual control (Hirt 2010: 105).","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Roman%20quarries%20under%20imperial%20control%20were%20metalla%2C%20most%20of%20them%20probably%20proper","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null}],"date_basis":"quarry-mark inventories run AD 100-116, caesura/officina system from AD 136, latest dated Synnadic inscription AD 236 (Hirt 2010: 300, 302; Fant 1989a). Best-documented imperial marble quarry after the Egyptian ones.","honesty":{"evidence_type_gaps":["archaeometric","numismatic","papyrological"],"disputed_ownership":[],"disputed_evidence":[],"calibration_fragile":false,"genus_flip":false,"no_pid":true}}},{"id":"production:gaditan-garum-zone","dataset":"production","title":"Gaditan garum zone (Bay of Cádiz)","coordinates":[-6.28,36.53],"geometry_role":"Bay of Cádiz centroid (regional); regional","evidence":"production dossier / source coding","summary":"GENUS: FAILS - convergence 0/0/0: the productive core of the Baetican fish-sauce export system (dispersed private salting plants + integrated Dressel 7-11 kilns, Punic-inherited) is a market ZONE, not a bounded fiscal-legal enclave. DIVERGENCE: liberalizing/market (mag 1), private_export_profit (mag 2), mixed private free/servile labour without penal component (mag 1), no development incentive (mag 0). Confirms the pattern: the whole garum sector is populated by private, non-enclave production.","limit":"Imported dossier coding, not a new verification of all underlying scholarship. Date bands describe the source dossier, not uninterrupted operation.","references":["Settlement-pattern survey of fish-salting plants and amphora kilns in the Bay of Cádiz from the Punic era to Late Antiquity","Gaditan fish-sauce amphora seriation (Dressel 7-11, Beltran IIA/IIB) with tituli picti and organic-residue confirmation of garum/salsamenta contents; garum malacitanum/sociorum marques","A. Marzano, Harvesting the Sea (OUP 2013)"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"late-Republican / early-imperial apogee (Dressel 7-11 horizon, 1st c. BC - 2nd c. AD)","basis":"settlement-pattern survey of fish-salting plants + amphora kilns from the Punic era to Late Antiquity","bands":[{"start":-400,"end":500}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the production dossier","url":"/production-ecology/#/site/gaditan-garum-zone"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["garum_salsamenta","amphorae","salt","production"],"details":{"bibliography_keys":["marzano2013"],"evidence":[{"idx":0,"type":"archaeological","citation":"Settlement-pattern survey of fish-salting plants and amphora kilns in the Bay of Cádiz from the Punic era to Late Antiquity","certainty":"attested","source_key":null,"note":"Documents a dense, dispersed network of private salting plants and integrated amphora kilns around the bay - the productive core of the Baetican fish-sauce export system. See 'Fish-Salting Plants and Amphorae Production in the Bay of Cadiz (Baetica, Hispania)', 2008.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Settlement-pattern%20survey%20of%20fish-salting%20plants%20and%20amphora%20kilns%20in%20the%20Bay%20of","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":1,"type":"archaeological","citation":"Gaditan fish-sauce amphora seriation (Dressel 7-11, Beltran IIA/IIB) with tituli picti and organic-residue confirmation of garum/salsamenta contents; garum malacitanum/sociorum marques","certainty":"attested","source_key":null,"note":"Dressel 7-11 is the diagnostic Gaditan-zone container; branded 'garum sociorum' is a commercial marque, not a state monopoly. A 1st-c. AD Malaga-region garum amphora found in Gades attests intra-provincial commerce.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Gaditan%20fish-sauce%20amphora%20seriation%20%28Dressel%207-11%2C%20Beltran%20IIA/IIB%29%20with%20tituli","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":2,"type":"literary","citation":"A. Marzano, Harvesting the Sea (OUP 2013)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"marzano2013","note":"Market-oriented private production model for Baetican marine resources; legal/technological competition among private operators, no state monopoly on cetaria production.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=A.%20Marzano%2C%20Harvesting%20the%20Sea%20%28OUP%202013%29","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null}],"date_basis":"settlement-pattern survey of fish-salting plants + amphora kilns from the Punic era to Late Antiquity","honesty":{"evidence_type_gaps":["archaeometric","epigraphic","legal","numismatic","papyrological"],"disputed_ownership":[],"disputed_evidence":[],"calibration_fragile":false,"genus_flip":false,"no_pid":true}}},{"id":"production:henchir-mettich","dataset":"production","title":"Henchir Mettich (fundus Villae Magnae Varianae)","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"; ","evidence":"production dossier / source coding","summary":"GENUS: qualifies as a bounded fiscal-legal production enclave, but as an AGRARIAN species - convergence 1/2/1 (bounded_jurisdiction partial: administratively distinct imperial estate, not a differential-law enclave; allocated_exploitation full via Mancian tenancy grants; fiscal_monopoly_apparatus partial: rent-in-kind/share + operae + conductor tier, no farmed service monopolies). SPECIES: dirigiste in mode (2) and state-fiscal in orientation (2), like the mining SEDZ, but with a strongly incentivized-free labour regime (2) carrying NO penal dimension, and a participatory_liberalitas_grant capital pull (2) that is the sharpest homologue of Hadrian's liberalitas at Vipasca. The mining SEDZ's penal pole is exactly what this agrarian case lacks.","limit":"Imported dossier coding, not a new verification of all underlying scholarship. Date bands describe the source dossier, not uninterrupted operation.","references":["lex Manciana, bronze from Henchir Mettich (HM) = CIL VIII 25902, AD 116/117 (reign of Trajan), fundus Villae Magnae Varianae sive Mappalia Siga","lex Hadriana de rudibus agris + sermo procuratorum, from Ain el-Djemala = CIL VIII 25943 (Hadrianic, AD 117-138)","Ain Wassel copy of the sermo procuratorum with the lex Hadriana = CIL VIII 26416 (Severan republication, c. AD 198-209)","saltus Burunitanus petition of the coloni to Commodus + imperial subscriptio, Souk-el-Khmis, AD 181/182 = CIL VIII 10570 (= CIL VIII 14464) = ILS 6870","Gasr Mezuar (GM) petition of coloni to Commodus = CIL VIII 14428","Mancianae cultor status: dedication to Septimius Severus by C. Aufidius Utilis, fundus Tapp(...), claiming the privilege of Mancian tenure = ILTun. 628, 629","Albertini Tablets (Vandal period, late 5th c. AD): culturae Mancianae on a private estate in the pre-desert; olive plots in wadi beds","Communal structure of the coloni: magister and defensor lead the coloni on the fundus Villae Magnae Varianae (HM); magister C. Iulius Pelops (SK 4.28-29) and spokesman Lurius Lucullus at the saltus Burunitanus","Coloni tenure analogised to perpetual municipal lessees of agri vectigales with an in rem claim (Paul. D. 6.3.1, 21 ad ed.); conductores hold short-term (c. 5-yr) leases"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"Trajanic-Severan (AD 116 - early 3rd c.), with Mancian tenure surviving to the Vandal-period Albertini Tablets (late 5th c.)","basis":"lex Manciana bronze from Henchir Mettich (CIL VIII 25902) AD 116/117; sermo procuratorum republished under Septimius Severus at Ain Wassel (CIL VIII 26416)","bands":[{"start":116,"end":235}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the production dossier","url":"/production-ecology/#/site/henchir-mettich"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["olive_oil","grain","wine","production"],"details":{"bibliography_keys":["kehoe2007","christol1999"],"evidence":[{"idx":0,"type":"legal","citation":"lex Manciana, bronze from Henchir Mettich (HM) = CIL VIII 25902, AD 116/117 (reign of Trajan), fundus Villae Magnae Varianae sive Mappalia Siga","certainty":"attested","source_key":"kehoe2007","note":"VERIFIED (Kehoe 2007, 56-58; web). Procuratorial regulation responding to a coloni petition over subseciva. Coloni hold perpetual usus proprius (HM 1.9; 4.2-22) for a share rent (pars agraria, generally one-third of crops: HM 1.10-2.17) plus six days' operae to the conductores (HM 4.22-35). Development incentives: fig trees rent-free 5 yrs (HM 2.20-24), vineyards rent-free 5 yrs (HM 2.24-3.2), new olives 10-yr grace (HM 3.2-10); grazing (HM 3.12-20) and crop-damage (HM 3.20-4.2) clauses; domini named alongside conductores as possible future landlords.","access":{"open_url":"https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=CIL%2008%2C%2025902","resolver":"EDH (CIL search)","pid_class":"search","query":"CIL 08, 25902","verified_hits":1},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"verified","pass":"P5"},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":1,"type":"legal","citation":"lex Hadriana de rudibus agris + sermo procuratorum, from Ain el-Djemala = CIL VIII 25943 (Hadrianic, AD 117-138)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"kehoe2007","note":"VERIFIED (Kehoe 2007, 59-61; web). PAIRING CONFIRMED: Ain el-Djemala = CIL VIII 25943 (Hadrianic), NOT to be swapped with Ain Wassel. The sermo procuratorum grants anyone the right to occupy parts of estates suited to olives, vines or cereals that are vacant or uncultivated for ten continuous years and not worked by the conductores, with possession, enjoyment and heritability (saltus Blandianus et Udensis; Lamianus et Domitianus joined to the Tuzritanus). Extends the lex Manciana tenure to marginal/rudes agri under imperial liberalitas/providentia.","access":{"open_url":"https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=CIL%2008%2C%2025943","resolver":"EDH (CIL search)","pid_class":"search","query":"CIL 08, 25943","verified_hits":1},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"verified","pass":"P5"},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":2,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"Ain Wassel copy of the sermo procuratorum with the lex Hadriana = CIL VIII 26416 (Severan republication, c. AD 198-209)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"kehoe2007","note":"VERIFIED (Kehoe 2007, 59, 62; web). PAIRING CONFIRMED: Ain Wassel = CIL VIII 26416 (Severan), the later of the pair. Republication ~70 years after Hadrian's law shows the durability of the incentive regime and coloni readiness to insist on their rights. A third copy was found at Lella Drebblia.","access":{"open_url":"https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=CIL%2008%2C%2026416","resolver":"print (EDH has no record for this reference)","pid_class":"print_only","query":"CIL 08, 26416","verified_hits":0},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"verified","pass":"P5"},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":3,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"saltus Burunitanus petition of the coloni to Commodus + imperial subscriptio, Souk-el-Khmis, AD 181/182 = CIL VIII 10570 (= CIL VIII 14464) = ILS 6870","certainty":"attested","source_key":"kehoe2007","note":"VERIFIED number CIL VIII 10570 = ILS 6870 (web + Kehoe 2007, 72-75). The Supplement companion is standardly 14464; Kehoe's printed text renders it '14454' (apparent typo / OCR ambiguity of the serif digits) - cite 14464. Coloni complain that the (unnamed) procurator and his confederate the conductor Allius Maximus exacted operae beyond the lease and raised the share rent, and sent soldiers to arrest and flog coloni, some Roman citizens. They invoke a kaput of the lex Hadriana, the procurators' letters, and the perpetua forma inscribed in bronze; Commodus' subscriptio upholds the perpetua forma (labour 'not more than two days three times'). NOTE: the coercion was ultra vires abuse condemned by the emperor, NOT a chartered penal/coercive jurisdiction.","access":{"open_url":"https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=CIL%2008%2C%2010570","resolver":"print (EDH has no record for this reference)","pid_class":"print_only","query":"CIL 08, 10570","verified_hits":0},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"verified","pass":"P5"},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":4,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"Gasr Mezuar (GM) petition of coloni to Commodus = CIL VIII 14428","certainty":"attested","source_key":"kehoe2007","note":"Kehoe 2007, 75. Coloni make explicit the threat to quit the imperial estate for private land - a recurring lever in imperial-estate petitions.","access":{"open_url":"https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=CIL%2008%2C%2014428","resolver":"print (EDH has no record for this reference)","pid_class":"print_only","query":"CIL 08, 14428","verified_hits":0},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"verified","pass":"P5"},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":5,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"Mancianae cultor status: dedication to Septimius Severus by C. Aufidius Utilis, fundus Tapp(...), claiming the privilege of Mancian tenure = ILTun. 628, 629","certainty":"attested","source_key":"kehoe2007","note":"Kehoe 2007, 62. Cultivating under the lex Manciana conferred a positively claimed juridico-social status.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Mancianae%20cultor%20status%3A%20dedication%20to%20Septimius%20Severus%20by%20C.%20Aufidius%20Utilis%2C%20","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":6,"type":"literary","citation":"Albertini Tablets (Vandal period, late 5th c. AD): culturae Mancianae on a private estate in the pre-desert; olive plots in wadi beds","certainty":"attested","source_key":"kehoe2007","note":"Kehoe 2007, 62. Demonstrates the remarkable durability of Mancian tenure; by this date holders of culturae Mancianae buy and sell their rights.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Albertini%20Tablets%20%28Vandal%20period%2C%20late%205th%20c.%20AD%29%3A%20culturae%20Mancianae%20on%20a%20priva","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":7,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"Communal structure of the coloni: magister and defensor lead the coloni on the fundus Villae Magnae Varianae (HM); magister C. Iulius Pelops (SK 4.28-29) and spokesman Lurius Lucullus at the saltus Burunitanus","certainty":"attested","source_key":"kehoe2007","note":"Kehoe 2007, 76. The coloni are organised as a self-standing communal body (magistri, defensores, priests) that petitions the emperor directly - the estate community stands outside the municipal ordo (extra civitatem).","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Communal%20structure%20of%20the%20coloni%3A%20magister%20and%20defensor%20lead%20the%20coloni%20on%20the%20f","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":8,"type":"legal","citation":"Coloni tenure analogised to perpetual municipal lessees of agri vectigales with an in rem claim (Paul. D. 6.3.1, 21 ad ed.); conductores hold short-term (c. 5-yr) leases","certainty":"inferred","source_key":"kehoe2007","note":"Kehoe 2007, 61. The Fiscus leases two distinct groups: coloni (perpetual cultivation for share rent + operae) and conductores (right to collect rent and to work lands not held by coloni, drawing on coloni labour and draft animals).","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Coloni%20tenure%20analogised%20to%20perpetual%20municipal%20lessees%20of%20agri%20vectigales%20with%20","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null}],"date_basis":"lex Manciana bronze from Henchir Mettich (CIL VIII 25902) AD 116/117; sermo procuratorum republished under Septimius Severus at Ain Wassel (CIL VIII 26416)","honesty":{"evidence_type_gaps":["archaeological","archaeometric","numismatic","papyrological"],"disputed_ownership":[],"disputed_evidence":[],"calibration_fragile":false,"genus_flip":false,"no_pid":true}}},{"id":"production:karystos","dataset":"production","title":"Karystos","coordinates":[24.465833,38.05],"geometry_role":"Russell 2013, OXREP quarries gazetteer, s.v. Kylindroi (inland from Karystos, Euboea); approximate","evidence":"production dossier / source coding","summary":"GENUS: qualifies as a bounded fiscal-legal production enclave (convergence 1/2/1): a resident imperial supervisor (a lapicidinis Carystiis) + patrimonial procuratores of Achaia + seconded centuriones (bounded 1 - no wall/charter), directly worked and consigned to Rome (allocated 2), central consignment + quarry-label/probator accounting but no farmed vectigalia (fiscal 1). SPECIES: dirigiste, state/prestige-oriented (cipollino columns for Rome), labour mixed with a distinctive MILITARY dimension (seconded centurio + imperial familia) rather than penal (contrast Simitthus's ergastulum), and no capital-attraction incentive. The 'military-supervised prestige quarry'; patrimonial-procurator supervision leaves the fiscus/patrimonium ownership question open.","limit":"Imported dossier coding, not a new verification of all underlying scholarship. Date bands describe the source dossier, not uninterrupted operation.","references":["Russell 2013, OXREP quarries gazetteer, s.v. Kylindroi (inland from Karystos on Euboea, province Achaia): green-grey and white streaked marble (cipollino); used locally from the Classical period but only exported widely in the Roman Imperial period.","The cipollino quarries near Karystos are numerous but have not been properly studied; a Belgian team surveyed part of the quarries near Styra and Pyrgari and the associated road system; the Latomeia Claudiana displayed a rock face up to 16 m high; columns and slabs litter the quarries and were used as road pavement; steep slipways ran down to the coast. Stone huts interpreted (uncorroborated) as military buildings sit at strategic points.","Patrimonial procuratores of Achaia named in cipollino quarry-labels found on Karystos stones at Rome/Ostia, under whose cura the marble was extracted and shipped: Minic(i)us Sanctus (AD 132) and C. Cerialis (late Hadrianic period); Pflaum took both to be named in their capacity as procuratores provinciae Achaiae. Minicius Sanctus (or his son) later appears as praefectus Aegypti (AD 149/50).","Hymenaeus Thamyrianus, Caesaris servus, styled 'a lapicidinis Carystiis' (responsible for the quarries near Karystos), honoured on a large white-marble base near Paleochora/Karystos (CIL III 563 + 12289); with Thamyrus, dispensator Augusti, whose ligatured names appear on a series of cipollino products recovered at Rome. The Rome inscription antedates the Karystos base (Hymenaeus not yet manumitted), indicating a resident imperial-familia supervisor present at the quarries.","cipollino quarry-labels: a consular date + the name of the imperial procurator under whose cura the stone was extracted + the mark PR/PROB (read as probator, 'approver/inspector', or prob(atus), 'checked') + n(umero)/l(oco)-numbers; a change in formula between AD 132 and 134/5; a unique PR/PROB mark names the centurio Sergius Longus of the legio XXII Primigenia. Hazel Dodge links the AD 134/5 change to the opening / regulated production of the Latomeia Claudiana under Hadrian.","Roman centurions seconded to quarries like Karystos, Dokimeion or Mons Claudianus - since military specialists could not be lent for the benefit of any private individual (including the emperor) - indicate that these districts were most probably public (state) property; Karystos is listed among the quarries probably public property under the emperor's control rather than private domains, supervised by the patrimonial procurators of Achaia."],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"later 1st - 2nd c. AD","basis":"the Latomeia Claudiana points to Claudian working; cipollino quarry-labels show a formula change AD 132/134-5 (Dodge: opening of the Latomeia Claudiana / regulated production under Hadrian); cipollino exported widely only in the Roman Imperial period (Russell 2013; Hirt 2010: 310, 330 n.378).","bands":[{"start":40,"end":250}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the production dossier","url":"/production-ecology/#/site/karystos"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["marble_decorative_stone","production"],"details":{"bibliography_keys":["hirt2010","russell2013","dubois1908","pflaum1960","dodge","fant1989a","hankey1965"],"evidence":[{"idx":0,"type":"archaeological","citation":"Russell 2013, OXREP quarries gazetteer, s.v. Kylindroi (inland from Karystos on Euboea, province Achaia): green-grey and white streaked marble (cipollino); used locally from the Classical period but only exported widely in the Roman Imperial period.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"russell2013","note":"Coordinates 38.05 / 24.465833 (Kylindroi). The cipollino district also includes quarries near Styra, Pyrgari, Myloi and Aetos. Bibliography: Hankey 1965; Sutherland & Sutherland 2002; Vanhove 1996.","access":{"open_url":"https://oxrep.web.ox.ac.uk/databases","resolver":"OXREP (portal)","pid_class":"discovery"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":1,"type":"archaeological","citation":"The cipollino quarries near Karystos are numerous but have not been properly studied; a Belgian team surveyed part of the quarries near Styra and Pyrgari and the associated road system; the Latomeia Claudiana displayed a rock face up to 16 m high; columns and slabs litter the quarries and were used as road pavement; steep slipways ran down to the coast. Stone huts interpreted (uncorroborated) as military buildings sit at strategic points.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 28-29 (Vanhove 1996; Kozelj & Wurch-Kozelj 1995). The 'military buildings' interpretation is explicitly noted by Hirt as not corroborated by epigraphic or archaeological evidence.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=The%20cipollino%20quarries%20near%20Karystos%20are%20numerous%20but%20have%20not%20been%20properly%20stu","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":2,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"Patrimonial procuratores of Achaia named in cipollino quarry-labels found on Karystos stones at Rome/Ostia, under whose cura the marble was extracted and shipped: Minic(i)us Sanctus (AD 132) and C. Cerialis (late Hadrianic period); Pflaum took both to be named in their capacity as procuratores provinciae Achaiae. Minicius Sanctus (or his son) later appears as praefectus Aegypti (AD 149/50).","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 114-115, 129, 161 (Pflaum 1960-1; PIR2 M 628). Specific App./CIL numbers not transcribed to avoid error.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Patrimonial%20procuratores%20of%20Achaia%20named%20in%20cipollino%20quarry-labels%20found%20on%20Kar","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":3,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"Hymenaeus Thamyrianus, Caesaris servus, styled 'a lapicidinis Carystiis' (responsible for the quarries near Karystos), honoured on a large white-marble base near Paleochora/Karystos (CIL III 563 + 12289); with Thamyrus, dispensator Augusti, whose ligatured names appear on a series of cipollino products recovered at Rome. The Rome inscription antedates the Karystos base (Hymenaeus not yet manumitted), indicating a resident imperial-familia supervisor present at the quarries.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 172-174, 310 (Dubois 1908; Pensabene 1994). 'a lapicidinis Carystiis' = responsible for the quarries (lapicidinae), not for the marble (marmor) itself.","access":{"open_url":"https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=CIL%2003%2C%2000563","resolver":"EDH (CIL search)","pid_class":"search","query":"CIL 03, 00563","verified_hits":1},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":4,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"cipollino quarry-labels: a consular date + the name of the imperial procurator under whose cura the stone was extracted + the mark PR/PROB (read as probator, 'approver/inspector', or prob(atus), 'checked') + n(umero)/l(oco)-numbers; a change in formula between AD 132 and 134/5; a unique PR/PROB mark names the centurio Sergius Longus of the legio XXII Primigenia. Hazel Dodge links the AD 134/5 change to the opening / regulated production of the Latomeia Claudiana under Hadrian.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 309-311, 330 fn.378 (Dodge; Fant 1989a: 26-8; Maischberger 1997). Only one dated label from Karystos itself (Caecilius Marcianus).","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=cipollino%20quarry-labels%3A%20a%20consular%20date%20%2B%20the%20name%20of%20the%20imperial%20procurator%20u","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":5,"type":"legal","citation":"Roman centurions seconded to quarries like Karystos, Dokimeion or Mons Claudianus - since military specialists could not be lent for the benefit of any private individual (including the emperor) - indicate that these districts were most probably public (state) property; Karystos is listed among the quarries probably public property under the emperor's control rather than private domains, supervised by the patrimonial procurators of Achaia.","certainty":"inferred","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 96, 106, 121, 161. Basis for the state/public reading and for the military-marker argument; the patrimonial-procurator supervision keeps the fiscus/patrimonium question contested.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Roman%20centurions%20seconded%20to%20quarries%20like%20Karystos%2C%20Dokimeion%20or%20Mons%20Claudianu","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null}],"date_basis":"the Latomeia Claudiana points to Claudian working; cipollino quarry-labels show a formula change AD 132/134-5 (Dodge: opening of the Latomeia Claudiana / regulated production under Hadrian); cipollino exported widely only in the Roman Imperial period (Russell 2013; Hirt 2010: 310, 330 n.378).","honesty":{"evidence_type_gaps":["archaeometric","literary","numismatic","papyrological"],"disputed_ownership":[{"period":"high-imperial","status":"contested","treasury":"patrimonium","holder_view":"Hirt 2010: 106, 121 - Karystos probably PUBLIC property under the emperor's control, not a private domain; but supervision was exercised by the PATRIMONIAL procurators of Achaia (Minicius Sanctus, C. Cerialis), so the treasury attribution (fiscus vs patrimonium) is contested. Left status=contested, treasury=patrimonium to record the patrimonial-procurator supervision.","evidence_ref":[2,6]}],"disputed_evidence":[],"calibration_fragile":true,"genus_flip":false,"no_pid":true}}},{"id":"production:la-catria","dataset":"production","title":"La Catria figlinae (Axati district, Baetis)","coordinates":[-5.5275,37.659],"geometry_role":"Lora del Río node (CEIPAC); La Catria figlina nearby; approximate","evidence":"production dossier / source coding","summary":"GENUS: FAILS — convergence 0/1/1. La Catria is the SHARPEST single-site illustration of the zone verdict: the acknowledged principal annona exporter, worked by a private dominus (C. Iuventius Albinus) on municipal territory with a possibly-public river portus (Oducia), later drawn partly into imperial administration. Maximum state ARTICULATION (annona primacy + partial imperial ownership) still yields no bounded jurisdiction — the site is a private figlina plugged into a state supply chain, not a fiscal-legal enclave.","limit":"Imported dossier coding, not a new verification of all underlying scholarship. Date bands describe the source dossier, not uninterrupted operation.","references":["CEIPAC amphora-stamp dataset (Rubio 2018): 310 Dressel 20 stamp instances at the Lora del Río (Axati/La Catria) node; part of the middle-Guadalquivir figlina cluster","J. Remesal Rodríguez, on La Catria (Lora del Río) as 'the principal exporter for the annona', with exports declining from the mid-2nd c. and recovering in the first half of the 3rd","Dressel 20 stamps identifying the figlina dominus C. Iuventius Albinus at La Catria; the portus of La Catria possibly public, dependent on the neighbouring municipium of Oducia (JRA, 'The inscribed legality: Baetican oil amphora production in the light of Dressel 20 stamps')","Remesal: the figlinae at La Catria ought to have been confiscated by Septimius Severus / taken into imperial administration (reinterpreting the Historia Augusta confiscation notice)"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"later 1st – first half 3rd c. AD; principal annona exporter, peak to mid-2nd c. then recovery in early 3rd c.","basis":"Dressel 20 stamp seriation (CEIPAC) + Remesal on La Catria as the principal annona exporter","bands":[{"start":30,"end":260}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the production dossier","url":"/production-ecology/#/site/la-catria"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["amphorae","olive_oil","production"],"details":{"bibliography_keys":["remesal_export","moros2023","ceipac2018"],"evidence":[{"idx":0,"type":"archaeological","citation":"CEIPAC amphora-stamp dataset (Rubio 2018): 310 Dressel 20 stamp instances at the Lora del Río (Axati/La Catria) node; part of the middle-Guadalquivir figlina cluster","certainty":"attested","source_key":"ceipac2018","note":"Count computed from the dataset; node value, not a full production estimate.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=CEIPAC%20amphora-stamp%20dataset%20%28Rubio%202018%29%3A%20310%20Dressel%2020%20stamp%20instances%20at%20the","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":1,"type":"literary","citation":"J. Remesal Rodríguez, on La Catria (Lora del Río) as 'the principal exporter for the annona', with exports declining from the mid-2nd c. and recovering in the first half of the 3rd","certainty":"attested","source_key":"remesal_export","note":"Establishes La Catria's primacy among Dressel 20 exporters and its annona orientation.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=J.%20Remesal%20Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C%20on%20La%20Catria%20%28Lora%20del%20R%C3%ADo%29%20as%20%27the%20principal%20exporter%20for","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":2,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"Dressel 20 stamps identifying the figlina dominus C. Iuventius Albinus at La Catria; the portus of La Catria possibly public, dependent on the neighbouring municipium of Oducia (JRA, 'The inscribed legality: Baetican oil amphora production in the light of Dressel 20 stamps')","certainty":"attested","source_key":"moros2023","note":"Shows the site organised by a private dominus under locatio-conductio arrangements, with municipal (Oducia) rather than enclave state involvement in the portus. Stamps read as accounts/agreements, not a state monopoly mark.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Dressel%2020%20stamps%20identifying%20the%20figlina%20dominus%20C.%20Iuventius%20Albinus%20at%20La%20Cat","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":3,"type":"literary","citation":"Remesal: the figlinae at La Catria ought to have been confiscated by Septimius Severus / taken into imperial administration (reinterpreting the Historia Augusta confiscation notice)","certainty":"disputed","source_key":"remesal_export","note":"DISPUTED / VERIFY. The direct-imperial-ownership component at La Catria — real but bounded and contested in date and extent.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Remesal%3A%20the%20figlinae%20at%20La%20Catria%20ought%20to%20have%20been%20confiscated%20by%20Septimius%20S","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null}],"date_basis":"Dressel 20 stamp seriation (CEIPAC) + Remesal on La Catria as the principal annona exporter","honesty":{"evidence_type_gaps":["archaeometric","legal","numismatic","papyrological"],"disputed_ownership":[{"period":"Antonine–Severan","status":"contested","treasury":"res_privata","holder_view":"Remesal: La Catria among the figlinae taken into imperial administration / 'confiscated by Septimius Severus'; extent and date disputed (Remesal argues the takeover was already Antonine and the Severan confiscation minor).","evidence_ref":[3]}],"disputed_evidence":["Remesal: the figlinae at La Catria ought to have been confiscated by Septimius Severus / taken into imperial administration (reinterpreting the Historia Augusta confiscation notice)"],"calibration_fragile":false,"genus_flip":false,"no_pid":true}}},{"id":"production:la-graufesenque","dataset":"production","title":"La Graufesenque","coordinates":[3.0878,44.0975],"geometry_role":"Condatomagus/Millau site (approximate); approximate","evidence":"production dossier / source coding","summary":"GENUS: FAILS — convergence 0/0/0 (no bounded jurisdiction, no allocated exploitation, no fiscal-monopoly apparatus): a massive empire-wide production center that is NOT a bounded fiscal-legal enclave. DIVERGENCE: nominally liberalizing/market (mag 1, really the absence of any special regime), private_export_profit (mag 2), mixed private free/servile labour without any penal component (mag 1), and no development incentive of either pole (capital_attraction mag 0). The clean negative control: scale of output does not make a SEDZ — the instrument correctly separates a private market production cluster from the metallum-type enclave (cf. Vipasca 2/2/2).","limit":"Imported dossier coding, not a new verification of all underlying scholarship. Date bands describe the source dossier, not uninterrupted operation.","references":["R. Marichal, Les graffites de La Graufesenque (Gallia Supplément 47, CNRS, 1988)","Excavations at Condatomagus/La Graufesenque (Aveyron): kiln fields, the 'grand four' (great kiln), and workshop remains at the Tarn–Dourbie confluence","Distribution of South Gaulish (La Graufesenque) terra sigillata name-stamps across the Roman West and beyond","G. Fülle, 'The Internal Organization of the Arretine Terra Sigillata Industry: Problems of Evidence and Interpretation', JRS 87 (1997), 111–155","Administrative-geographic context: Condatomagus as a vicus of the civitas Rutenorum (cap. Segodunum/Rodez); provincial assignment of the Ruteni","M. Fulford, 'The mysterious case of La Graufesenque? Stimuli to large-scale fine pottery production and trade in the Roman Empire', in M. Fulford & E. Durham (eds), Seeing Red (ICS, 2013), 111–120"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"Tiberian–Flavian apogee; peak third quarter of the 1st c. AD; major export c. AD 40–120","basis":"kiln archaeology + pre-firing graffiti (Marichal 1988) + terra sigillata stamp seriation (NoTS)","bands":[{"start":-10,"end":200}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the production dossier","url":"/production-ecology/#/site/la-graufesenque"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["ceramics_fineware","production"],"details":{"bibliography_keys":["marichal1988","fulle1997","fulford2013"],"evidence":[{"idx":0,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"R. Marichal, Les graffites de La Graufesenque (Gallia Supplément 47, CNRS, 1988)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"marichal1988","note":"Pre-firing graffiti incised on unfired, stamped dishes and then sealed under the slip before firing. The 'comptes'/kiln-load dockets list potters, each paired with a vessel-name and a count of pieces contributed to a shared firing — evidence that many independent potters pooled output into single communal kiln-loads. Over 200 potters are named across the corpus; the formulaic tallies illuminate the internal organization of the potteries.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=R.%20Marichal%2C%20Les%20graffites%20de%20La%20Graufesenque%20%28Gallia%20Suppl%C3%A9ment%2047%2C%20CNRS%2C%201988%29","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":1,"type":"archaeological","citation":"Excavations at Condatomagus/La Graufesenque (Aveyron): kiln fields, the 'grand four' (great kiln), and workshop remains at the Tarn–Dourbie confluence","certainty":"attested","source_key":null,"note":"More than 600 pottery workshops are known to have operated (a few dozen prominent); the communal great kiln could fire on the order of 25,000–40,000 vessels per load. Fired in wood-burning kilns from local clay with a red slip. Foundation under Augustus; peak in the third quarter of the 1st c. AD.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Excavations%20at%20Condatomagus/La%20Graufesenque%20%28Aveyron%29%3A%20kiln%20fields%2C%20the%20%27grand%20f","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":2,"type":"archaeological","citation":"Distribution of South Gaulish (La Graufesenque) terra sigillata name-stamps across the Roman West and beyond","certainty":"attested","source_key":null,"note":"Empire-wide find-spot distribution documents a private export product moving through ordinary commercial channels, not a fiscal levy in kind.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Distribution%20of%20South%20Gaulish%20%28La%20Graufesenque%29%20terra%20sigillata%20name-stamps%20acro","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":3,"type":"literary","citation":"G. Fülle, 'The Internal Organization of the Arretine Terra Sigillata Industry: Problems of Evidence and Interpretation', JRS 87 (1997), 111–155","certainty":"attested","source_key":"fulle1997","note":"Modern scholarship. Reconstructs the sigillata industry as privately organized officinae — workshop owners deploying (often servile) labour under private ownership — rather than a state-run or state-monopolized enterprise. Argues from Arretine (Italian) evidence but frames the organizational model applied to the South Gaulish successors: private firms, market entry, no imperial allocation of productive access.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=G.%20F%C3%BClle%2C%20%27The%20Internal%20Organization%20of%20the%20Arretine%20Terra%20Sigillata%20Industry%3A%20P","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":4,"type":"literary","citation":"Administrative-geographic context: Condatomagus as a vicus of the civitas Rutenorum (cap. Segodunum/Rodez); provincial assignment of the Ruteni","certainty":"disputed","source_key":null,"note":"Province marked disputed: the main civitas Rutenorum (Segodunum) was assigned to Gallia Aquitania, but the Ruteni were split — a southern fragment (Ruteni provinciales) lay in Gallia Narbonensis — and some summaries place La Graufesenque in Narbonensis. Either way it is ordinary provincial/municipal territory, NOT an extra-civic fiscal-legal district. Verify precise civitas boundary against a Ruteni study.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Administrative-geographic%20context%3A%20Condatomagus%20as%20a%20vicus%20of%20the%20civitas%20Ruteno","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":5,"type":"literary","citation":"M. Fulford, 'The mysterious case of La Graufesenque? Stimuli to large-scale fine pottery production and trade in the Roman Empire', in M. Fulford & E. Durham (eds), Seeing Red (ICS, 2013), 111–120","certainty":"attested","source_key":"fulford2013","note":"Modern scholarship. Treats the scale of La Graufesenque as an economic/market puzzle — private producers responding to demand, transport advantage and market access — explicitly without invoking state direction or a special fiscal regime.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=M.%20Fulford%2C%20%27The%20mysterious%20case%20of%20La%20Graufesenque%3F%20Stimuli%20to%20large-scale%20fine","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null}],"date_basis":"kiln archaeology + pre-firing graffiti (Marichal 1988) + terra sigillata stamp seriation (NoTS)","honesty":{"evidence_type_gaps":["archaeometric","legal","numismatic","papyrological"],"disputed_ownership":[],"disputed_evidence":["Administrative-geographic context: Condatomagus as a vicus of the civitas Rutenorum (cap. Segodunum/Rodez); provincial assignment of the Ruteni"],"calibration_fragile":false,"genus_flip":false,"no_pid":true}}},{"id":"production:laurion","dataset":"production","title":"Laurion (Athenian silver mines)","coordinates":[24.0578,37.7156],"geometry_role":"modern (Lavrio, Attica); regional centroid of the Thorikos-Sounion workings; approximate","evidence":"production dossier / source coding","summary":"GENUS: qualifies (convergence 1/2/1 - all three axes >=1), but a SHALLOWER enclave than Vipasca: full on allocation, only partial on bounded-jurisdiction and fiscal-apparatus because the mines are leased by ordinary magistrates within Attic civic territory, with no extra-civitatem administration. SPECIES: shares Vipasca's polarity on three of four divergence axes (dirigiste, state-fiscal-revenue, coerced labour - indeed MORE coerced, being mass chattel slavery), diverging only on capital-attraction (competitive market lease, not participatory liberalitas). Verdict: a CLOSER institutional homologue of the Roman metallum than the modern SEZ - a genus member sharing the dirigiste species-direction - while proving that a state mine-lease is not automatically a bounded administrative enclave.","limit":"Imported dossier coding, not a new verification of all underlying scholarship. Date bands describe the source dossier, not uninterrupted operation.","references":["Aristotle, Athenaion Politeia 47.2","Athenian Agora poletai records (leases of the Laureion mines), ed. M. Crosby, Hesperia 19 (1950) 189-312; cf. Agora XIX (Lalonde/Langdon/Walbank 1991)","Xenophon, Poroi (Ways and Means) 4.14-15","Demosthenes 37 (Against Pantainetos); with Ath.Pol. 52.2 on dikai metallikai as monthly suits","Herodotus 7.144; Aristotle, Athenaion Politeia 22.7","Thorikos-Sounion mining district: shafts, ore-washeries and cementation works excavated; C. Conophagos, Le Laurium antique (1980); Belgian excavations at Thorikos"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"later 5th - 4th c. BC (major Maroneia strike 483 BC funds the Themistoclean fleet; dense poletai leasing in the 4th c.)","basis":"poletai lease-stelai (4th c.); shaft/washery archaeology; literary testimonia","bands":[{"start":-550,"end":-300}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the production dossier","url":"/production-ecology/#/site/laurion"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["silver","lead","production"],"details":{"bibliography_keys":["rhodes2017","crosby1950","xenophon_poroi","dem37","conophagos1980","hopper1953"],"evidence":[{"idx":0,"type":"literary","citation":"Aristotle, Athenaion Politeia 47.2","certainty":"attested","source_key":"rhodes2017","note":"The poletai, before the Boule, lease out the mines: the workable ones (ta ergasima) for three years and the 'conceded' category (ta synkechoremena) for a term of years. The exact year-figures in the second clause are corrupt/disputed in the MSS (emended by some to ten); reported here as attested for the leasing mechanism, disputed for the precise terms.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Aristotle%2C%20Athenaion%20Politeia%2047.2","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":1,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"Athenian Agora poletai records (leases of the Laureion mines), ed. M. Crosby, Hesperia 19 (1950) 189-312; cf. Agora XIX (Lalonde/Langdon/Walbank 1991)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"crosby1950","note":"Lease categories inscribed on the poletai stelai: kainotomia (new cutting), ergasimon (workable), anasaximon / palaion anasaximon (old, re-opened); each concession registered with a description, location, adjacent lessees, and a registration fee. Grounds the technical lease-type terms (these come from the stelai, not verbatim from Ath.Pol.).","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Athenian%20Agora%20poletai%20records%20%28leases%20of%20the%20Laureion%20mines%29%2C%20ed.%20M.%20Crosby%2C%20He","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":2,"type":"literary","citation":"Xenophon, Poroi (Ways and Means) 4.14-15","certainty":"attested","source_key":"xenophon_poroi","note":"Nikias son of Nikeratos owned 1,000 mine-slaves and hired them out to Sosias the Thracian at one obol per slave per day net, Sosias undertaking to keep the number constant. Xenophon proposes the polis itself acquire public mine-slaves to hire to concessionaires. Attests mass CHATTEL-SLAVE labour and a state-enterprise proposal.","access":{"open_url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/search/?q=Xenophon","resolver":"Scaife (author discovery)","pid_class":"discovery","query":"Xenophon"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":3,"type":"literary","citation":"Demosthenes 37 (Against Pantainetos); with Ath.Pol. 52.2 on dikai metallikai as monthly suits","certainty":"attested","source_key":"dem37","note":"Private-law suit over a mining workshop (ergasterion) and c. 30 slaves at Maroneia/Thorikos, litigated as a dike metallike. Shows mining disputes handled by ORDINARY Athenian courts (emmenoi dikai), not by a resident zone jurisdiction - the key limit on Laurion's 'boundedness'.","access":{"open_url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/search/?q=Ath.Pol.%2052.2%20on%20dikai%20metallikai%20as%20monthly","resolver":"Scaife (author discovery)","pid_class":"discovery","query":"Ath.Pol. 52.2 on dikai metallikai as monthly"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":4,"type":"literary","citation":"Herodotus 7.144; Aristotle, Athenaion Politeia 22.7","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hdt7","note":"The silver surplus from the Laureion/Maroneia strike (483 BC) was diverted by Themistocles to build a fleet (Hdt.: 200 ships; Ath.Pol.: 100 triremes). Mine revenues accrued to the demosion - state-fiscal orientation.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Herodotus%207.144%3B%20Aristotle%2C%20Athenaion%20Politeia%2022.7","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":5,"type":"archaeological","citation":"Thorikos-Sounion mining district: shafts, ore-washeries and cementation works excavated; C. Conophagos, Le Laurium antique (1980); Belgian excavations at Thorikos","certainty":"attested","source_key":"conophagos1980","note":"Hundreds of galleries/shafts and industrial ore-dressing installations (helical washeries, cisterns) - the physical extraction district. Grounds epistemic_status=excavated.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Thorikos-Sounion%20mining%20district%3A%20shafts%2C%20ore-washeries%20and%20cementation%20works%20ex","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null}],"date_basis":"poletai lease-stelai (4th c.); shaft/washery archaeology; literary testimonia","honesty":{"evidence_type_gaps":["archaeometric","legal","numismatic","papyrological"],"disputed_ownership":[],"disputed_evidence":[],"calibration_fragile":true,"genus_flip":true,"no_pid":true}}},{"id":"production:lixus","dataset":"production","title":"Lixus","coordinates":[-6.108,35.198],"geometry_role":"Lixus archaeological site, Loukkos estuary (approximate); approximate","evidence":"production dossier / source coding","summary":"GENUS: FAILS - convergence 0/0/0: one of the largest garum/salsamenta capacities of the western Mediterranean (~142 vats, >1,013 m3, second only to Tróia) that is NOT a fiscal-legal enclave. DIVERGENCE: liberalizing/market (mag 1 = no special regime), private_export_profit (mag 2), mixed private free/servile labour without penal component (mag 1), no development incentive (mag 0). A private processing complex embedded in a colonial town - not an enclave.","limit":"Imported dossier coding, not a new verification of all underlying scholarship. Date bands describe the source dossier, not uninterrupted operation.","references":["Lixus fish-salting quarter (Loukkos estuary, near Larache): ten industrial complexes with at least ~142 opus-signinum salting vats; a principal factory of ~23 closely-spaced vats","A. Wilson, quantification of Roman fish-salting infrastructure capacity (OXREP working paper, c. 2007)","A. Marzano, Harvesting the Sea (OUP 2013); and studies in 'In Mauretaniae maritimis' (Geographica historica 40)","Tingitanian/Gaditan-zone fish-sauce amphora seriation (Dressel 7-11, Beltran forms) and the salt-supply argument from Gades","Administrative status: Lixus incorporated into Mauretania Tingitana and promoted (colonia/municipium) around the Claudian annexation; cetariae under civic, not fiscal-enclave, administration"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"late 1st c. BC - 2nd c. AD apogee; reduced after a 3rd-c. hiatus; active into the early 6th c.","basis":"vat archaeology + amphora seriation; colonial status under Claudius (annexation of Mauretania, c. AD 40)","bands":[{"start":-25,"end":550}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the production dossier","url":"/production-ecology/#/site/lixus"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["garum_salsamenta","amphorae","salt","production"],"details":{"bibliography_keys":["wilson2006","wilson2007quant","marzano2013"],"evidence":[{"idx":0,"type":"archaeological","citation":"Lixus fish-salting quarter (Loukkos estuary, near Larache): ten industrial complexes with at least ~142 opus-signinum salting vats; a principal factory of ~23 closely-spaced vats","certainty":"attested","source_key":null,"note":"Installations begin late 1st c. BC; apogee after Claudian annexation; 3rd-c. hiatus then reduced production to the early 6th c. Salt for the vats partly imported from Gades (few local salinae; no local Dressel 7-11 kilns), which the amphora record supports.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Lixus%20fish-salting%20quarter%20%28Loukkos%20estuary%2C%20near%20Larache%29%3A%20ten%20industrial%20compl","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":1,"type":"archaeometric","citation":"A. Wilson, quantification of Roman fish-salting infrastructure capacity (OXREP working paper, c. 2007)","certainty":"inferred","source_key":"wilson2007quant","note":"Figure and exact venue to VERIFY. Order-of-magnitude scale is the analytic point.","access":{"open_url":"https://oxrep.web.ox.ac.uk/databases","resolver":"OXREP (portal)","pid_class":"discovery"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":2,"type":"literary","citation":"A. Marzano, Harvesting the Sea (OUP 2013); and studies in 'In Mauretaniae maritimis' (Geographica historica 40)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"marzano2013","note":"Frames Tingitanian marine-resource exploitation as market-oriented private production; Lixus and Cotta are archetypal cetaria sites, run as private commercial ventures, not a state monopoly.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=A.%20Marzano%2C%20Harvesting%20the%20Sea%20%28OUP%202013%29%3B%20and%20studies%20in%20%27In%20Mauretaniae%20mariti","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":3,"type":"archaeological","citation":"Tingitanian/Gaditan-zone fish-sauce amphora seriation (Dressel 7-11, Beltran forms) and the salt-supply argument from Gades","certainty":"inferred","source_key":null,"note":"The absence of local Roman-amphora kilns (Dressel 7-11/Beltran) at the North-Moroccan factories, alongside substantial salting output, is read as salt/containers arriving from Gadir - i.e. a commercial supply chain, not a fiscal levy. VERIFY the specific amphora attributions per phase.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Tingitanian/Gaditan-zone%20fish-sauce%20amphora%20seriation%20%28Dressel%207-11%2C%20Beltran%20for","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":4,"type":"literary","citation":"Administrative status: Lixus incorporated into Mauretania Tingitana and promoted (colonia/municipium) around the Claudian annexation; cetariae under civic, not fiscal-enclave, administration","certainty":"disputed","source_key":null,"note":"Exact colonial title/date debated; marked disputed. Either way the works are ordinary urban-industrial space, NOT a bounded fiscal-legal district. VERIFY.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Administrative%20status%3A%20Lixus%20incorporated%20into%20Mauretania%20Tingitana%20and%20promoted","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null}],"date_basis":"vat archaeology + amphora seriation; colonial status under Claudius (annexation of Mauretania, c. AD 40)","honesty":{"evidence_type_gaps":["epigraphic","legal","numismatic","papyrological"],"disputed_ownership":[],"disputed_evidence":["Administrative status: Lixus incorporated into Mauretania Tingitana and promoted (colonia/municipium) around the Claudian annexation; cetariae under civic, not fiscal-enclave, administration"],"calibration_fragile":false,"genus_flip":false,"no_pid":true}}},{"id":"production:luna-carrara","dataset":"production","title":"Luna / Carrara","coordinates":[10.126667,44.0925],"geometry_role":"Russell 2013, OXREP quarries gazetteer, s.v. Carrara; approximate","evidence":"production dossier / source coding","summary":"GENUS: qualifies only MARGINALLY and only in its Flavian+ partially-imperial phase (convergence 1/1/1); the late-Republican/Julio-Claudian phase (colonia Lunensis servi publici + senatorial/entrepreneurial private capital) does NOT qualify. SPECIES: the mixed public-private case - least dirigiste, orientation tilting to private_export_profit, labour servile-then-imperial with no penal component, and, uniquely, CAPITAL entering by spontaneous private/senatorial market initiative rather than sovereign liberalitas. Luna leans furthest of the set toward the liberalizing/private pole and tests the lower bound of the genus. Being in Italy (not a province) and in a colonial territory, it lacks the extra-civitatem perimeter that defines the enclave.","limit":"Imported dossier coding, not a new verification of all underlying scholarship. Date bands describe the source dossier, not uninterrupted operation.","references":["Russell 2013, OXREP quarries gazetteer, s.v. Carrara (northern Tuscany, Apuan Alps, Italia VII): white marbles of various qualities (statuario, ordinario, calacata, chiaro), several veined.","The 'lapis Salvioni' (CIL XI 1356 = ILS 7228), a slab of Luna marble discovered in the quarries (Valle di Colonnata) in 1810/12, dated AD 22: Hilario, a vilicus magister, lists the decuriones of each year of a collegium (funeraticium); the men bear single (slave) names, not tria nomina; Dubois read the accompanying COL mark as col(oniae), i.e. servi publici of the colonia Lunensis.","Private and senatorial participation: vilici owned by private entrepreneurs set up votives to Silvanus/Hercules in and near the Carrara quarries (CIL XI 1319, 1320, 1327, 6946); the senator P. Sulpicius Scribonius Proculus, curator operum publicorum, had contacts at Luna, and his probable ancestor L. Scribonius Libo had a Carrara-marble altar dedicated to Silvanus set up by his libertus (AD 2, CIL XI 1340); the colonia Lunensis or its members quarried in their own right or contracted out work and sold produce to the curatores at Rome.","Partial imperial control from the Flavian period: a vilicus Caesaris set up a votive altar to the Nymphs near Luna (Le Canalie/Bedizzano), and a servus of the emperor Vespasian dedicated an inscription; a tabularii rationis marmorum Lunensium is attested; a CAES = Caes(aris) mark on quarried blocks (at the latest AD 27, no. 1145) is used by Dubois to argue a Tiberian takeover.","M. Firmidius Spectatus, optio and frumentarius of the legio II Italica (based at Lauriacum/Noricum, via the castra peregrinorum at Rome), set up a monument in AD 200 near/within the Carrara quarries commemorating Flavius Mucianus, frumentarius, connecting a military secondment with the quarrying business (CIL XI 1322).","Luna/Carrara is a 'special case': the quarries lie not in a province but in Italy, in the different administrative setting of the colonia Lunensis; the quarry labels are simple abbreviated/ligatured names (like Mons Claudianus), and given the very dispersed quarrying sites, private and municipal quarries could easily have continued to exist even after imperial control was extended over some of them."],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"Augustan - Antonine","basis":"white Luna/Carrara marble supplies Augustan public Rome from the mid-1st c. BC; lapis Salvioni dated AD 22; imperial officials attested from the Flavian period; frumentarius monument AD 200 (Hirt 2010: 171, 189, 314-318).","bands":[{"start":-40,"end":300}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the production dossier","url":"/production-ecology/#/site/luna-carrara"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["marble_decorative_stone","building_stone","production"],"details":{"bibliography_keys":["hirt2010","russell2013","dubois1908","banti1931","dolci1980","speidel1994","fant1988"],"evidence":[{"idx":0,"type":"archaeological","citation":"Russell 2013, OXREP quarries gazetteer, s.v. Carrara (northern Tuscany, Apuan Alps, Italia VII): white marbles of various qualities (statuario, ordinario, calacata, chiaro), several veined.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"russell2013","note":"Coordinates 44.0925 / 10.126667. Bibliography includes Dolci; Bruno.","access":{"open_url":"https://oxrep.web.ox.ac.uk/databases","resolver":"OXREP (portal)","pid_class":"discovery"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":1,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"The 'lapis Salvioni' (CIL XI 1356 = ILS 7228), a slab of Luna marble discovered in the quarries (Valle di Colonnata) in 1810/12, dated AD 22: Hilario, a vilicus magister, lists the decuriones of each year of a collegium (funeraticium); the men bear single (slave) names, not tria nomina; Dubois read the accompanying COL mark as col(oniae), i.e. servi publici of the colonia Lunensis.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 314-315, 317 (Dubois 1908; Waltzing 1899). Some decurio names recur (ligatured/abbreviated) on marble blocks from the quarries (CIL XI 6994). Vilicus title confirms a group of servi.","access":{"open_url":"https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=CIL%2011%2C%2001356","resolver":"print (EDH has no record for this reference)","pid_class":"print_only","query":"CIL 11, 01356","verified_hits":0},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":2,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"Private and senatorial participation: vilici owned by private entrepreneurs set up votives to Silvanus/Hercules in and near the Carrara quarries (CIL XI 1319, 1320, 1327, 6946); the senator P. Sulpicius Scribonius Proculus, curator operum publicorum, had contacts at Luna, and his probable ancestor L. Scribonius Libo had a Carrara-marble altar dedicated to Silvanus set up by his libertus (AD 2, CIL XI 1340); the colonia Lunensis or its members quarried in their own right or contracted out work and sold produce to the curatores at Rome.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 316-317 (Speidel 1994; Dio 63.17.1). Cassius Dio: the Scribonii were summoned to Greece and driven to suicide by Nero in AD 67, perhaps to gain direct access to Luna marble after the fire of Rome (AD 64). Documents genuine PRIVATE capital and a private-export-profit organization.","access":{"open_url":"https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=CIL%2011%2C%2001319","resolver":"print (EDH has no record for this reference)","pid_class":"print_only","query":"CIL 11, 01319","verified_hits":0},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":3,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"Partial imperial control from the Flavian period: a vilicus Caesaris set up a votive altar to the Nymphs near Luna (Le Canalie/Bedizzano), and a servus of the emperor Vespasian dedicated an inscription; a tabularii rationis marmorum Lunensium is attested; a CAES = Caes(aris) mark on quarried blocks (at the latest AD 27, no. 1145) is used by Dubois to argue a Tiberian takeover.","certainty":"disputed","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 171, 317-318 (Dubois 1908; Fant 1988: 150). Hirt: an imperial takeover under Tiberius 'cannot be proven'; imperial presence is secure only from the Flavian period, and only over PART of the quarries.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Partial%20imperial%20control%20from%20the%20Flavian%20period%3A%20a%20vilicus%20Caesaris%20set%20up%20a%20vo","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":4,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"M. Firmidius Spectatus, optio and frumentarius of the legio II Italica (based at Lauriacum/Noricum, via the castra peregrinorum at Rome), set up a monument in AD 200 near/within the Carrara quarries commemorating Flavius Mucianus, frumentarius, connecting a military secondment with the quarrying business (CIL XI 1322).","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 189 (I.Pan 24 for the parallel at Mons Porphyrites). Military specialists seconded to Luna acted on imperial orders.","access":{"open_url":"https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=CIL%2011%2C%2001322","resolver":"print (EDH has no record for this reference)","pid_class":"print_only","query":"CIL 11, 01322","verified_hits":0},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":5,"type":"legal","citation":"Luna/Carrara is a 'special case': the quarries lie not in a province but in Italy, in the different administrative setting of the colonia Lunensis; the quarry labels are simple abbreviated/ligatured names (like Mons Claudianus), and given the very dispersed quarrying sites, private and municipal quarries could easily have continued to exist even after imperial control was extended over some of them.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 314, 318 (ch. 7.2.5). The mixed public/private character is the analytic point of the entry.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Luna/Carrara%20is%20a%20%27special%20case%27%3A%20the%20quarries%20lie%20not%20in%20a%20province%20but%20in%20Ital","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null}],"date_basis":"white Luna/Carrara marble supplies Augustan public Rome from the mid-1st c. BC; lapis Salvioni dated AD 22; imperial officials attested from the Flavian period; frumentarius monument AD 200 (Hirt 2010: 171, 189, 314-318).","honesty":{"evidence_type_gaps":["archaeometric","literary","numismatic","papyrological"],"disputed_ownership":[{"period":"late Republic - Julio-Claudian","status":"contested","treasury":"unknown","holder_view":"Dubois: the slaves of the 'lapis Salvioni' marked COL = col(oniae) are servi publici of the colonia Lunensis, so this group of quarry slaves was owned by the municipality; private entrepreneurs (vilici owned by private individuals; senatorial Scribonii) also took part. A Tiberian imperial takeover (CAES mark, AD 27) is argued by Dubois but Hirt holds it cannot be proven.","evidence_ref":[2,3,4]},{"period":"Flavian onwards","status":"contested","treasury":"fiscus","holder_view":"Hirt 2010: 318 - imperial officials are attested at Luna from the Flavian period, and a tabularii rationis marmorum Lunensium suggests PART of the Luna quarries came under imperial control; given the very dispersed quarrying sites, private and municipal quarries could easily have continued to exist alongside imperial control.","evidence_ref":[4,6]}],"disputed_evidence":["Partial imperial control from the Flavian period: a vilicus Caesaris set up a votive altar to the Nymphs near Luna (Le Canalie/Bedizzano), and a servus of the emperor Vespasian dedicated an inscription; a tabularii rationis marmorum Lunensium is attested; a CAES = Caes(aris) mark on quarried blocks (at the latest AD 27, no. 1145) is used by Dubois to argue a Tiberian takeover."],"calibration_fragile":true,"genus_flip":false,"no_pid":true}}},{"id":"production:mons-claudianus","dataset":"production","title":"Mons Claudianus","coordinates":[33.4869,26.8083],"geometry_role":"regional gazetteer (Gebel Fatirah / Wadi Umm Hussein); approximate; approximate","evidence":"production dossier / source coding","summary":"GENUS: qualifies as a bounded fiscal-legal production enclave (convergence 2/2/1 - full bounded jurisdiction and full mode-neutral allocated exploitation, but only partial fiscal-monopoly apparatus, since it is a pay-and-supply régie directe with no farmed vectigalia or auctioned service monopolies). SPECIES: the régie-directe / prestige contrast to Vipasca - dirigiste, state-pole but prestige-not-profit in orientation, mixed waged+military labour with penal labour debated not attested, and near-absent capital attraction (the state directs and funds directly rather than drawing private capital). Still the mirror image of a modern SEZ's liberalizing/private/incentivized/exemption profile, but by direct state working rather than by farmed monopolies.","limit":"Imported dossier coding, not a new verification of all underlying scholarship. Date bands describe the source dossier, not uninterrupted operation.","references":["Peacock & Maxfield 1997 excavations, Wadi Umm Hussein: fort, grain-store, animal lines, bath, temple of Zeus Helios Sarapis; c.130 quarries over c.9 km2 (53 with huts); 17 skopeloi/watchtowers; Hydreuma; c.4,000 ostraca + coins from the sebakh","O.Claud.inv. 7363 (Nero, AD 68), found at the Hydreuma - earliest firm date for permanent quarrying","I.Pan 42 = CIG III 4713 f = IGRR I/5 1255: temple-building inscription for Zeus Helios Sarapis (AD 117-19) naming Rammius Martialis (praefectus Aegypti), Chresimus (epitropos ton metallon), Avitus (centurio, cohors I Flavia Cilicum equitata, head of the Mons Claudianus quarries) and Epaphroditos Sigerianos (imperial slave and misthotes)","O.Claud. advance-payment receipts (cheirographa) to familiarii / familia Caesaris - e.g. O.Claud. 527, 528, 535, 536, 587, 597 - grouped per numerus (of Porphyrites) and arithmos (of Claudianus) from AD 136/7","O.Claud. 309-56 (vigiles/guard-duty lists) and skopeloi timetables (O.Claud. 175, 304-8)","Procuratorial series of the Eastern-Desert quarry division: Flavius Diadumenus proc. Augusti (AD 103-116); Encolpius epitropos with Q. Accius Optatus centurio (Trajanic, I.Pan 53 = AE 1952: 248); M. Ulpius Chresimus epitropos (AD 117/19); Ulpius Himerus p[rocurator Augus]ti (AD 152/3, O.Claud.inv. 4739, 7737); Probus (AD 185/7); Tertullus epitropos (AD 189, addressee of praefectus Aegypti Pomponius Faustianus)","Hirt 2010: 365-366 (Conclusion): Mons Claudianus was directly exploited (régie directe) - contractors are virtually absent (bar the imperial-slave misthotes Epaphroditos Sigerianos); military personnel, familiarii and hired labour were brought in, supplied via tax grain and requisitioned animals, and supervised by the epitropos ton metallon","Hirt 2010: 95-96 (state-property thesis): imperial metalla understood as aerarium/fiscus property of the Roman state (fiscus = synonym for aerarium, Brunt); no evidence that convicts were condemned to the emperor's own quarries (Dig.); soldiers deployed rei publicae causa (Dig. 4.6); procurators of provinciae Caesaris vested with fiscal judicial powers (rei publicae causae absentes)","Hirt 2010: 1, 366: command of marble/decorative stone 'not merely a luxury but central to the representation of imperial wealth and power'; not all imperial quarries generated revenue - many predominantly supplied visually distinctive stone elements for imperial and public building projects (Fant)"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"first half of the 2nd c. AD (Trajanic-Antonine apogee)","basis":"earliest firm date Nero AD 68 (O.Claud.inv. 7363); latest dated dedication under Severus Alexander AD 222-35; occupation ends before mid-3rd c.; ostraca dating (Bingen 1996)","bands":[{"start":68,"end":235}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the production dossier","url":"/production-ecology/#/site/mons-claudianus"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["building_stone","production"],"details":{"bibliography_keys":["hirt2010","peacock_maxfield1997","cuvigny2000a","bulow_jacobsen1998","domergue2008","fant"],"evidence":[{"idx":0,"type":"archaeological","citation":"Peacock & Maxfield 1997 excavations, Wadi Umm Hussein: fort, grain-store, animal lines, bath, temple of Zeus Helios Sarapis; c.130 quarries over c.9 km2 (53 with huts); 17 skopeloi/watchtowers; Hydreuma; c.4,000 ostraca + coins from the sebakh","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 12-16, 51-52. Cohors II Ituraeorum dedication to Zeus Helios Sarapis dates the site's end under Severus Alexander (AD 222-35).","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Peacock%20%26%20Maxfield%201997%20excavations%2C%20Wadi%20Umm%20Hussein%3A%20fort%2C%20grain-store%2C%20animal","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":1,"type":"papyrological","citation":"O.Claud.inv. 7363 (Nero, AD 68), found at the Hydreuma - earliest firm date for permanent quarrying","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 12 with fn. 1 (Peacock 1992: 9).","access":{"open_url":"https://papyri.info/search?STRING=O.Claud.inv.%207363","resolver":"papyri.info (discovery)","pid_class":"discovery","query":"O.Claud.inv. 7363"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":2,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"I.Pan 42 = CIG III 4713 f = IGRR I/5 1255: temple-building inscription for Zeus Helios Sarapis (AD 117-19) naming Rammius Martialis (praefectus Aegypti), Chresimus (epitropos ton metallon), Avitus (centurio, cohors I Flavia Cilicum equitata, head of the Mons Claudianus quarries) and Epaphroditos Sigerianos (imperial slave and misthotes)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 107. Same command hierarchy repeated at Mons Porphyrites (I.Pan 21 = IGRR I/5 1256). P5 (verify): the temple lintel is dated 23 April AD 118; the financier of record is the imperial slave Epaphroditos Sigerianos - the presence of Chresimus as epitropos IN THIS text is disputed/possibly conflated; Chresimus as procurator metallorum is independently attested. Treat the Chresimus-in-I.Pan-42 detail as certainty:disputed.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=I.Pan%2042%20%3D%20CIG%20III%204713%20f%20%3D%20IGRR%20I/5%201255%3A%20temple-building%20inscription%20for%20Zeus%20","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":3,"type":"papyrological","citation":"O.Claud. advance-payment receipts (cheirographa) to familiarii / familia Caesaris - e.g. O.Claud. 527, 528, 535, 536, 587, 597 - grouped per numerus (of Porphyrites) and arithmos (of Claudianus) from AD 136/7","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 51-52, 336-338. Familia paid commoda (advance payments) whose source is the fiscus Caesaris; a small group of 'foreign' familiarii from Asia Minor/Syria/Palestine received wages and were probably not imperial slaves; workers additionally supplied wheat/barley through provincial grain taxation and requisition.","access":{"open_url":"https://papyri.info/search?STRING=O.Claud.%20527","resolver":"papyri.info (discovery)","pid_class":"discovery","query":"O.Claud. 527"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":4,"type":"papyrological","citation":"O.Claud. 309-56 (vigiles/guard-duty lists) and skopeloi timetables (O.Claud. 175, 304-8)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 16, 184. Guard and watch posts (skopeloi/watchtowers) were manned mostly by paganoi and familiarii, only rarely by soldiers; the watchtowers primarily secured internal signalling, not the site perimeter, though 'internal control of convicts might be a possibility' - convict labour at Claudianus is debated (verify).","access":{"open_url":"https://papyri.info/search?STRING=O.Claud.%20309","resolver":"papyri.info (discovery)","pid_class":"discovery","query":"O.Claud. 309"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":5,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"Procuratorial series of the Eastern-Desert quarry division: Flavius Diadumenus proc. Augusti (AD 103-116); Encolpius epitropos with Q. Accius Optatus centurio (Trajanic, I.Pan 53 = AE 1952: 248); M. Ulpius Chresimus epitropos (AD 117/19); Ulpius Himerus p[rocurator Augus]ti (AD 152/3, O.Claud.inv. 4739, 7737); Probus (AD 185/7); Tertullus epitropos (AD 189, addressee of praefectus Aegypti Pomponius Faustianus)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 107-109. Incumbents mostly freedmen of the familia Caesaris; no ordo, no municipal magistracy - state officials displace civic government.","access":{"open_url":"https://papyri.info/search?STRING=O.Claud.inv.%204739","resolver":"papyri.info (discovery)","pid_class":"discovery","query":"O.Claud.inv. 4739"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":6,"type":"literary","citation":"Hirt 2010: 365-366 (Conclusion): Mons Claudianus was directly exploited (régie directe) - contractors are virtually absent (bar the imperial-slave misthotes Epaphroditos Sigerianos); military personnel, familiarii and hired labour were brought in, supplied via tax grain and requisitioned animals, and supervised by the epitropos ton metallon","certainty":"inferred","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Direct state working was forced by the quarries' remoteness, which made the operation unattractive to private contractors (contrast the default Roman preference to outsource, e.g. Vipasca).","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Hirt%202010%3A%20365-366%20%28Conclusion%29%3A%20Mons%20Claudianus%20was%20directly%20exploited%20%28r%C3%A9gie%20d","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":7,"type":"legal","citation":"Hirt 2010: 95-96 (state-property thesis): imperial metalla understood as aerarium/fiscus property of the Roman state (fiscus = synonym for aerarium, Brunt); no evidence that convicts were condemned to the emperor's own quarries (Dig.); soldiers deployed rei publicae causa (Dig. 4.6); procurators of provinciae Caesaris vested with fiscal judicial powers (rei publicae causae absentes)","certainty":"disputed","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Contested ownership thesis; the patrimonial reading rests on Hadrian's gift-columns (Smyrna inscr., Hirt 2010: 96-97). Flagged disputed.","access":{"open_url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/search/?q=Dig.","resolver":"Scaife (author discovery)","pid_class":"discovery","query":"Dig."},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":8,"type":"literary","citation":"Hirt 2010: 1, 366: command of marble/decorative stone 'not merely a luxury but central to the representation of imperial wealth and power'; not all imperial quarries generated revenue - many predominantly supplied visually distinctive stone elements for imperial and public building projects (Fant)","certainty":"inferred","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Basis for the prestige-not-profit orientation of Mons Claudianus granodiorite output.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Hirt%202010%3A%201%2C%20366%3A%20command%20of%20marble/decorative%20stone%20%27not%20merely%20a%20luxury%20but%20c","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null}],"date_basis":"earliest firm date Nero AD 68 (O.Claud.inv. 7363); latest dated dedication under Severus Alexander AD 222-35; occupation ends before mid-3rd c.; ostraca dating (Bingen 1996)","honesty":{"evidence_type_gaps":["archaeometric","numismatic"],"disputed_ownership":[{"period":"high-imperial","status":"contested","treasury":"fiscus","holder_view":"Hirt 2010 (state: imperial metalla were aerarium/fiscus property of the Roman state, not the emperor's patrimonium; fiscus used as a synonym for aerarium, cf. Brunt); patrimonial view inferred from Hadrian's gift-columns (Smyrna inscr.), which imply the quarries lay in the emperor's patrimonium","evidence_ref":[7]}],"disputed_evidence":["Hirt 2010: 95-96 (state-property thesis): imperial metalla understood as aerarium/fiscus property of the Roman state (fiscus = synonym for aerarium, Brunt); no evidence that convicts were condemned to the emperor's own quarries (Dig.); soldiers deployed rei publicae causa (Dig. 4.6); procurators of provinciae Caesaris vested with fiscal judicial powers (rei publicae causae absentes)"],"calibration_fragile":false,"genus_flip":false,"no_pid":true}}},{"id":"production:mons-porphyrites","dataset":"production","title":"Mons Porphyrites","coordinates":[33.257231,27.214553],"geometry_role":"Russell 2013, OXREP quarries gazetteer, s.v. Mons Porphyrites (Gebel Dokhan); approximate","evidence":"production dossier / source coding","summary":"GENUS: qualifies as a bounded fiscal-legal production enclave (convergence 2/2/1) - a remote militarized desert district with a resident procurator metallorum (bounded 2), worked directly as an imperial metallum via completion-contracts (allocated 2), with an imperial monopoly on purple porphyry + fiscus-Caesaris wage-accounting but no farmed vectigalia/service monopolies (fiscal 1). SPECIES: maximally dirigiste, state/PRESTIGE-oriented (imperial purple porphyry, an outright monopoly), labour MIXED (waged imperial familia + military + probable convicts), no capital-attraction incentive. Like Vipasca/Simitthus on the dirigiste/state axes; the porphyry-monopoly prestige twin of Mons Claudianus and the strongest extra-civitatem perimeter of the marble/decorative-stone set.","limit":"Imported dossier coding, not a new verification of all underlying scholarship. Date bands describe the source dossier, not uninterrupted operation.","references":["Russell 2013, OXREP quarries gazetteer, s.v. Mons Porphyrites (Gebel Dokhan), 50 km west of Hurghada, Eastern Desert, province Aegyptus: a number of varieties of porphyry, the most important being dark purple-red (porfido rosso), plus black porphyries (porfido nero, porfido nero grafico), two greens (porfido verde egiziana, porfido verde oliva) and an orange-red (porfido rosso laterizio); all exported in the Roman Imperial period but only the purple variety in more than minute quantities.","The 'quarrying district' of Mons Porphyrites spreads over c.9 km2 - several quarries (Lykabettus, Lepsius, Rammius, North-West, Bradford, Foot, South-West) and a central complex at Wadi Abu Ma'amel comprising a fort, workers' villages, two temples (Sarapis and Isis), a bath and a cemetery; porphyry was quarried up to c.500 m up the hillside and brought down on long slipways; the fort yielded c.165 ostraca (tituli picti; letters on food/tool purchase and transport; personnel lists), one dated 13 August AD 157, and a dump of c.200 ostraca of bread orders.","Earliest working: an inscription of Cominius Leugas at Bradford village dated AD 18 (I.Pan 18) and Tiberian pottery at the Foot village mark the opening of the porphyry quarries under Tiberius. Temples dated by inscription: Isis Megiste AD 113 (I.Pan 20); Sarapis AD 117-19 (I.Pan 21); Isis Myrionyma AD 137/8 (I.Pan 22). Coins/pottery point to a 4th-c. main occupation at the Lykabettus quarries.","The imperial quarries of the Eastern Desert (Mons Claudianus, Mons Porphyrites, Mons Ophiates) were administered by a procurator metallorum / epitropos ton metallon: at Mons Porphyrites M. Ulpius Chresimus (AD 117/19), Anokanos (AD 137/8) and Ulpius Himerus (AD 150-4) are attested; earlier the metalla of Egypt were run by an archimetallarches, P. Iuventius Agathopus, freedman of P. Iuventius Rufus (tribune legio III Cyrenaica, praefectus Berenicidis), AD 10/11-18.","Direct imperial working (regie directe): the porphyry was quarried exclusively for the emperor and was not thought to be of lesser quality; work was organized via a locatio conductio operis (faciendi) - Epaphroditos, a servus Caesaris, was a contractor for the completion of a set number of blocks (I.Pan 21 at Porphyrites; I.Pan 42 at Mons Claudianus) - NOT a lease of the deposit; tenants were probably barred from selling blocks of imperial stone privately.","Labour and pay: the imperial familia was grouped in a numerus of Porphyrites with sub-divisions; the phamiliarioi (some 'foreign' - from Asia Minor, Syria and Palestine) received advance wage payments recorded in cheirographa, the source of these payments being the fiscus Caesaris; the fort housed a military garrison and administrative offices; quarry workers received wheat and barley through the regular mechanisms of grain taxation and requisition.","A penal/convict component is indicated: watchtowers (skopeloi) at Mons Claudianus/Porphyrites are interpreted as possibly built to guard convict labour; and Eusebius records that 97 Christian convicts were moved from 'a porphyry quarry in the Thebaid' to the copper mines of Phaeno - most plausibly Mons Porphyrites - the emperor's bureaux directing the flow of convicts to metalla.","The Eastern-Desert quarries were probably public property under the emperor's control rather than private domains; imperial purple porphyry functioned as an imperial monopoly (only the purple variety exported in quantity)."],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"1st - 2nd c. AD apogee; activity into the 4th-5th c.","basis":"Bradford-village inscription of Cominius Leugas AD 18 and Tiberian Foot-village pottery mark the opening; temples dated AD 113 / 117-19 / 137/8; an ostracon dated 13 Aug AD 157; coins/pottery point to 4th-c. activity at the Lykabettus quarries (Hirt 2010: 20-22).","bands":[{"start":18,"end":450}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the production dossier","url":"/production-ecology/#/site/mons-porphyrites"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["marble_decorative_stone","building_stone","production"],"details":{"bibliography_keys":["hirt2010","russell2013","maxfield_peacock2001a","maxfield_peacock2001b","cuvigny2000a","bernand_ipan"],"evidence":[{"idx":0,"type":"archaeological","citation":"Russell 2013, OXREP quarries gazetteer, s.v. Mons Porphyrites (Gebel Dokhan), 50 km west of Hurghada, Eastern Desert, province Aegyptus: a number of varieties of porphyry, the most important being dark purple-red (porfido rosso), plus black porphyries (porfido nero, porfido nero grafico), two greens (porfido verde egiziana, porfido verde oliva) and an orange-red (porfido rosso laterizio); all exported in the Roman Imperial period but only the purple variety in more than minute quantities.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"russell2013","note":"Coordinates 27.214553 / 33.257231. Bibliography: Delbruck 1932; Mielsch 1985; Lucci 1964; Meredith; Maxfield & Peacock 2001b.","access":{"open_url":"https://oxrep.web.ox.ac.uk/databases","resolver":"OXREP (portal)","pid_class":"discovery"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":1,"type":"archaeological","citation":"The 'quarrying district' of Mons Porphyrites spreads over c.9 km2 - several quarries (Lykabettus, Lepsius, Rammius, North-West, Bradford, Foot, South-West) and a central complex at Wadi Abu Ma'amel comprising a fort, workers' villages, two temples (Sarapis and Isis), a bath and a cemetery; porphyry was quarried up to c.500 m up the hillside and brought down on long slipways; the fort yielded c.165 ostraca (tituli picti; letters on food/tool purchase and transport; personnel lists), one dated 13 August AD 157, and a dump of c.200 ostraca of bread orders.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 16-20 (Maxfield & Peacock 2001a).","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=The%20%27quarrying%20district%27%20of%20Mons%20Porphyrites%20spreads%20over%20c.9%20km2%20-%20several%20quar","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":2,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"Earliest working: an inscription of Cominius Leugas at Bradford village dated AD 18 (I.Pan 18) and Tiberian pottery at the Foot village mark the opening of the porphyry quarries under Tiberius. Temples dated by inscription: Isis Megiste AD 113 (I.Pan 20); Sarapis AD 117-19 (I.Pan 21); Isis Myrionyma AD 137/8 (I.Pan 22). Coins/pottery point to a 4th-c. main occupation at the Lykabettus quarries.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 20-22 (Maxfield & Peacock 2001a; I.Pan 18, 20, 21, 22).","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Earliest%20working%3A%20an%20inscription%20of%20Cominius%20Leugas%20at%20Bradford%20village%20dated%20AD","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"verified","pass":"P5"},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":3,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"The imperial quarries of the Eastern Desert (Mons Claudianus, Mons Porphyrites, Mons Ophiates) were administered by a procurator metallorum / epitropos ton metallon: at Mons Porphyrites M. Ulpius Chresimus (AD 117/19), Anokanos (AD 137/8) and Ulpius Himerus (AD 150-4) are attested; earlier the metalla of Egypt were run by an archimetallarches, P. Iuventius Agathopus, freedman of P. Iuventius Rufus (tribune legio III Cyrenaica, praefectus Berenicidis), AD 10/11-18.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 107-112 (I.Pan 21 = CIG III 4713 = IGRR I/5 1256; I.Pan 51 = Wadi Umm Wikala; Cuvigny 2002).","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=The%20imperial%20quarries%20of%20the%20Eastern%20Desert%20%28Mons%20Claudianus%2C%20Mons%20Porphyrites%2C%20","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":4,"type":"legal","citation":"Direct imperial working (regie directe): the porphyry was quarried exclusively for the emperor and was not thought to be of lesser quality; work was organized via a locatio conductio operis (faciendi) - Epaphroditos, a servus Caesaris, was a contractor for the completion of a set number of blocks (I.Pan 21 at Porphyrites; I.Pan 42 at Mons Claudianus) - NOT a lease of the deposit; tenants were probably barred from selling blocks of imperial stone privately.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 318-319 (Cuvigny 2000a; I.Pan 21, 42; Pliny NH 36.57). The administration allocated access by direct working / completion-contracts, not by leasing the deposit to private lessees.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Direct%20imperial%20working%20%28regie%20directe%29%3A%20the%20porphyry%20was%20quarried%20exclusively%20f","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":5,"type":"papyrological","citation":"Labour and pay: the imperial familia was grouped in a numerus of Porphyrites with sub-divisions; the phamiliarioi (some 'foreign' - from Asia Minor, Syria and Palestine) received advance wage payments recorded in cheirographa, the source of these payments being the fiscus Caesaris; the fort housed a military garrison and administrative offices; quarry workers received wheat and barley through the regular mechanisms of grain taxation and requisition.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 336-337, 20 (Cuvigny 2000a; O.Claud.). Wage-labour paid from the fiscus is the dominant labour mode, alongside military and probable convict components.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Labour%20and%20pay%3A%20the%20imperial%20familia%20was%20grouped%20in%20a%20numerus%20of%20Porphyrites%20wit","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":6,"type":"legal","citation":"A penal/convict component is indicated: watchtowers (skopeloi) at Mons Claudianus/Porphyrites are interpreted as possibly built to guard convict labour; and Eusebius records that 97 Christian convicts were moved from 'a porphyry quarry in the Thebaid' to the copper mines of Phaeno - most plausibly Mons Porphyrites - the emperor's bureaux directing the flow of convicts to metalla.","certainty":"inferred","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 15-16, 333 (Peacock & Maxfield; Eusebius MP 8.1). That the 'porphyry quarry in the Thebaid' is Porphyrites specifically is a strong inference, not a named attestation - verify.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=A%20penal/convict%20component%20is%20indicated%3A%20watchtowers%20%28skopeloi%29%20at%20Mons%20Claudianu","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":7,"type":"legal","citation":"The Eastern-Desert quarries were probably public property under the emperor's control rather than private domains; imperial purple porphyry functioned as an imperial monopoly (only the purple variety exported in quantity).","certainty":"inferred","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 106, 121; Russell 2013 s.v. Mons Porphyrites (purple-only export). Basis for the state_public ownership + monopoly reading.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=The%20Eastern-Desert%20quarries%20were%20probably%20public%20property%20under%20the%20emperor%27s%20co","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null}],"date_basis":"Bradford-village inscription of Cominius Leugas AD 18 and Tiberian Foot-village pottery mark the opening; temples dated AD 113 / 117-19 / 137/8; an ostracon dated 13 Aug AD 157; coins/pottery point to 4th-c. activity at the Lykabettus quarries (Hirt 2010: 20-22).","honesty":{"evidence_type_gaps":["archaeometric","literary","numismatic"],"disputed_ownership":[],"disputed_evidence":[],"calibration_fragile":false,"genus_flip":false,"no_pid":true}}},{"id":"production:noricum-ferrariae","dataset":"production","title":"Ferrariae Noricae","coordinates":[14.57,46.96],"geometry_role":"Hüttenberg-Lölling ore field, central Noricum (Alföldy 1970:167; Hirt 2010:53); regional","evidence":"production dossier / source coding","summary":"GENUS: qualifies, but as a weak, contested member - convergence 1/2/1. bounded_jurisdiction only PARTIAL (Alföldy's patrimonium regni Norici, with off-centre portorium-Illyrici toll stations and the Friesach Termunes altar as putative borders, is doubted by Hirt - toll stations sit on viae publicae, no boundary stones survive, and the 'district currency' is refuted by Woytek); allocated_exploitation FULL but indirect, via conductores ferrariarum leasing the vectigal and collecting rents from the occupants of the iron mines; fiscal_monopoly_apparatus only PARTIAL (a dedicated vectigal/portorium on iron, but no licensed service monopolies and no genuine money-of-account). SPECIES: divergence still dirigiste in sign but lighter-touch - regime_direction dirigiste(1, leased not directly run), orientation state_fiscal_revenue(2, via private conductores' rent), labor incentivized_free_waged(1, free occupant-miners + servile vilici, NO penal apparatus - contrast Vipasca), capital_attraction participatory_liberalitas_grant(1, private Aquileian capital drawn in by the lease itself, not a tax holiday). This is the discriminating case for the genus test: privately-farmed and loosely bounded, it passes only if one grants the contested boundary; on Hirt's skepticism bounded_jurisdiction slides toward 0 and it would fall out of the genus - a genuine borderline member versus Vipasca's 2/2/2 type specimen.","limit":"Imported dossier coding, not a new verification of all underlying scholarship. Date bands describe the source dossier, not uninterrupted operation.","references":["Roman iron mines and smelting sites of central Noricum: Gurina, Hüttenberg, Lölling, Semlach, Wiesenau (Carinthia); iron mines near Neumarkt and Friesach, and at Eisenerz in Upper Styria","Roman involvement in the Norican iron trade attested from the early 1st c. BC at the Magdalensberg (wall-paintings by Italian merchants listing many iron tools traded)","prn on Virunum inscriptions, expanded by Alföldy as p(atrimonium) r(egni) N(orici): CIL III 4828; ILLPRON 176; CIL III 4800 = ILS 4198; CIL III 4797 = ILS 1506 (arcar(ius) reg(ni) Norici); procurator Augusti regni Norici","Two stationes of the portorium Illyrici placed not at the provincial capital but at Bad Ischl (CIL III 5620) and near Lambrechtskogel east of Virunum, argued by Alföldy to sit on the borders of the imperial mining domain","Votive altar to the Termunes ('gods of the border') at Friesach, set up by Q. Calpurnius Phoebianus, c(onductor) f(errariarum) N(oricarum), via his procurator C. Iulius Hermes = CIL III 5036 = ILLPRON 89","Q. Septueius Clemens, con(ductor) fer(rariarum) N·P·D, with two procuratores ferrariarum (Tib. Claudius Heracla, Cn. Octavius Secundus), votive altar to Isis Noreia at Hohenstein = CIL III 4809 = ILS 1467 = ILLPRON 151","M. Trebius Alfius, c(onductor) f(errariarum) N(oricarum), praefectus iure dicundo at Aquileia, votive at Tiffen = CIL III 4788 = ILS 1466 = ILLPRON 604; earliest attestation possibly Ti. Claudius Macro (vilicus dedication, Aquileia = CIL V 810, early 2nd c.); Claudius Paternus Clementianus named as procurator of Noricum at Virunum (CIL III 14362 + 14363 = AE 1968:408, c. AD 120)","C. Iulius Agathopus, conductor ferrariarum, altar set up by his vilicus Callimorphus at Ljubija (Japra-valley iron mines, Dalmatia), dated 21 April AD 201 = AE 1973:411 = ILJug 779; his Mursa altar titles him c(onductor) f(errariarum) Pannoniar(um) itemque provinciar(um) transmarinarum","nummi metallorum: low-denomination semisses and quadrantes with captions DARDANICI, METALLI VLPIANI, METAL AVRELIANIS, METAL PANNONICIS, etc., once argued (Dušanić) to be a mining-district currency","Hirt 2010:60-66: critical argument that the portorium Illyrici toll stations sat on viae publicae and 'did not mark the borders of ... mining district[s] precisely'; no boundary stones delimit the alleged estate; the toll-station-as-boundary model rests solely on analogy with Noricum; Vetters 1977 opposed a homogeneous imperial domain","conductor = locatio-conductio lessee; 'vectigal' in the conductores' titles = collection of vectigalia / rents from the occupants of the iron mines (Hirt 2010:284-288, §7.1.5); Gaius, Dig. 3.4.1pr. - socii who ran gold/silver/salt mines (unlike other tax-farmers) could 'corpus habere' (hold property as a corporation); Brunt: conductores headed such corporations and could also be directly involved in extraction","Strabo 5.1.8: gold obtained from rivers in the vicinity of Noreia (Noricum)"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"conductor-lease apogee 2nd - early 3rd c. AD","basis":"Roman iron trade at the Magdalensberg already early 1st c. BC (Alföldy 1970:167); imperial 'patrimonium' inherited from the Norican kings under Augustus; conductor/procurator ferrariarum inscriptions early 2nd - early 3rd c. AD.","bands":[{"start":-15,"end":250}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the production dossier","url":"/production-ecology/#/site/noricum-ferrariae"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["iron","production"],"details":{"bibliography_keys":["hirt2010","alfoldy1970","alfoldy1974","dusanic1977","woytek2004a","domergue2008","scherrer2002","brunt1990c"],"evidence":[{"idx":0,"type":"archaeological","citation":"Roman iron mines and smelting sites of central Noricum: Gurina, Hüttenberg, Lölling, Semlach, Wiesenau (Carinthia); iron mines near Neumarkt and Friesach, and at Eisenerz in Upper Styria","certainty":"attested","source_key":"alfoldy1970","note":"Alföldy 1970:167; Hirt 2010:53. Archaeological basis of the Norican iron district.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Roman%20iron%20mines%20and%20smelting%20sites%20of%20central%20Noricum%3A%20Gurina%2C%20H%C3%BCttenberg%2C%20L%C3%B6ll","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":1,"type":"archaeological","citation":"Roman involvement in the Norican iron trade attested from the early 1st c. BC at the Magdalensberg (wall-paintings by Italian merchants listing many iron tools traded)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"alfoldy1970","note":"Egger 1961; Alföldy 1974:73. Dates Roman engagement with Noric iron before formal provincialisation.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Roman%20involvement%20in%20the%20Norican%20iron%20trade%20attested%20from%20the%20early%201st%20c.%20BC%20at","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":2,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"prn on Virunum inscriptions, expanded by Alföldy as p(atrimonium) r(egni) N(orici): CIL III 4828; ILLPRON 176; CIL III 4800 = ILS 4198; CIL III 4797 = ILS 1506 (arcar(ius) reg(ni) Norici); procurator Augusti regni Norici","certainty":"disputed","source_key":"alfoldy1970","note":"Term regnum Noricum itself is attested; but Winkler read prn as p(rocurator) etc., and the patrimonium reading (thus the whole 'imperial estate' thesis) is contested. Basis for the bounded-jurisdiction claim. P5 (EDCS): the literal epigraphic expansion is p(rocuratoris) r(egni) N(orici) / procurator regni Norici; 'patrimonium regni Norici' is Alfoldy's interpretation of the regnum as imperial domain, not the literal reading.","access":{"open_url":"https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=CIL%2003%2C%2004828","resolver":"EDH (CIL search)","pid_class":"search","query":"CIL 03, 04828","verified_hits":1},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":3,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"Two stationes of the portorium Illyrici placed not at the provincial capital but at Bad Ischl (CIL III 5620) and near Lambrechtskogel east of Virunum, argued by Alföldy to sit on the borders of the imperial mining domain","certainty":"disputed","source_key":"alfoldy1970","note":"Bad Ischl reading questioned by Scherrer 1985 and relocated by Weber 1995; Hirt 2010:60-66 argues the toll stations sat on viae publicae and do not delimit mining districts. Weak boundary evidence.","access":{"open_url":"https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=CIL%2003%2C%2005620","resolver":"EDH (CIL search)","pid_class":"search","query":"CIL 03, 05620","verified_hits":1},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":4,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"Votive altar to the Termunes ('gods of the border') at Friesach, set up by Q. Calpurnius Phoebianus, c(onductor) f(errariarum) N(oricarum), via his procurator C. Iulius Hermes = CIL III 5036 = ILLPRON 89","certainty":"attested","source_key":"alfoldy1970","note":"Inscription securely attested; Alföldy read it as marking the limit of the mining territory where iron-export tax was paid. Hirt is skeptical that 'border gods' delimit a bounded jurisdictional district; the border-significance is disputed.","access":{"open_url":"https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=CIL%2003%2C%2005036","resolver":"EDH (CIL search)","pid_class":"search","query":"CIL 03, 05036","verified_hits":1},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":5,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"Q. Septueius Clemens, con(ductor) fer(rariarum) N·P·D, with two procuratores ferrariarum (Tib. Claudius Heracla, Cn. Octavius Secundus), votive altar to Isis Noreia at Hohenstein = CIL III 4809 = ILS 1467 = ILLPRON 151","certainty":"disputed","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"The three-letter expansion N·P·D is the subject of intense debate: Alföldy/Winkler/Ørsted read N(oricarum) p(artis) d(imidiae); Hirschfeld/Rostovtzeff/Mócsy/Dušanić/Andreau (and Domergue 2008) read N(oricarum) P(annoniarum) D(almaticarum), i.e. a multi-province lease. The inscription's attribution to Septueius Clemens conductor ferrariarum is secure; the multi-province reading is 'verify'/disputed.","access":{"open_url":"https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=CIL%2003%2C%2004809","resolver":"EDH (CIL search)","pid_class":"search","query":"CIL 03, 04809","verified_hits":1},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"verified","pass":"P5"},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":6,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"M. Trebius Alfius, c(onductor) f(errariarum) N(oricarum), praefectus iure dicundo at Aquileia, votive at Tiffen = CIL III 4788 = ILS 1466 = ILLPRON 604; earliest attestation possibly Ti. Claudius Macro (vilicus dedication, Aquileia = CIL V 810, early 2nd c.); Claudius Paternus Clementianus named as procurator of Noricum at Virunum (CIL III 14362 + 14363 = AE 1968:408, c. AD 120)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Conductores predominantly from Aquileia / northern Italy (Scherrer 2002); municipal elite of Norican towns excluded from mining contracts. Naming of the procurator alongside the conductor may link the two administratively.","access":{"open_url":"https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=CIL%2003%2C%2004788","resolver":"EDH (CIL search)","pid_class":"search","query":"CIL 03, 04788","verified_hits":1},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":7,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"C. Iulius Agathopus, conductor ferrariarum, altar set up by his vilicus Callimorphus at Ljubija (Japra-valley iron mines, Dalmatia), dated 21 April AD 201 = AE 1973:411 = ILJug 779; his Mursa altar titles him c(onductor) f(errariarum) Pannoniar(um) itemque provinciar(um) transmarinarum","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Comparandum for the multi-province conductor-lease of iron mines (Dalmatia/Pannonia); shows the same locatio-conductio model as Noricum, farmed to private companies whose local agents were servile vilici.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=C.%20Iulius%20Agathopus%2C%20conductor%20ferrariarum%2C%20altar%20set%20up%20by%20his%20vilicus%20Callimor","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":8,"type":"numismatic","citation":"nummi metallorum: low-denomination semisses and quadrantes with captions DARDANICI, METALLI VLPIANI, METAL AVRELIANIS, METAL PANNONICIS, etc., once argued (Dušanić) to be a mining-district currency","certainty":"disputed","source_key":"woytek2004a","note":"Woytek 2004 showed these coins circulated empire-wide (finds in Rome, Italy, Cyprus, Raetia) and were minted at a central location, probably Rome - NOT an extraterritorial district money-of-account. Refutes the 'economic autonomy'/own-currency argument (Hirt 2010:64-66).","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=nummi%20metallorum%3A%20low-denomination%20semisses%20and%20quadrantes%20with%20captions%20DARDANI","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":9,"type":"legal","citation":"Hirt 2010:60-66: critical argument that the portorium Illyrici toll stations sat on viae publicae and 'did not mark the borders of ... mining district[s] precisely'; no boundary stones delimit the alleged estate; the toll-station-as-boundary model rests solely on analogy with Noricum; Vetters 1977 opposed a homogeneous imperial domain","certainty":"disputed","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"The core skeptical case against a tightly bounded jurisdictional district. Hirt: no positive evidence (boundary stones, written delimitation) for an extensive bounded estate; toll stations placed by road-network logic, not mining perimeters.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Hirt%202010%3A60-66%3A%20critical%20argument%20that%20the%20portorium%20Illyrici%20toll%20stations%20sat","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":10,"type":"legal","citation":"conductor = locatio-conductio lessee; 'vectigal' in the conductores' titles = collection of vectigalia / rents from the occupants of the iron mines (Hirt 2010:284-288, §7.1.5); Gaius, Dig. 3.4.1pr. - socii who ran gold/silver/salt mines (unlike other tax-farmers) could 'corpus habere' (hold property as a corporation); Brunt: conductores headed such corporations and could also be directly involved in extraction","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Establishes the fiscal (vectigal-farming by conductores) vs exploitation (occupatio by the miners themselves) split - a lighter-touch, privately-farmed regime, not direct fiscal working.","access":{"open_url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/search/?q=Dig.%203.4.1pr.%20-%20socii%20who%20ran%20gold/silver/sa","resolver":"Scaife (author discovery)","pid_class":"discovery","query":"Dig. 3.4.1pr. - socii who ran gold/silver/sa"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":11,"type":"literary","citation":"Strabo 5.1.8: gold obtained from rivers in the vicinity of Noreia (Noricum)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Context for the wider mineral wealth of the alleged Norican imperial domain (gold as well as iron); the ferrariae proper are iron.","access":{"open_url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/search/?q=Strabo%205.1.8%3A%20gold%20obtained%20from%20rivers%20in%20t","resolver":"Scaife (author discovery)","pid_class":"discovery","query":"Strabo 5.1.8: gold obtained from rivers in t"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null}],"date_basis":"Roman iron trade at the Magdalensberg already early 1st c. BC (Alföldy 1970:167); imperial 'patrimonium' inherited from the Norican kings under Augustus; conductor/procurator ferrariarum inscriptions early 2nd - early 3rd c. AD.","honesty":{"evidence_type_gaps":["archaeometric","papyrological"],"disputed_ownership":[{"period":"imperial","status":"contested","treasury":"patrimonium","holder_view":"Alföldy 1970/1974: patrimonium regni Norici - the iron mines, quarries, woods and pastures at the heart of Noricum were the emperor's private property, 'inherited' from the Norican kings (prn on Virunum inscriptions). Hirt 2010: skeptical of a single bounded, homogeneous imperial estate - no boundary stones, toll stations sit on viae publicae, and the reading prn=patrimonium is contested (Winkler); Vetters 1977 opposed. May be a patchwork of imperial, private, municipal and public lands.","evidence_ref":[2,9]}],"disputed_evidence":["prn on Virunum inscriptions, expanded by Alföldy as p(atrimonium) r(egni) N(orici): CIL III 4828; ILLPRON 176; CIL III 4800 = ILS 4198; CIL III 4797 = ILS 1506 (arcar(ius) reg(ni) Norici); procurator Augusti regni Norici","Two stationes of the portorium Illyrici placed not at the provincial capital but at Bad Ischl (CIL III 5620) and near Lambrechtskogel east of Virunum, argued by Alföldy to sit on the borders of the imperial mining domain","Q. Septueius Clemens, con(ductor) fer(rariarum) N·P·D, with two procuratores ferrariarum (Tib. Claudius Heracla, Cn. Octavius Secundus), votive altar to Isis Noreia at Hohenstein = CIL III 4809 = ILS 1467 = ILLPRON 151","nummi metallorum: low-denomination semisses and quadrantes with captions DARDANICI, METALLI VLPIANI, METAL AVRELIANIS, METAL PANNONICIS, etc., once argued (Dušanić) to be a mining-district currency","Hirt 2010:60-66: critical argument that the portorium Illyrici toll stations sat on viae publicae and 'did not mark the borders of ... mining district[s] precisely'; no boundary stones delimit the alleged estate; the toll-station-as-boundary model rests solely on analogy with Noricum; Vetters 1977 opposed a homogeneous imperial domain"],"calibration_fragile":true,"genus_flip":false,"no_pid":true}}},{"id":"production:portorium-asiae","dataset":"production","title":"Portorium of Asia (quadragesima portuum Asiae customs zone)","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"; ","evidence":"production dossier / source coding","summary":"GENUS: FAILS. Convergence 1 / 0 / 2 - a bounded fiscal perimeter (partial) with a full fiscal-monopoly apparatus (farmed quadragesima, tariff schedule, stationes) but ZERO allocated exploitation, because it taxes goods in transit and allocates no production. This is the decisive contrast case: a Roman enclave with genuine bounded jurisdiction and full fiscal apparatus - not private, not market, not liberalizing (dirigiste, state-fiscal, like Vipasca on axes 1/3 and on the divergence poles it can bear) - still fails the genus, and fails precisely on allocated_exploitation. It isolates production as load-bearing and shows it is not smuggled in via the fiscal or jurisdictional axes.","limit":"Imported dossier coding, not a new verification of all underlying scholarship. Date bands describe the source dossier, not uninterrupted operation.","references":["Monumentum Ephesenum = lex portorii Asiae, Ephesus AD 62; ed. pr. H. Engelmann & D. Knibbe, Epigraphica Anatolica 14 (1989); re-edition Cottier, Crawford et al., The Customs Law of Asia (Oxford 2008)","lex portorii Asiae, publicani/tariff clauses: consuls of 75 BC (C. Octavius, C. Aurelius Cotta) lease the collection, ll. 72-84 secs. 31-36; siting of customs posts, items subject to tax and rates, timing of the lease and sureties; exemptions for soldiers (l. 65) and war materiel","lex portorii Asiae l. 147 (procuratorial jurisdiction over disputes between the publicanus and travellers, legitimized by Claudius AD 53); Aerarium Saturni and the Neronian curators of the public revenues, AD 62 (ll. 138-43, secs. 60-61)","Servile familia publicanorum and stationes of the quadragesima portuum Asiae: Isochrysus, seruus uilicus at Amorium (AE 1988, 1031); Amerimnus, sociorum p(ublici) (quadragesimae) p(ortuum) A(siae) ser(uus) uil(icus) Cibyrae, with his son Agathonicus (IK 60.1, 107)","Palmyra Tax Tariff (Tax Law of Palmyra), AD 137, bilingual Greek and Palmyrene Aramaic = CIS II 3913 = OGIS 629 = PAT 0259 (Hermitage, St Petersburg)","publicum portorii Illyrici (et ripae Thraciae): trans-provincial customs district, HQ Poetovio, network of stationes (e.g. Capidava, Novae) across Raetia/Noricum/Pannonia/Dalmatia/Moesia/Dacia; run by conductores, then by imperial procurators (vectigal Illyrici) from the reign of Marcus Aurelius","Suet. Vesp. 1.2 (T. Flavius Sabinus 'publicum quadragesimae in Asia egit'); Tac. Ann. 13.50-51 (AD 58 senatorial debate on the portoria and publicani abuses); Tac. Ann. 12.60 (Claudius on procuratorial jurisdiction)"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"system from the Attalid bequest (133 BC) and republican organization; definitive recension inscribed AD 62; quadragesima portuum Asiae attested into the later Principate","basis":"Monumentum Ephesenum (tralatician regulations 75 BC - AD 62) + servile familia publicanorum and stationes attested epigraphically; end date approximate","bands":[{"start":-133,"end":300}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the production dossier","url":"/production-ecology/#/site/portorium-asiae"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["other","production"],"details":{"bibliography_keys":["cottier2008","matthews1984","opris2017"],"evidence":[{"idx":0,"type":"legal","citation":"Monumentum Ephesenum = lex portorii Asiae, Ephesus AD 62; ed. pr. H. Engelmann & D. Knibbe, Epigraphica Anatolica 14 (1989); re-edition Cottier, Crawford et al., The Customs Law of Asia (Oxford 2008)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"cottier2008","note":"155-line inscribed law governing the dues on imports and exports into and out of the province of Asia by land and sea (Cottier 2008, Introduction 1-4). The vectigal is a quadragesima portuum Asiae = 2.5% (1/40); luxury commodities (e.g. murex) taxed at double, 5% (Corbier in Cottier 2008, ~p.223: 'the portorium of Asia is a quadragesima'). The regime TAXES GOODS IN TRANSIT; it allocates no productive access to any extraction or manufacture.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Monumentum%20Ephesenum%20%3D%20lex%20portorii%20Asiae%2C%20Ephesus%20AD%2062%3B%20ed.%20pr.%20H.%20Engelmann%20%26","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":1,"type":"legal","citation":"lex portorii Asiae, publicani/tariff clauses: consuls of 75 BC (C. Octavius, C. Aurelius Cotta) lease the collection, ll. 72-84 secs. 31-36; siting of customs posts, items subject to tax and rates, timing of the lease and sureties; exemptions for soldiers (l. 65) and war materiel","certainty":"attested","source_key":"cottier2008","note":"Cottier 2008, Introduction 3-5. Tralatician structure: regulations back to the Attalid kingdom, amended by named magistrates 75 BC - AD 62; five-year (quinquennium) publican leases with modifications timed to lease renewals. A tariff SCHEDULE (differential rates per item), not a concession of production.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=lex%20portorii%20Asiae%2C%20publicani/tariff%20clauses%3A%20consuls%20of%2075%20BC%20%28C.%20Octavius%2C%20C.%20","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":2,"type":"legal","citation":"lex portorii Asiae l. 147 (procuratorial jurisdiction over disputes between the publicanus and travellers, legitimized by Claudius AD 53); Aerarium Saturni and the Neronian curators of the public revenues, AD 62 (ll. 138-43, secs. 60-61)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"cottier2008","note":"Cottier 2008, Introduction 4-5; Tac. Ann. 12.60 and 13.50-51. The delegated jurisdiction here is a NARROW fiscal cognitio over customs disputes, exercised by the imperial procurator; it does not displace the civic government of the province's cities (their ordines, courts, and the governor's assizes continue). A fiscal overlay, not an extra-civitatem enclave.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=lex%20portorii%20Asiae%20l.%20147%20%28procuratorial%20jurisdiction%20over%20disputes%20between%20the%20","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":3,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"Servile familia publicanorum and stationes of the quadragesima portuum Asiae: Isochrysus, seruus uilicus at Amorium (AE 1988, 1031); Amerimnus, sociorum p(ublici) (quadragesimae) p(ortuum) A(siae) ser(uus) uil(icus) Cibyrae, with his son Agathonicus (IK 60.1, 107)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"vannijf2008","note":"Corbier and Van Nijf in Cottier 2008, 217-218, 298 (register of tax-farmers/personnel). Stationes at Amorium and Cibyra (Cibyra on the Lycian border) mark points on the customs perimeter. These are collection staff, not a production workforce.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Servile%20familia%20publicanorum%20and%20stationes%20of%20the%20quadragesima%20portuum%20Asiae%3A%20Is","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":4,"type":"legal","citation":"Palmyra Tax Tariff (Tax Law of Palmyra), AD 137, bilingual Greek and Palmyrene Aramaic = CIS II 3913 = OGIS 629 = PAT 0259 (Hermitage, St Petersburg)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"matthews1984","note":"Parallel customs-tariff zone: the council (boule) of Palmyra revised and republished the tariff on goods imported into and exported from the city and on services provided within it, farmed to a tax-collector (demosiones), with the earlier edict of the governor C. Licinius Mucianus appended (Matthews, JRS 1984). Confirms the type is general in the Roman East: a bounded fiscal perimeter with a tariff schedule that taxes TRANSIT and services and allocates no production. Here the perimeter is a CIVIC one (the city and its territory), and the law IS an act of civic government, not a displacement of it.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Palmyra%20Tax%20Tariff%20%28Tax%20Law%20of%20Palmyra%29%2C%20AD%20137%2C%20bilingual%20Greek%20and%20Palmyrene%20A","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":5,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"publicum portorii Illyrici (et ripae Thraciae): trans-provincial customs district, HQ Poetovio, network of stationes (e.g. Capidava, Novae) across Raetia/Noricum/Pannonia/Dalmatia/Moesia/Dacia; run by conductores, then by imperial procurators (vectigal Illyrici) from the reign of Marcus Aurelius","certainty":"attested","source_key":"opris2017","note":"Opris & Ratiu 2017 (Capidava statio); ostia-antica.org portorium dossier. Second parallel: a customs CIRCUMSCRIPTION that cuts across several provinces - a genuinely distinct fiscal perimeter that is NOT coextensive with a single civic/provincial unit - yet still only taxes transit and allocates no production. Rate debated (ca. 2% internal, 5% leaving the Empire); specific conductor inscriptions to be cited individually - VERIFY before quoting numbers.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=publicum%20portorii%20Illyrici%20%28et%20ripae%20Thraciae%29%3A%20trans-provincial%20customs%20distric","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":6,"type":"literary","citation":"Suet. Vesp. 1.2 (T. Flavius Sabinus 'publicum quadragesimae in Asia egit'); Tac. Ann. 13.50-51 (AD 58 senatorial debate on the portoria and publicani abuses); Tac. Ann. 12.60 (Claudius on procuratorial jurisdiction)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"cottier2008","note":"Literary frame: the quadragesima of Asia as a farmed vectigal; the AD 58 debate even contemplated abolishing the portoria empire-wide (Nero declined). Confirms this is a fiscal-revenue institution oriented to the treasury, not a production enclave.","access":{"open_url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/search/?q=Suet.%20Vesp.%201.2","resolver":"Scaife (author discovery)","pid_class":"discovery","query":"Suet. Vesp. 1.2"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null}],"date_basis":"Monumentum Ephesenum (tralatician regulations 75 BC - AD 62) + servile familia publicanorum and stationes attested epigraphically; end date approximate","honesty":{"evidence_type_gaps":["archaeological","archaeometric","numismatic","papyrological"],"disputed_ownership":[],"disputed_evidence":[],"calibration_fragile":false,"genus_flip":false,"no_pid":true}}},{"id":"production:proconnesus","dataset":"production","title":"Proconnesus","coordinates":[27.656944,40.650833],"geometry_role":"Russell 2013, OXREP quarries gazetteer, s.v. Marmara Adasi (ancient Prokonnesos); approximate","evidence":"production dossier / source coding","summary":"DOES NOT CLEANLY QUALIFY. On the evidence actually read, Proconnesus is a heavily COMMERCIALIZED, market-oriented white-marble EXPORT quarry (empire-wide sarcophagus/architectural distribution from the 2nd c. AD) with only a late-antique penal/state overlay (Manichean convicts, Coll. 15.3.7). Convergence 1/1/0: it fails the genus on the fiscal-monopoly axis and is thin on bounded jurisdiction. Divergence leans to the private_export_profit / liberalizing pole. The productive CONTRAST case of the marble set: shows that 'imperial marble quarry' does not automatically equal 'bounded fiscal-legal enclave' - the market pole is real here. NB the organizational/administrative evidence is thin in the read sources and warrants dedicated study (Asgari; Ward-Perkins) before the verdict is hardened.","limit":"Imported dossier coding, not a new verification of all underlying scholarship. Date bands describe the source dossier, not uninterrupted operation.","references":["Russell 2013, OXREP quarries gazetteer, s.v. Marmara Adasi (north side of the island, ancient Prokonnesos, province Asia): several varieties of medium-grained white marble (marmo di Proconneso), one with faint light-blue bands; used locally from the Archaic period and widely exported from the 2nd c. AD.","Prokonnesian marble was extracted and distributed empire-wide on a large commercial scale from the 2nd c. AD - columns, architectural elements and semi-finished sarcophagi produced for the market (the classic 'marble trade' operation studied by Ward-Perkins).","The Diocletianic-Maximianic rescript to Julian, proconsul of Africa (the Manichean rescript), prescribes for honorati guilty of 'thinking Persian thoughts' (Manichaeism) the confiscation of property and condemnation to the metalla of Phaeno and Proconnesus (marble quarries); the emperor's bureaux directed the flow of convicts to metalla.","In Roman law those condemned in metallum (ad opus publicum / servi poenae) lost libertas and property; under the Severans the metalla to which convicts were condemned were understood as property of the Roman STATE, with no evidence convicts were sent to the emperor's or to private quarries."],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"2nd - 3rd c. AD (mass export)","basis":"Prokonnesian white marble used locally from the Archaic period and widely exported from the 2nd c. AD (Russell 2013); condemnation of Manichean convicts to the metalla of Proconnesus attested in the Diocletianic period (Coll. 15.3.7).","bands":[{"start":1,"end":400}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the production dossier","url":"/production-ecology/#/site/proconnesus"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["marble_decorative_stone","building_stone","production"],"details":{"bibliography_keys":["hirt2010","russell2013","wardperkins1980a","asgari1990","attanasio2003"],"evidence":[{"idx":0,"type":"archaeological","citation":"Russell 2013, OXREP quarries gazetteer, s.v. Marmara Adasi (north side of the island, ancient Prokonnesos, province Asia): several varieties of medium-grained white marble (marmo di Proconneso), one with faint light-blue bands; used locally from the Archaic period and widely exported from the 2nd c. AD.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"russell2013","note":"Coordinates 40.650833 / 27.656944. Bibliography: Gnoli 1988; Mielsch 1985; Ward-Perkins 1980a; Monna & Pensabene 1977; Asgari 1979/1989/1990/1992; Attanasio 2003.","access":{"open_url":"https://oxrep.web.ox.ac.uk/databases","resolver":"OXREP (portal)","pid_class":"discovery"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":1,"type":"archaeological","citation":"Prokonnesian marble was extracted and distributed empire-wide on a large commercial scale from the 2nd c. AD - columns, architectural elements and semi-finished sarcophagi produced for the market (the classic 'marble trade' operation studied by Ward-Perkins).","certainty":"inferred","source_key":"russell2013","note":"Grounds the COMMERCIAL/market signature. The specific organizational claims (roughed-out sarcophagus export, market distribution) rest on Ward-Perkins 1980a and Asgari, cited in Russell's bibliography but not read verbatim here - verify.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Prokonnesian%20marble%20was%20extracted%20and%20distributed%20empire-wide%20on%20a%20large%20commerc","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":2,"type":"legal","citation":"The Diocletianic-Maximianic rescript to Julian, proconsul of Africa (the Manichean rescript), prescribes for honorati guilty of 'thinking Persian thoughts' (Manichaeism) the confiscation of property and condemnation to the metalla of Phaeno and Proconnesus (marble quarries); the emperor's bureaux directed the flow of convicts to metalla.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 333 (Coll. 15.3.7). The only Proconnesus attestation in Hirt beyond the index; supplies a late-antique penal/state overlay.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=The%20Diocletianic-Maximianic%20rescript%20to%20Julian%2C%20proconsul%20of%20Africa%20%28the%20Maniche","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":3,"type":"legal","citation":"In Roman law those condemned in metallum (ad opus publicum / servi poenae) lost libertas and property; under the Severans the metalla to which convicts were condemned were understood as property of the Roman STATE, with no evidence convicts were sent to the emperor's or to private quarries.","certainty":"inferred","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 97-98 (Gaius; Dig. 48.19; Ulpian; CJ 9.49.4, 9.51.2). Basis for INFERRING state-metallum status at Proconnesus from its receipt of convicts - an indirect and late argument, flagged.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=In%20Roman%20law%20those%20condemned%20in%20metallum%20%28ad%20opus%20publicum%20/%20servi%20poenae%29%20lost%20","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null}],"date_basis":"Prokonnesian white marble used locally from the Archaic period and widely exported from the 2nd c. AD (Russell 2013); condemnation of Manichean convicts to the metalla of Proconnesus attested in the Diocletianic period (Coll. 15.3.7).","honesty":{"evidence_type_gaps":["archaeometric","epigraphic","literary","numismatic","papyrological"],"disputed_ownership":[{"period":"high-imperial to late antique","status":"contested","treasury":"unknown","holder_view":"State/imperial control is INFERRED only indirectly: convicts were condemned only to STATE metalla (Hirt's reading of Dig. 48.19; Ulpian), so Proconnesus's receipt of Manichean convicts (Coll. 15.3.7) implies state-metallum status. But the dominant archaeological signature is COMMERCIAL/market export, and no resident procurator, walled district or fiscal apparatus is attested in the read sources. Ownership therefore left contested and thinly grounded.","evidence_ref":[1,3]}],"disputed_evidence":[],"calibration_fragile":true,"genus_flip":false,"no_pid":true}}},{"id":"production:ptolemaic-oil-monopoly","dataset":"production","title":"Ptolemaic royal oil monopoly","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"; ","evidence":"production dossier / source coding","summary":"GENUS: FAILS (convergence 0/2/2). Allocation and fiscal-monopoly are FULL, but bounded_jurisdiction is ABSENT: this is a kingdom-wide royal COMMODITY monopoly, not a bounded fiscal-legal enclave. SPECIES-direction nonetheless matches Vipasca - dirigiste, state-fiscal-revenue, with compelled/mixed labour and participatory-fiscal capital. DECISIVE RESULT: the difference from the metallum is NOT polarity (they share it) but BOUNDEDNESS. Dirigisme + state monopoly does NOT equal enclave; bounded jurisdiction is the discriminating criterion that separates a 'royal monopoly' from a 'metallum-type SEDZ'.","limit":"Imported dossier coding, not a new verification of all underlying scholarship. Date bands describe the source dossier, not uninterrupted operation.","references":["P.Rev.Laws (Revenue Laws papyrus of Ptolemy II Philadelphus, 259 BC), oil-economy section; ed. B. P. Grenfell, Revenue Laws of Ptolemy Philadelphus (1896)","P.Rev.Laws, oil-monopoly penal and import clauses","Fiscal mechanism of the oil monopoly (tax-farm guarantee): J. Bingen, 'Les colonnes 60-72 du P. Revenue Laws et l'aspect fiscal du monopole des huiles' (1946); Bingen, Le Papyrus Revenue Laws: Tradition grecque et adaptation lagide (1978)","M. Rostovtzeff, Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World (1941), on the Ptolemaic oil monopoly","J. G. Manning, Land and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt (2003) and The Last Pharaohs (2010); B. Bauschatz, Law and Enforcement in Ptolemaic Egypt (2013)"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus; Revenue Laws papyrus dated 259 BC","basis":"P.Rev.Laws (259 BC); the monopoly persists through the 3rd c. and erodes thereafter","bands":[{"start":-285,"end":-200}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the production dossier","url":"/production-ecology/#/site/ptolemaic-oil-monopoly"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["olive_oil","other","production"],"details":{"bibliography_keys":["prev_laws","bingen1978","rostovtzeff1941","manning2010","bauschatz2013"],"evidence":[{"idx":0,"type":"papyrological","citation":"P.Rev.Laws (Revenue Laws papyrus of Ptolemy II Philadelphus, 259 BC), oil-economy section; ed. B. P. Grenfell, Revenue Laws of Ptolemy Philadelphus (1896)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"prev_laws","note":"Establishes the royal oil monopoly: the whole oil-crop harvest sold to the crown at government-fixed prices; oil manufactured only in state workshops by licensed oil-workers (elaiourgoi); retail through exclusive local concessionaires at fixed prices. Principal oils: sesame, kiki (castor/croton), knekos (safflower), plus colocynth and linseed; olive oil is minor in Egypt. Column numbering (oil section c. cols. 38-72 in Grenfell's edition) reported approximately - verify exact columns against the edition.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=P.Rev.Laws%20%28Revenue%20Laws%20papyrus%20of%20Ptolemy%20II%20Philadelphus%2C%20259%20BC%29%2C%20oil-econom","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":1,"type":"papyrological","citation":"P.Rev.Laws, oil-monopoly penal and import clauses","certainty":"attested","source_key":"prev_laws","note":"Ban on private manufacture and on importing foreign oil into the chora; a fine of 3,000 drachmas on anyone manufacturing sesame/castor/safflower oil without concession or buying it from a non-concessionaire, payable to the contractor (fine figure web-confirmed against Grenfell). Import/manufacture restrictions protect the monopoly revenue.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=P.Rev.Laws%2C%20oil-monopoly%20penal%20and%20import%20clauses","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":2,"type":"papyrological","citation":"Fiscal mechanism of the oil monopoly (tax-farm guarantee): J. Bingen, 'Les colonnes 60-72 du P. Revenue Laws et l'aspect fiscal du monopole des huiles' (1946); Bingen, Le Papyrus Revenue Laws: Tradition grecque et adaptation lagide (1978)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"bingen1978","note":"The telonai underwrote the revenue against sureties and took any surplus (epigenema) but did not run production; the royal administration operated the apparatus. Bingen's demonstration that the tax-farmers are guarantors/controllers, not entrepreneurs.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Fiscal%20mechanism%20of%20the%20oil%20monopoly%20%28tax-farm%20guarantee%29%3A%20J.%20Bingen%2C%20%27Les%20colon","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":3,"type":"literary","citation":"M. Rostovtzeff, Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World (1941), on the Ptolemaic oil monopoly","certainty":"attested","source_key":"rostovtzeff1941","note":"Classic account: compulsory sowing quotas of oil-crops, state seed-advances, presses counted and sealed in the off-season, licensed workers allocated per nome, whole crop bought at fixed price. Modern secondary support for the cultivation/production controls (some details - e.g. strict physical confinement of workers - to verify against the papyri).","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=M.%20Rostovtzeff%2C%20Social%20and%20Economic%20History%20of%20the%20Hellenistic%20World%20%281941%29%2C%20on%20","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":4,"type":"literary","citation":"J. G. Manning, Land and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt (2003) and The Last Pharaohs (2010); B. Bauschatz, Law and Enforcement in Ptolemaic Egypt (2013)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"manning2010","note":"The monopoly was enforced across the WHOLE chora (all nomes), by the ordinary royal administration - not a bounded zone. Recent work (Industry, Trade and the State in Ptolemaic Egypt) stresses limits and leakage (a black market in oil) but never a spatial perimeter. Grounds the boundedness=0 finding.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=J.%20G.%20Manning%2C%20Land%20and%20Power%20in%20Ptolemaic%20Egypt%20%282003%29%20and%20The%20Last%20Pharaohs%20%282","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null}],"date_basis":"P.Rev.Laws (259 BC); the monopoly persists through the 3rd c. and erodes thereafter","honesty":{"evidence_type_gaps":["archaeological","archaeometric","epigraphic","legal","numismatic"],"disputed_ownership":[],"disputed_evidence":[],"calibration_fragile":false,"genus_flip":false,"no_pid":true}}},{"id":"production:simitthus","dataset":"production","title":"Simitthus","coordinates":[8.5736,36.4897],"geometry_role":"Chemtou archaeological site (approx. centroid, general geography); approximate","evidence":"production dossier / source coding","summary":"GENUS: qualifies as a bounded fiscal-legal production enclave, but marginally - convergence 2 (bounded_jurisdiction: walled district + resident freedman procurator) / 2 (allocated_exploitation: direct imperial working) / 1 (fiscal_monopoly_apparatus: only central imperial consignment/ownership, NOT farmed vectigalia + service monopolies). SPECIES: dirigiste, state-oriented but for PRESTIGE/DISPLAY rather than cash revenue, labour strongly convict_coerced_penal (a purpose-built ergastulum is the signature), and capital_attraction absent (no liberalitas/exemption). A prestige penal quarry: like Vipasca on the dirigiste/state/penal axes, but with the fiscal-monopoly apparatus hollowed out and no development incentive - display, not profit.","limit":"Imported dossier coding, not a new verification of all underlying scholarship. Date bands describe the source dossier, not uninterrupted operation.","references":["Simitthus/Chemtou tripartite 'work' camp, c.550 m NW of the quarries on the road to Tabarka (excavations 1968-79, 1992-8): stone building of six long narrow rooms with latrines at the N end, identified by the excavators as a penitentiary centre, an ergastulum; coins/pottery date construction c.170 AD; bath added in the 190s; 'military' barracks immediately to the E; the central prison abandoned early 3rd c. and partly turned into a fabrica for refined giallo antico products, with an officina marmorum + horreum added c.230; sanctuary with treasury to the W; whole area abandoned late 3rd c.","Overall plan of Simitthus (Hirt 2010 fig. 9, after Mackensen 2000): a WALL separates the quarrying zone on the Gebel Chemtou (three peaks: 'Stadtberg', 'Gelber Berg', 'Tempelberg') from the town below (Theater, Forum); quarrying area covers no more than c.0.4 km2, with quarry walls left standing to divide the hillside into distinct extraction zones.","giallo antico blocks from Simitthus labelled with the emperor's name in the GENITIVE (Domitian, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius), indicating the emperor's ownership; such labels are absent from 1st-c. blocks and from those of Marcus Aurelius/Commodus, and most giallo antico blocks in Rome's marble yards are NOT so inscribed.","Hadrian's benefaction to Smyrna (IGRR IV 1431 (= Smyrna 54; the same Smyrna benefaction cited in the Dokimeion entry; NB Pausanias 1.18.9 is the ATHENS pantheon/gymnasium, not this gift); commemorative inscription): among the gifts, 20 columns of Numidian (giallo antico) marble for the gymnasium, drawn from 'imperial quarries' / the emperor's patrimonium; precious marble use was believed limited to public buildings and the palaces of the emperor.","'As for Simitthus, a sufficient number of inscriptions proves the presence of a freedman procurator there' - resident freedman district administration.","damnati in metallum / servus poenae doctrine: those condemned to the mines/quarries lost libertas AND their property (bona) to the Roman state; the bona collected by the fiscus were not returned even if the convict was later freed; under the Severans the metalla to which convicts were condemned were understood as property of the Roman state, and there is no evidence convicts were condemned to the emperor's or to private quarries (Gaius; Dig. 28.1.8.4; CJ 9.49.4, 9.51.2; Dig. 34.8.3, 48.19; Ulpian).","Roman mines/quarries under imperial control defined as metalla (a territorial district distinct from other entities within a province); the majority of metalla were most likely property of the Roman state, in rare instances the emperor's; supervised by freedman/equestrian procurators; marble consigned to Rome via the provincial administration and the marble bureau ('marble yards')."],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"later 1st - 2nd c. AD imperial consignment; walled work-camp c.170 - early 3rd c. AD","basis":"giallo antico blocks marked in the genitive under Domitian-Antoninus Pius; work-camp coins/pottery give a construction date c.170 AD; fabrica/officina marmorum phase c.230 - late 3rd c. (Hirt 2010: 25, 99; Mackensen; Roder 1993).","bands":[{"start":1,"end":300}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the production dossier","url":"/production-ecology/#/site/simitthus"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["marble_decorative_stone","production"],"details":{"bibliography_keys":["hirt2010","mackensen2000","mackensen2005","roder1993","fant1989","fant1993a","kraus1993b"],"evidence":[{"idx":0,"type":"archaeological","citation":"Simitthus/Chemtou tripartite 'work' camp, c.550 m NW of the quarries on the road to Tabarka (excavations 1968-79, 1992-8): stone building of six long narrow rooms with latrines at the N end, identified by the excavators as a penitentiary centre, an ergastulum; coins/pottery date construction c.170 AD; bath added in the 190s; 'military' barracks immediately to the E; the central prison abandoned early 3rd c. and partly turned into a fabrica for refined giallo antico products, with an officina marmorum + horreum added c.230; sanctuary with treasury to the W; whole area abandoned late 3rd c.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 25 (after Mackensen 2000, 2005). The ergastulum is the physical correlate of a penal/coerced-labour regime; that damnati/servi poenae specifically were held there is an inference from the architecture + legal category, not a locally named attestation.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Simitthus/Chemtou%20tripartite%20%27work%27%20camp%2C%20c.550%20m%20NW%20of%20the%20quarries%20on%20the%20road","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":1,"type":"archaeological","citation":"Overall plan of Simitthus (Hirt 2010 fig. 9, after Mackensen 2000): a WALL separates the quarrying zone on the Gebel Chemtou (three peaks: 'Stadtberg', 'Gelber Berg', 'Tempelberg') from the town below (Theater, Forum); quarrying area covers no more than c.0.4 km2, with quarry walls left standing to divide the hillside into distinct extraction zones.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 25-26 (Roder 1993). Physical demarcation of the imperial quarry district from the civic town.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Overall%20plan%20of%20Simitthus%20%28Hirt%202010%20fig.%209%2C%20after%20Mackensen%202000%29%3A%20a%20WALL%20separ","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":2,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"giallo antico blocks from Simitthus labelled with the emperor's name in the GENITIVE (Domitian, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius), indicating the emperor's ownership; such labels are absent from 1st-c. blocks and from those of Marcus Aurelius/Commodus, and most giallo antico blocks in Rome's marble yards are NOT so inscribed.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 99 (Fant 1993a; Hirt App. nos.). Specific CIL/AE numbers NOT transcribed here to avoid fabrication - described by their genitive-ownership formula. Hirt argues un-inscribed = Roman-state (public) property, genitive-marked = emperor's - a disputed reading of ownership.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=giallo%20antico%20blocks%20from%20Simitthus%20labelled%20with%20the%20emperor%27s%20name%20in%20the%20GENI","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":3,"type":"literary","citation":"Hadrian's benefaction to Smyrna (IGRR IV 1431 (= Smyrna 54; the same Smyrna benefaction cited in the Dokimeion entry; NB Pausanias 1.18.9 is the ATHENS pantheon/gymnasium, not this gift); commemorative inscription): among the gifts, 20 columns of Numidian (giallo antico) marble for the gymnasium, drawn from 'imperial quarries' / the emperor's patrimonium; precious marble use was believed limited to public buildings and the palaces of the emperor.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 98-99. Grounds the PRESTIGE/DISPLAY orientation of Simitthus output: consumed in public monuments and imperial palaces and dispensed as sovereign gifts, not sold on an open market. (Task's cited pp.380-382 are the Appendix block-mark catalogue, not a prestige-vs-profit passage; this p.98-99 material is substituted.)","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Hadrian%27s%20benefaction%20to%20Smyrna%20%28IGRR%20IV%201431%20%28%3D%20Smyrna%2054%3B%20the%20same%20Smyrna%20bene","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"verified","pass":"P5"},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":4,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"'As for Simitthus, a sufficient number of inscriptions proves the presence of a freedman procurator there' - resident freedman district administration.","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 361-362 (cf. 4.1.6). Resolves the bounded-jurisdiction question: administration was NOT purely remote from Rome - there was a resident procurator. Specific inscriptions not transcribed here.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%27As%20for%20Simitthus%2C%20a%20sufficient%20number%20of%20inscriptions%20proves%20the%20presence%20of%20a%20","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":5,"type":"legal","citation":"damnati in metallum / servus poenae doctrine: those condemned to the mines/quarries lost libertas AND their property (bona) to the Roman state; the bona collected by the fiscus were not returned even if the convict was later freed; under the Severans the metalla to which convicts were condemned were understood as property of the Roman state, and there is no evidence convicts were condemned to the emperor's or to private quarries (Gaius; Dig. 28.1.8.4; CJ 9.49.4, 9.51.2; Dig. 34.8.3, 48.19; Ulpian).","certainty":"attested","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 97-98. The legal category matching the Simitthus ergastulum; also ties penal labour to STATE (not imperial-private) ownership. Application specifically to Simitthus is inferred.","access":{"open_url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/search/?q=Dig.%2028.1.8.4","resolver":"Scaife (author discovery)","pid_class":"discovery","query":"Dig. 28.1.8.4"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":6,"type":"legal","citation":"Roman mines/quarries under imperial control defined as metalla (a territorial district distinct from other entities within a province); the majority of metalla were most likely property of the Roman state, in rare instances the emperor's; supervised by freedman/equestrian procurators; marble consigned to Rome via the provincial administration and the marble bureau ('marble yards').","certainty":"inferred","source_key":"hirt2010","note":"Hirt 2010: 96, 361-362. Basis for reading Simitthus as a directly-worked STATE metallum whose output was centrally consigned - NOT a district of farmed local vectigalia + licensed service monopolies.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Roman%20mines/quarries%20under%20imperial%20control%20defined%20as%20metalla%20%28a%20territorial%20di","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null}],"date_basis":"giallo antico blocks marked in the genitive under Domitian-Antoninus Pius; work-camp coins/pottery give a construction date c.170 AD; fabrica/officina marmorum phase c.230 - late 3rd c. (Hirt 2010: 25, 99; Mackensen; Roder 1993).","honesty":{"evidence_type_gaps":["archaeometric","numismatic","papyrological"],"disputed_ownership":[{"period":"Domitian - Antoninus Pius","status":"contested","treasury":"unknown","holder_view":"Hirt 2010: giallo antico blocks labelled with the emperor's name in the GENITIVE (Domitian, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius) mark the emperor's ownership (patrimonium), while un-inscribed blocks - the majority in Rome's marble yards - are tentatively read as Roman-state (public) property; the legal status of the district itself is disputed, most metalla being state property, in rare instances the emperor's.","evidence_ref":[2,6]}],"disputed_evidence":[],"calibration_fragile":false,"genus_flip":false,"no_pid":true}}},{"id":"production:sisapo","dataset":"production","title":"Sisapo (societas Sisaponensis cinnabar-minium district)","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"; ","evidence":"production dossier / source coding","summary":"GENUS: QUALIFIES (convergence 1/2/2 — partial bounded jurisdiction, full concession-allocation, full fiscal/price monopoly). SPECIES: a genus member that DIVERGES toward the market/private pole — dirigiste regime (like Vipasca) but a MIXED beneficiary with a real private-profit company (societas Sisaponensis) and capital attracted by competitive public auction (censoria locatio), not sovereign liberalitas. Sisapo is the hard case that breaks the 'single dirigiste species-cluster': a Roman genus member whose beneficiary and capital-attraction polarities point at the private-profit / market pole, not the fiscal-liberalitas pole of Vipasca.","limit":"Imported dossier coding, not a new verification of all underlying scholarship. Date bands describe the source dossier, not uninterrupted operation.","references":["Pliny, Naturalis Historia 33.118-122 (minium/cinnabar)","Cicero, Philippics 2.48","C. Domergue, Les mines antiques. La production des métaux aux époques grecque et romaine (Paris 2008), esp. discussion of the societas Sisaponensis and the Republican 'ferme' of Spanish mines (pp. 22, 70; index s.v. Sisapo)","Livy 34.21.7 (Cato in Hispania: 'uectigalia magna instituit ex ferrariis argentariisque') and 45.29.3/11 (Aemilius Paullus, mines of Macedonia)","Excavations at La Bienvenida (Ciudad Real), identified as ancient Sisapo (Sisapo I; Anejo de Archivo Español de Arqueología 26 = Domergue 1998a, 'del Área Sisaponense')","Diodorus Siculus 5.36-38 (labour in the Spanish mines) — comparative"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"late Republic to early Principate; societas Sisaponensis attested by Cicero (44 BC) and the monopoly regime described by Pliny (mid-1st c. AD)","basis":"literary (Cicero, Pliny) + excavation of La Bienvenida","bands":[{"start":-150,"end":200}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the production dossier","url":"/production-ecology/#/site/sisapo"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["mercury_cinnabar","silver","copper","lead","other","production"],"details":{"bibliography_keys":["pliny-nh","cicero-phil","domergue2008","livy","sisapo1","diazarino-antolinos"],"evidence":[{"idx":0,"type":"literary","citation":"Pliny, Naturalis Historia 33.118-122 (minium/cinnabar)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"pliny-nh","note":"The famous cinnabar mine 'for the revenues of the Roman nation' is in the region of Sisapo in Baetica; nothing is more carefully guarded; it is not permitted to smelt/refine the ore on the spot; ~2000 lb/yr is sent to Rome in the crude state under seal and refined at Rome; the sale price is fixed by law at HS 70 per pound to cap it; adulteration is a source of plunder for the company (societas). Verified against the Rackham Loeb / attalus.org text.","access":{"open_url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/search/?q=Pliny","resolver":"Scaife (author discovery)","pid_class":"discovery","query":"Pliny"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":1,"type":"literary","citation":"Cicero, Philippics 2.48","certainty":"attested","source_key":"cicero-phil","note":"Cicero uses 'Sisapo' and the societas as a byword for a great farming company in a jibe at Antony's shares/property — the earliest naming (44 BC) of the societas Sisaponensis. The passage attests the company's fame, not the mine's technicalities.","access":{"open_url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/search/?q=Cicero","resolver":"Scaife (author discovery)","pid_class":"discovery","query":"Cicero"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":2,"type":"literary","citation":"C. Domergue, Les mines antiques. La production des métaux aux époques grecque et romaine (Paris 2008), esp. discussion of the societas Sisaponensis and the Republican 'ferme' of Spanish mines (pp. 22, 70; index s.v. Sisapo)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"domergue2008","note":"Sisapo = La Bienvenida (Ciudad Real), near modern Almadén (the largest mercury mine in the world until 2005). The societas Sisaponensis exploited the cinnabar of Sisapo and could add the copper, lead and silver of this part of the Sierra Morena. Domergue's key distinction: the Republican 'ferme' of mines is the affermage of the workings to specialised entrepreneurs; publicans farm the TAXES that burdened the mines. Lead sealings of Sierra Morena mining societates document the phenomenon.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=C.%20Domergue%2C%20Les%20mines%20antiques.%20La%20production%20des%20m%C3%A9taux%20aux%20%C3%A9poques%20grecque%20et","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":3,"type":"literary","citation":"Livy 34.21.7 (Cato in Hispania: 'uectigalia magna instituit ex ferrariis argentariisque') and 45.29.3/11 (Aemilius Paullus, mines of Macedonia)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"livy","note":"Supports the Republican fiscal-allocation mechanism: mine vectigalia were instituted and let out by the state (censoria locatio / public auction), the frame within which a societas such as the Sisaponensis obtained its concession. Cited via Domergue 2008 n.71.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Livy%2034.21.7%20%28Cato%20in%20Hispania%3A%20%27uectigalia%20magna%20instituit%20ex%20ferrariis%20argenta","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":4,"type":"archaeological","citation":"Excavations at La Bienvenida (Ciudad Real), identified as ancient Sisapo (Sisapo I; Anejo de Archivo Español de Arqueología 26 = Domergue 1998a, 'del Área Sisaponense')","certainty":"attested","source_key":"sisapo1","note":"Physical identification of the city of Sisapo; establishes that Sisapo was a functioning civic settlement, NOT an extra-civitatem imperial metallum with a resident procurator. Verify exact authorship (Fernández Ochoa & Zarzalejos) before citing page numbers.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Excavations%20at%20La%20Bienvenida%20%28Ciudad%20Real%29%2C%20identified%20as%20ancient%20Sisapo%20%28Sisapo","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":5,"type":"literary","citation":"Diodorus Siculus 5.36-38 (labour in the Spanish mines) — comparative","certainty":"inferred","source_key":"diodorus","note":"Comparative, NOT Sisapo-specific: Diodorus describes mass servile/coerced labour in the silver mines of Republican Spain. Used only to infer the labour regime pole; no site-specific labour attestation survives for the Sisapo cinnabar workings. Flag inferred.","access":{"open_url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/search/?q=Diodorus%20Siculus%205.36-38","resolver":"Scaife (author discovery)","pid_class":"discovery","query":"Diodorus Siculus 5.36-38"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null}],"date_basis":"literary (Cicero, Pliny) + excavation of La Bienvenida","honesty":{"evidence_type_gaps":["archaeometric","epigraphic","legal","numismatic","papyrological"],"disputed_ownership":[],"disputed_evidence":[],"calibration_fragile":true,"genus_flip":true,"no_pid":true}}},{"id":"production:tiber-figlinae","dataset":"production","title":"Imperial figlinae of the middle Tiber valley (Rome brick district)","coordinates":null,"geometry_role":"; ","evidence":"production dossier / source coding","summary":"GENUS: FAILS - convergence 0/2/1. The imperial Tiber-valley figlinae are the MANUFACTURE-sector counterpart to La Catria's lesson, scaled up to maximum imperial ownership: by the late 2nd/early 3rd c. the majority of the figlinae and praedia were in imperial possession (Carroll 2022, 234), yet they remained ordinary landed estates in the patrimonium/res privata, leased to officinatores under locatio conductio (Steinby; Aubert), on ordinary Italian territory, with NO differential law, NO perimeter, NO resident procurator displacing civic government, and NO delegated jurisdiction. Allocated exploitation is full (systematic leasing) and a fiscal collection stream exists (partial), but bounded_jurisdiction = 0 sinks the genus. The signature: imperial PROPERTY is not a bounded fiscal-legal ENCLAVE.","limit":"Imported dossier coding, not a new verification of all underlying scholarship. Date bands describe the source dossier, not uninterrupted operation.","references":["M. Steinby, on the Rome / Tiber-valley brick stamps (Hadrianic-Severan) read as an abbreviated locatio conductio: object (opus doliare / opus figlinum / tegula), lessor (dominus), lessee (officinator), place (figlinae / officinae / praedia), sometimes with a consular date","J.-J. Aubert, Business Managers in Ancient Rome (1994): brick stamps as locatio conductio operarum; two names appear because there is always a dominus who owns the figlina (and thereby the finished product) and an officinator who manages/works it","P. Setala, Private Domini in Roman Brick Stamps of the Empire (Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae; Helsinki 1977): prosopography of the landowners (domini/dominae) of the figlinae in the district of Rome, incl. Domitia Longina among the dominae figlinarum","T. Helen, Organization of Roman Brick Production in the First and Second Centuries A.D. (Annales Acad. Scient. Fennicae; Helsinki 1975): officinatores as entrepreneurs who leased brickyards and could move between and rent from different domini","H. Bloch, I bolli laterizi e la storia edilizia romana (1947); CIL XV.1 = the corpus of the brick stamps of Rome and the Tiber valley","C. Bruun, 'Interpretare i bolli laterizi di Roma e della valle del Tevere: produzione, storia economica e topografia' (2005): synthesis of production organisation, economic history and topography of the Tiber-valley figlinae","M. Carroll, 'Viticulture, opus doliare, and the patrimonium Caesaris at the Roman imperial estate at Vagnari (Puglia)', Journal of Roman Archaeology (2022): 'By the late 2nd or early 3rd c. CE... the majority of these figlinae and properties (praedia) were in imperial possession' (234); the emperor/procurator 'drew on figlinae that belonged to the patrimonium Caesaris' (243); Domitia Lucilla Minor inherited and owned extensive clay pits (234)","Named imperial-family figlina: the figlinae Fulvianae recorded with owners Lucilla n(ostra) and Aurel(ius) Caes(ar) n(oster) (discussed in Arctos, 'A Problem in Roman Brick Stamps... the Owners of the figlinae Fulvianae?')","S. Graham, Ex Figlinis: The Network Dynamics of the Tiber Valley Brick Industry in the Hinterland of Rome (BAR; 2006): the figlinae sat on estates distributed through the middle/lower Tiber valley hinterland of Rome, tied together by river transport and social networks","Negative evidence: no lex, no jurisdictional perimeter, no resident district-procurator with delegated coercion, and no extra-civitatem status is attested for the Tiber-valley figlinae; imperial figlinae were administered as landed praedia within the patrimonial administration (procuratores patrimonii), like any other imperial estate"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"later 1st - early 3rd c. AD; consular-dated apogee Trajanic-Antonine (esp. AD 110-164), imperial consolidation by the late 2nd/early 3rd c.","basis":"CIL XV.1 brick-stamp seriation; consular-dated stamps of the earlier 2nd c.; the majority of the figlinae/praedia in imperial possession by the late 2nd/early 3rd c. (Carroll 2022, 234)","bands":[{"start":1,"end":260}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the production dossier","url":"/production-ecology/#/site/tiber-figlinae"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["brick_tile","terracotta","production"],"details":{"bibliography_keys":["bloch1947","helen1975","setala1977","aubert1994","bruun2005","carroll2022","graham2006","arctos_fulvianae","steinby"],"evidence":[{"idx":0,"type":"legal","citation":"M. Steinby, on the Rome / Tiber-valley brick stamps (Hadrianic-Severan) read as an abbreviated locatio conductio: object (opus doliare / opus figlinum / tegula), lessor (dominus), lessee (officinator), place (figlinae / officinae / praedia), sometimes with a consular date","certainty":"attested","source_key":"steinby","note":"VERIFIED via web summary of the Steinby thesis (locatio conductio operis faciundi). The stamp itself records the private-law contract of a landlord leasing a clay works to an entrepreneur - not a public charter.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=M.%20Steinby%2C%20on%20the%20Rome%20/%20Tiber-valley%20brick%20stamps%20%28Hadrianic-Severan%29%20read%20as%20","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":1,"type":"legal","citation":"J.-J. Aubert, Business Managers in Ancient Rome (1994): brick stamps as locatio conductio operarum; two names appear because there is always a dominus who owns the figlina (and thereby the finished product) and an officinator who manages/works it","certainty":"attested","source_key":"aubert1994","note":"VERIFIED via web. Confirms the landlord-lessee / owner-manager reading; the dominus's control is proprietary (ownership of land and product), not jurisdictional.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=J.-J.%20Aubert%2C%20Business%20Managers%20in%20Ancient%20Rome%20%281994%29%3A%20brick%20stamps%20as%20locatio%20","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":2,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"P. Setala, Private Domini in Roman Brick Stamps of the Empire (Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae; Helsinki 1977): prosopography of the landowners (domini/dominae) of the figlinae in the district of Rome, incl. Domitia Longina among the dominae figlinarum","certainty":"attested","source_key":"setala1977","note":"VERIFIED (title/abstract via web). Establishes that the figlinae were owned as private landed property by a stratum of great landowners, many later absorbed into the imperial house.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=P.%20Setala%2C%20Private%20Domini%20in%20Roman%20Brick%20Stamps%20of%20the%20Empire%20%28Acta%20Instituti%20Ro","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":3,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"T. Helen, Organization of Roman Brick Production in the First and Second Centuries A.D. (Annales Acad. Scient. Fennicae; Helsinki 1975): officinatores as entrepreneurs who leased brickyards and could move between and rent from different domini","certainty":"attested","source_key":"helen1975","note":"VERIFIED via web. Mobility of officinatores across estates shows access is allocated by ordinary lease, not by a fixed enclave concession scheme.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=T.%20Helen%2C%20Organization%20of%20Roman%20Brick%20Production%20in%20the%20First%20and%20Second%20Centuri","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":4,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"H. Bloch, I bolli laterizi e la storia edilizia romana (1947); CIL XV.1 = the corpus of the brick stamps of Rome and the Tiber valley","certainty":"attested","source_key":"bloch1947","note":"Foundational corpus/study; cited generically. NO individual stamp numbers asserted here (none independently verified in-session).","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=H.%20Bloch%2C%20I%20bolli%20laterizi%20e%20la%20storia%20edilizia%20romana%20%281947%29%3B%20CIL%20XV.1%20%3D%20the%20co","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":5,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"C. Bruun, 'Interpretare i bolli laterizi di Roma e della valle del Tevere: produzione, storia economica e topografia' (2005): synthesis of production organisation, economic history and topography of the Tiber-valley figlinae","certainty":"attested","source_key":"bruun2005","note":"VERIFIED via web (title). Cited for the organisational/topographic reading of the district; no stamp numbers asserted.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=C.%20Bruun%2C%20%27Interpretare%20i%20bolli%20laterizi%20di%20Roma%20e%20della%20valle%20del%20Tevere%3A%20produ","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":6,"type":"literary","citation":"M. Carroll, 'Viticulture, opus doliare, and the patrimonium Caesaris at the Roman imperial estate at Vagnari (Puglia)', Journal of Roman Archaeology (2022): 'By the late 2nd or early 3rd c. CE... the majority of these figlinae and properties (praedia) were in imperial possession' (234); the emperor/procurator 'drew on figlinae that belonged to the patrimonium Caesaris' (243); Domitia Lucilla Minor inherited and owned extensive clay pits (234)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"carroll2022","note":"VERIFIED verbatim via web (Cambridge Core). The crux citation: imperial control of the figlinae is possession of praedia within the patrimonium - landed property, administered as an estate, not a bounded fiscal-legal jurisdiction.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=M.%20Carroll%2C%20%27Viticulture%2C%20opus%20doliare%2C%20and%20the%20patrimonium%20Caesaris%20at%20the%20Roma","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":7,"type":"epigraphic","citation":"Named imperial-family figlina: the figlinae Fulvianae recorded with owners Lucilla n(ostra) and Aurel(ius) Caes(ar) n(oster) (discussed in Arctos, 'A Problem in Roman Brick Stamps... the Owners of the figlinae Fulvianae?')","certainty":"disputed","source_key":"arctos_fulvianae","note":"VERIFIED that the figlinae Fulvianae are attributed to members of the imperial house; the precise identification of Lucilla/Aurelius Caesar is the subject of the article and is flagged disputed. Illustrates imperial-family ownership of a named works without any accompanying enclave apparatus.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Named%20imperial-family%20figlina%3A%20the%20figlinae%20Fulvianae%20recorded%20with%20owners%20Lucil","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":8,"type":"literary","citation":"S. Graham, Ex Figlinis: The Network Dynamics of the Tiber Valley Brick Industry in the Hinterland of Rome (BAR; 2006): the figlinae sat on estates distributed through the middle/lower Tiber valley hinterland of Rome, tied together by river transport and social networks","certainty":"attested","source_key":"graham2006","note":"VERIFIED via web (title/description). Locates the works on ordinary Italian estate territory in the ager Romanus / Tiber valley - municipal and estate land, not an extraterritorial district.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=S.%20Graham%2C%20Ex%20Figlinis%3A%20The%20Network%20Dynamics%20of%20the%20Tiber%20Valley%20Brick%20Industry%20","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":9,"type":"legal","citation":"Negative evidence: no lex, no jurisdictional perimeter, no resident district-procurator with delegated coercion, and no extra-civitatem status is attested for the Tiber-valley figlinae; imperial figlinae were administered as landed praedia within the patrimonial administration (procuratores patrimonii), like any other imperial estate","certainty":"inferred","source_key":null,"note":"Argument from the silence of the (very rich) brick-stamp record and the estate-management literature: unlike Vipasca (lex metalli, fines, procurator with cognitio) the figlinae generate no charter, boundary or coercive-jurisdiction evidence. Grounds bounded_jurisdiction = 0.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Negative%20evidence%3A%20no%20lex%2C%20no%20jurisdictional%20perimeter%2C%20no%20resident%20district-pro","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null}],"date_basis":"CIL XV.1 brick-stamp seriation; consular-dated stamps of the earlier 2nd c.; the majority of the figlinae/praedia in imperial possession by the late 2nd/early 3rd c. (Carroll 2022, 234)","honesty":{"evidence_type_gaps":["archaeological","archaeometric","numismatic","papyrological"],"disputed_ownership":[],"disputed_evidence":["Named imperial-family figlina: the figlinae Fulvianae recorded with owners Lucilla n(ostra) and Aurel(ius) Caes(ar) n(oster) (discussed in Arctos, 'A Problem in Roman Brick Stamps... the Owners of the figlinae Fulvianae?')"],"calibration_fragile":false,"genus_flip":false,"no_pid":true}}},{"id":"production:troia-troia","dataset":"production","title":"Tróia","coordinates":[-8.895,38.489],"geometry_role":"Tróia Roman ruins, Sado estuary (approximate); approximate","evidence":"production dossier / source coding","summary":"GENUS: FAILS - convergence 0/0/0 (no bounded jurisdiction, no allocated exploitation, no fiscal-monopoly apparatus): the single largest fish-salting CAPACITY in the Roman West (~1,429 m3 of vats, ~25 workshops) that is nonetheless NOT a bounded fiscal-legal enclave. DIVERGENCE: nominally liberalizing/market (mag 1 = absence of any special regime), private_export_profit (mag 2), mixed private free/servile labour with no penal component (mag 1), no development incentive of either pole (mag 0). The processing analogue of La Graufesenque: enormous private output, zero enclave apparatus.","limit":"Imported dossier coding, not a new verification of all underlying scholarship. Date bands describe the source dossier, not uninterrupted operation.","references":["Excavated fish-salting complex on the Tróia peninsula (Grândola), Sado estuary: batteries of opus-signinum salting vats (cetariae) strung ~4 km along the shore, with houses, baths, a mausoleum and necropolis","A. Wilson, quantification of Roman fish-salting infrastructure capacity (OXREP working paper, c. 2007)","A. Marzano, Harvesting the Sea: The Exploitation of Marine Resources in the Roman Mediterranean (Oxford Studies on the Roman Economy, OUP 2013)","Lusitanian salsamenta/garum amphora seriation (Dressel 14, Lusitana 3, Almagro 51c/50, Keay 78, Sado types) and associated Sado/Tejo-valley kiln sites","Administrative-geographic context: Tróia as a private industrial settlement in the Sado estuary, Lusitania - ordinary provincial/civic territory, no attested fiscal-enclave administration"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"1st-2nd c. AD apogee; renewed 4th-c. expansion; active into the 5th-6th c.","basis":"vat archaeology + associated amphora seriation (Dressel 14 -> Lusitana 3 -> Almagro/Keay late forms)","bands":[{"start":1,"end":550}]},"links":[{"label":"Open the production dossier","url":"/production-ecology/#/site/troia-troia"}],"pleiades":null,"topics":["garum_salsamenta","amphorae","salt","production"],"details":{"bibliography_keys":["wilson2006","wilson2007quant","marzano2013"],"evidence":[{"idx":0,"type":"archaeological","citation":"Excavated fish-salting complex on the Tróia peninsula (Grândola), Sado estuary: batteries of opus-signinum salting vats (cetariae) strung ~4 km along the shore, with houses, baths, a mausoleum and necropolis","certainty":"attested","source_key":null,"note":"Built in the first half of the 1st c. AD; one of the largest fish-salting industrial complexes known in the Roman world; active to the 5th-6th c. Vats coated in opus signinum, cut into the ground - the standard salsamenta/garum installation.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Excavated%20fish-salting%20complex%20on%20the%20Tr%C3%B3ia%20peninsula%20%28Gr%C3%A2ndola%29%2C%20Sado%20estuary%3A%20","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":1,"type":"archaeometric","citation":"A. Wilson, quantification of Roman fish-salting infrastructure capacity (OXREP working paper, c. 2007)","certainty":"inferred","source_key":"wilson2007quant","note":"Figure and exact publication venue to VERIFY (OXREP working paper vs later printed chapter). The point that matters here is order-of-magnitude scale, not the precise cubic-metre value.","access":{"open_url":"https://oxrep.web.ox.ac.uk/databases","resolver":"OXREP (portal)","pid_class":"discovery"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":2,"type":"literary","citation":"A. Marzano, Harvesting the Sea: The Exploitation of Marine Resources in the Roman Mediterranean (Oxford Studies on the Roman Economy, OUP 2013)","certainty":"attested","source_key":"marzano2013","note":"Modern scholarship. Frames fish-salting/garum as market-oriented PRIVATE production paralleling the agricultural economy - technological investment, organisation of labour, and use of the legal framework by private operators defending economic interests against competitors. No state monopoly on cetaria production; fish products move as ordinary export commodities.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=A.%20Marzano%2C%20Harvesting%20the%20Sea%3A%20The%20Exploitation%20of%20Marine%20Resources%20in%20the%20Roma","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":3,"type":"archaeological","citation":"Lusitanian salsamenta/garum amphora seriation (Dressel 14, Lusitana 3, Almagro 51c/50, Keay 78, Sado types) and associated Sado/Tejo-valley kiln sites","certainty":"attested","source_key":null,"note":"Amphora kilns operate in close spatial relationship with the fish-salting factories; the stamped/typed containers document a private export product in ordinary commercial circulation, not a levy in kind. See 'Salted Fish Industry in Roman Lusitania' (selodemar.com summary of the trade).","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Lusitanian%20salsamenta/garum%20amphora%20seriation%20%28Dressel%2014%2C%20Lusitana%203%2C%20Almagro%205","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null},{"idx":4,"type":"literary","citation":"Administrative-geographic context: Tróia as a private industrial settlement in the Sado estuary, Lusitania - ordinary provincial/civic territory, no attested fiscal-enclave administration","certainty":"disputed","source_key":null,"note":"Ownership of the Tróia workshops is debated (private investors vs possible senatorial/municipal proprietors) but there is NO attestation of a bounded fiscal-legal district, resident procurator, or differential law. Marked disputed pending a dedicated proprietorship study. VERIFY.","access":{"open_url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Administrative-geographic%20context%3A%20Tr%C3%B3ia%20as%20a%20private%20industrial%20settlement%20in%20t","resolver":"Google Scholar","pid_class":"print_only"},"locator":null,"speaks_to_axis":[],"citation_verification":{"status":"unverified","pass":null},"audit_touched":false,"audit_note":null}],"date_basis":"vat archaeology + associated amphora seriation (Dressel 14 -> Lusitana 3 -> Almagro/Keay late forms)","honesty":{"evidence_type_gaps":["epigraphic","legal","numismatic","papyrological"],"disputed_ownership":[],"disputed_evidence":["Administrative-geographic context: Tróia as a private industrial settlement in the Sado estuary, Lusitania - ordinary provincial/civic territory, no attested fiscal-enclave administration"],"calibration_fragile":false,"genus_flip":false,"no_pid":true}}},{"id":"production:vipasca","dataset":"production","title":"Vipasca","coordinates":[-8.1707,37.8768],"geometry_role":"Domergue 1983 / OXREP mines v3.0; precise","evidence":"production dossier / source coding","summary":"GENUS: qualifies as a bounded fiscal-legal production enclave (convergence 2/2/2). SPECIES: dirigiste polarity on all four divergence axes - intensified regulation, state-revenue beneficiary, mixed-with-penal labor, liberalitas-not-exemption incentive. The mirror image of a modern SEZ's liberalizing/private/incentivized/exemption profile. Type specimen for D2.","limit":"Imported dossier coding, not a new verification of all underlying scholarship. Date bands describe the source dossier, not uninterrupted operation.","references":["Lex metalli Vipascensis (Vipasca tablet I, found 1876) = CIL II 5181 = ILS 6891","Lex metallis dicta (Vipasca tablet II, found 1906), '...Ulpio Aeliano suo salutem' = FIRA I 105 = AE 1906, 150 (Vipasca Tablet II)","Aljustrel workings: narrow Roman shafts (0.9-1 m), oak framing, four-windlass shaft, 'galeria da Transtagana' drainage adit (~800 m); to 100-120 m","Pergamon cursus of the freedman Saturninus: proc. Asturiae et Callaeciae -> procurator metallorum Vipascensium (Commodus-Severan)","Vipasca dedication to Beryllus, restitutor metallorum, by the coloni Aug(usti) n(ostri) metalli Vipascensis","Money-of-account structure in the tablets: HS to the fiscus (HS 100/200 Vip. I; HS 1,000/4,000 Vip. II); denarii for intra-district payments to conductores","Hirt 2010 argument from confiscated bona -> fiscus, servi poenae, and army secondment rei publicae causa"],"time":{"kind":"approximate","label":"late 1st - second half 2nd c. AD","basis":"shaft archaeology + palaeography of the tablets; Vip. 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typology","modality":"derived","pleiades":"271130923","source_loci":["pleiades/place#271130923"]},{"id":"ecology:874700","title":"Singaras","coordinates":[41.7172,36.35431],"category":"upland","basis":"Pleiades place typology","modality":"derived","pleiades":"874700","source_loci":["pleiades/place#874700"]},{"id":"ecology:21906","title":"Libnios (river)","coordinates":null,"category":"riverine","basis":"Pleiades place typology","modality":"derived","pleiades":"21906","source_loci":["pleiades/place#21906"]},{"id":"ecology:573243","title":"Harpinates","coordinates":[21.67473,37.64879],"category":"riverine","basis":"Pleiades place typology","modality":"derived","pleiades":"573243","source_loci":["pleiades/place#573243"]},{"id":"ecology:265866","title":"Charidemos (promontory)","coordinates":[-2.19323,36.72103],"category":"coastal","basis":"Pleiades place typology","modality":"derived","pleiades":"265866","source_loci":["pleiades/place#265866"]},{"id":"ecology:639132","title":"Telandria (island)","coordinates":[28.92129,36.67093],"category":"insular","basis":"Pleiades place typology","modality":"derived","pleiades":"639132","source_loci":["pleiades/place#639132"]},{"id":"ecology:40321","title":"Stenae Dirae","coordinates":null,"category":"insular","basis":"Pleiades place typology","modality":"derived","pleiades":"40321","source_loci":["pleiades/place#40321"]},{"id":"ecology:897845","title":"Silla","coordinates":null,"category":"riverine","basis":"Pleiades place typology","modality":"derived","pleiades":"897845","source_loci":["pleiades/place#897845"]},{"id":"ecology:474909","title":"Crocia (island)","coordinates":null,"category":"insular","basis":"Pleiades place typology","modality":"derived","pleiades":"474909","source_loci":["pleiades/place#474909"]},{"id":"ecology:555396520","title":"Kalauros (mountain)","coordinates":[40.99384,43.09517],"category":"upland","basis":"Pleiades place typology","modality":"derived","pleiades":"555396520","source_loci":["pleiades/place#555396520"]},{"id":"ecology:236372","title":"Bibesia (river)","coordinates":[-7.48592,41.92414],"category":"riverine","basis":"Pleiades place typology","modality":"derived","pleiades":"236372","source_loci":["pleiades/place#236372"]}],"relationships":[{"from":"strabo:ostia","to":"ostia:western-harbour","kind":"later archaeological comparison","basis":"Strab. 5.3.5; Vött et al. 2020, figs. 2, 3, 12–13","limit":"Same urban context; no identification of Strabo’s harbour with the later building."},{"from":"strabo:carthage","to":"carthage:harbour","kind":"curated urban context","basis":"Strab. 17.3.14; Carthage site dossier, Hurst 2010","limit":"Different spatial scales; the atlas point is not the mapped basin."},{"from":"comparanda:carthage","to":"carthage:harbour","kind":"research-context comparison","basis":"The Carthage conservation and site readers","limit":"Collection provenance does not establish harbour findspots."},{"from":"comparanda:carthage","to":"ecology:314921","kind":"shared gazetteer identifier","basis":"Explicit Pleiades ID retained in both datasets","limit":"Shared identity does not make source claims, dates, or coordinates equivalent."},{"from":"north-africa:carthage","to":"ecology:314921","kind":"shared gazetteer identifier","basis":"Explicit Pleiades ID retained in both datasets","limit":"Shared identity does not make source claims, dates, or coordinates equivalent."},{"from":"north-africa:leptiminus","to":"ecology:324767","kind":"shared gazetteer identifier","basis":"Explicit Pleiades ID retained in both datasets","limit":"Shared identity does not make source claims, dates, or coordinates equivalent."},{"from":"north-africa:lepcis","to":"ecology:344448","kind":"shared gazetteer identifier","basis":"Explicit Pleiades ID retained in both datasets","limit":"Shared identity does not make source claims, dates, or coordinates equivalent."},{"from":"north-africa:alexandria","to":"ecology:727070","kind":"shared gazetteer identifier","basis":"Explicit Pleiades ID retained in both datasets","limit":"Shared identity does not make source claims, dates, or coordinates equivalent."},{"from":"north-africa:berenike","to":"ecology:785986","kind":"shared gazetteer identifier","basis":"Explicit Pleiades ID retained in both datasets","limit":"Shared identity does not make source claims, dates, or coordinates equivalent."},{"from":"explorers:pillars","to":"ecology:465877","kind":"shared gazetteer identifier","basis":"Explicit Pleiades ID retained in both datasets","limit":"Shared identity does not make source claims, dates, or coordinates equivalent."},{"from":"explorers:carthage","to":"ecology:314921","kind":"shared gazetteer identifier","basis":"Explicit Pleiades ID retained in both datasets","limit":"Shared identity does not make source claims, dates, or coordinates equivalent."},{"from":"explorers:myoshormos","to":"ecology:786069","kind":"shared gazetteer identifier","basis":"Explicit Pleiades ID retained in both datasets","limit":"Shared identity does not make source claims, dates, or coordinates equivalent."},{"from":"explorers:berenike","to":"ecology:785986","kind":"shared gazetteer identifier","basis":"Explicit Pleiades ID retained in both datasets","limit":"Shared identity does not make source claims, dates, or coordinates equivalent."},{"from":"explorers:muziris","to":"ecology:50146","kind":"shared gazetteer identifier","basis":"Explicit Pleiades ID retained in both datasets","limit":"Shared identity does not make source claims, dates, or coordinates equivalent."},{"from":"explorers:adulis","to":"ecology:39271","kind":"shared gazetteer identifier","basis":"Explicit Pleiades ID retained in both datasets","limit":"Shared identity does not make source claims, dates, or coordinates equivalent."},{"from":"explorers:sardis","to":"ecology:550883","kind":"shared gazetteer identifier","basis":"Explicit Pleiades ID retained in both datasets","limit":"Shared identity does not make source claims, dates, or coordinates equivalent."},{"from":"explorers:alexandria","to":"ecology:727070","kind":"shared gazetteer identifier","basis":"Explicit Pleiades ID retained in both datasets","limit":"Shared identity does not make source claims, dates, or coordinates equivalent."},{"from":"periplus:0","to":"ecology:786069","kind":"shared gazetteer identifier","basis":"Explicit Pleiades ID retained in both datasets","limit":"Shared identity does not make source claims, dates, or coordinates equivalent."},{"from":"periplus:1","to":"ecology:785986","kind":"shared gazetteer identifier","basis":"Explicit Pleiades ID retained in both datasets","limit":"Shared identity does not make source claims, dates, or coordinates equivalent."},{"from":"periplus:2","to":"ecology:39409","kind":"shared gazetteer identifier","basis":"Explicit Pleiades ID retained in both datasets","limit":"Shared identity does not make source claims, dates, or coordinates equivalent."},{"from":"periplus:8","to":"ecology:39414","kind":"shared gazetteer identifier","basis":"Explicit Pleiades ID retained in both datasets","limit":"Shared identity does not make source claims, dates, or coordinates equivalent."},{"from":"periplus:10","to":"ecology:39279","kind":"shared gazetteer identifier","basis":"Explicit Pleiades ID retained in both datasets","limit":"Shared identity does not make source claims, dates, or coordinates equivalent."},{"from":"periplus:16","to":"ecology:59734","kind":"shared gazetteer identifier","basis":"Explicit Pleiades ID retained in both datasets","limit":"Shared identity does not make source claims, dates, or coordinates equivalent."},{"from":"periplus:18","to":"ecology:50146","kind":"shared gazetteer identifier","basis":"Explicit Pleiades ID retained in both datasets","limit":"Shared identity does not make source claims, dates, or coordinates equivalent."},{"from":"periplus:22","to":"ecology:59822","kind":"shared gazetteer identifier","basis":"Explicit Pleiades ID retained in both datasets","limit":"Shared identity does not make source claims, dates, or coordinates equivalent."}],"figures":[{"id":"ostia-vott2020-fig2","site":"Ostia","source":"vott2020","locator":"article p. 4, fig. 2","credit":"Navalia and temple plan, Vött et al. 2020, fig. 2, article p. 4, adapted in that article from Heinzelmann 2020. Grayscale reproduction of the complete plan and legend. The larger dots mark reconstructed porticus positions; the smaller dark dots mark the recent river dam. No additional ancient walls have been drawn.","medium":"Archaeological plan","title":"Ostia: archaeological plan","observation":"Chambers, terrace, sondages and modern dam; the legend distinguishes evidential bases.","limit":"Reconstructed walls are not excavated fabric; the plan is not registered GIS geometry.","depicted_time":null,"capture_time":null,"capture_year":null,"pixel_status":"Existing inspected grayscale asset; checksum verified in this assessment","public_reuse":true,"src":"figures/ostia-vott2020-fig2.png","asset_status":"Included in local integration build","rights":"CC BY 4.0 under article rights statement; retain earlier credits and third-party exclusion caveat","licence":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","derivative":"figure crop and grayscale conversion only","dimensions":[1771,2192],"image_sha256":"fc0637d5f3aa05c22a82985476f76f8984172d1ecd85095795baa835e56de9c3","feature_scope":"Ostia western river harbour / navalia-temple complex","coordinate_frame":"Image pixels only; no geographic registration","ancient_locus":"Strab. 5.3.5","comparison_relation":"Later archaeological comparison; not direct attestation of this building by Strabo","source_id":"vott2020","publication_year":2020,"source_citation":"Vött, Andreas, Tanja Willershäuser, Hanna Hadler, Lea Obrocki, Peter Fischer, and Michael Heinzelmann. “Geoarchaeological Evidence of Ostia’s River Harbour Operating until the Fourth Century AD.” Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 12 (2020): article 88.","source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-020-01035-z"},{"id":"ostia-vott2020-fig3","site":"Ostia","source":"vott2020","locator":"article p. 5, fig. 3","credit":"Northern chamber N3, panels a–c, and work at the western frontage, panels d–f. Vött et al. 2020, fig. 3, article p. 5. Photographs A. Vött, 2013, as credited by the source. The full six-panel photograph plate is reproduced in grayscale; original letters and field labels retained.","medium":"Field photographs","title":"Ostia: field photographs","observation":"Panels a–c show northern N3; d–f show western frontage fieldwork.","limit":"N3 is not the sampled western chamber W4; the photographs do not independently establish shipshed use.","depicted_time":null,"capture_time":null,"capture_year":2013,"pixel_status":"Existing inspected grayscale asset; checksum verified in this assessment","public_reuse":true,"src":"figures/ostia-vott2020-fig3.png","asset_status":"Included in local integration build","rights":"CC BY 4.0 under article rights statement; retain earlier credits and third-party exclusion caveat","licence":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","derivative":"figure crop and grayscale conversion only","dimensions":[1529,1524],"image_sha256":"220462eec0a1267ae8f727dae043fc730386cafbe210aa4d7e9ee96a8664b8e8","feature_scope":"Ostia western river harbour / navalia-temple complex","coordinate_frame":"Image pixels only; no geographic registration","ancient_locus":"Strab. 5.3.5","comparison_relation":"Later archaeological comparison; not direct attestation of this building by Strabo","source_id":"vott2020","publication_year":2020,"source_citation":"Vött, Andreas, Tanja Willershäuser, Hanna Hadler, Lea Obrocki, Peter Fischer, and Michael Heinzelmann. “Geoarchaeological Evidence of Ostia’s River Harbour Operating until the Fourth Century AD.” Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 12 (2020): article 88.","source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-020-01035-z"},{"id":"ostia-vott2020-fig12","site":"Ostia","source":"vott2020","locator":"article p. 19, fig. 12","credit":"Trench and core synopsis, Vött et al. 2020, fig. 12, article p. 19. Trench photograph and original strata numbers credited there to Heinzelmann 2020. Cropped and reproduced in grayscale with elevations, depth axes, age intervals, groundwater limit and approximate 18 m separation retained. The original diagram’s abbreviated chronological labels require the contextual reading above.","medium":"Stratigraphic synopsis","title":"Ostia: stratigraphic synopsis","observation":"Trench and core evidence, elevations and chronological correlation.","limit":"Local western-front results are not a depth estimate for the entire harbour.","depicted_time":null,"capture_time":null,"capture_year":null,"pixel_status":"Existing inspected grayscale asset; checksum verified in this assessment","public_reuse":true,"src":"figures/ostia-vott2020-fig12.png","asset_status":"Included in local integration build","rights":"CC BY 4.0 under article rights statement; retain earlier credits and third-party exclusion caveat","licence":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","derivative":"figure crop and grayscale conversion only","dimensions":[2063,1720],"image_sha256":"eb62515d0da42eb06381fb61e1aab7a177cfd8e3bce43d90dacdb35c43cd3c9a","feature_scope":"Ostia western river harbour / navalia-temple complex","coordinate_frame":"Image pixels only; no geographic registration","ancient_locus":"Strab. 5.3.5","comparison_relation":"Later archaeological comparison; not direct attestation of this building by Strabo","source_id":"vott2020","publication_year":2020,"source_citation":"Vött, Andreas, Tanja Willershäuser, Hanna Hadler, Lea Obrocki, Peter Fischer, and Michael Heinzelmann. “Geoarchaeological Evidence of Ostia’s River Harbour Operating until the Fourth Century AD.” Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 12 (2020): article 88.","source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-020-01035-z"},{"id":"ostia-vott2020-fig13","site":"Ostia","source":"vott2020","locator":"article p. 23, fig. 13","credit":"Reconstruction scenario, Vött et al. 2020, fig. 13, article p. 23, source Heinzelmann 2020. Cropped and converted to grayscale. A hypothetical visualization for the first to fourth centuries CE; vessel depictions and the open-water appearance should not be treated as separately attested finds or dimensions.","medium":"Reconstruction scenario","title":"Ostia: reconstruction scenario","observation":"Proposed relationship of basin, western chambers, temple and terrace.","limit":"Hypothetical scene for the first–fourth centuries CE; not a verified appearance in Strabo’s time.","depicted_time":"First–fourth centuries CE, reconstruction interval","capture_time":null,"capture_year":null,"pixel_status":"Existing inspected grayscale asset; checksum verified in this assessment","public_reuse":true,"src":"figures/ostia-vott2020-fig13.png","asset_status":"Included in local integration build","rights":"CC BY 4.0 under article rights statement; retain earlier credits and third-party exclusion caveat","licence":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","derivative":"figure crop and grayscale conversion only","dimensions":[1304,874],"image_sha256":"0157daf70e7d94123d57cf1668e699a0df5bec12ee00974efcaa6fd17ae43a83","feature_scope":"Ostia western river harbour / navalia-temple complex","coordinate_frame":"Image pixels only; no geographic registration","ancient_locus":"Strab. 5.3.5","comparison_relation":"Later archaeological comparison; not direct attestation of this building by Strabo","source_id":"vott2020","publication_year":2020,"source_citation":"Vött, Andreas, Tanja Willershäuser, Hanna Hadler, Lea Obrocki, Peter Fischer, and Michael Heinzelmann. “Geoarchaeological Evidence of Ostia’s River Harbour Operating until the Fourth Century AD.” Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 12 (2020): article 88.","source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-020-01035-z"},{"id":"alexandria-relations","site":"Alexandria","title":"Alexandria: access across sea, city and lake","medium":"Original analytical diagram","locator":"Strab. 17.1.6–7; Stanley and Bernhardt 2010, figs. 1, 3–4","observation":"The top row separates Strabo’s account from the publication’s three different scales below.","limit":"The modern study basin, regional diagram and Ptolemaic reconstruction do not depict one observed landscape or verify Strabo’s cargo totals.","depicted_time":"Relations between separately dated evidence; no single reconstructed scene","publication_year":2026,"dimensions":[1200,660],"credit":"Original diagram prepared for Ancient Ecology World, 2026; scholarly basis cited separately.","rights":"Original analytical artwork; CC BY 4.0. Source publication images are not reproduced in this diagram.","derivative":"Original boxes and arrows; no plan traced and no geographic registration","coordinate_frame":"Image space only; diagram layout is not geographical","source_id":"alexandria-relations","source_citation":"Jean-Daniel Stanley and Christopher E. Bernhardt, “Alexandria’s Eastern Harbor, Egypt: Pollen, Microscopic Charcoal, and the Transition from Natural to Human-Modified Basin,” Journal of Coastal Research 26, no. 1 (2010): 67–79, figs. 1, 3–4. https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-09-00089.1.","source_url":"https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-09-00089.1","image_sha256":"2a3ccb53f7dfe5b7d06adad06de0d34c9a8542eab0ae0d4d91b61bf3aca0b9a7","src":"figures/alexandria-relations.svg","asset_status":"Original analytical artwork; not a publication plan"},{"id":"alexandria-evidence","site":"Alexandria","title":"Alexandria: what a plan, a core and a passage establish","medium":"Original analytical diagram","locator":"Strab. 17.1.6–7; Stanley and Bernhardt 2010, 67–79","observation":"The questions attach separately to verbal, spatial and sedimentary evidence.","limit":"AL 19 is a localized core. Neither a basin map nor a proxy sequence directly measures city-wide cargo flows or reproduces an Augustan shoreline.","depicted_time":"Relations between separately dated evidence; no single reconstructed scene","publication_year":2026,"dimensions":[1200,660],"credit":"Original diagram prepared for Ancient Ecology World, 2026; scholarly basis cited separately.","rights":"Original analytical artwork; CC BY 4.0. Source publication images are not reproduced in this diagram.","derivative":"Original boxes and arrows; no plan traced and no geographic registration","coordinate_frame":"Image space only; diagram layout is not geographical","source_id":"alexandria-evidence","source_citation":"Jean-Daniel Stanley and Christopher E. Bernhardt, “Alexandria’s Eastern Harbor, Egypt: Pollen, Microscopic Charcoal, and the Transition from Natural to Human-Modified Basin,” Journal of Coastal Research 26, no. 1 (2010): 67–79, figs. 1, 3–4. https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-09-00089.1.","source_url":"https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-09-00089.1","image_sha256":"656a153572ca388d4e9878495c4638cbdbdad8b5e43779da4bc279a93ff7b9d5","src":"figures/alexandria-evidence.svg","asset_status":"Original analytical artwork; not a publication plan"},{"id":"ephesus-process","site":"Ephesus","title":"Ephesus: intervention inside a sediment problem","medium":"Original analytical diagram","locator":"Strab. 14.1.24; Kraft et al. 2000, figs. 10–11, 16","observation":"The upper arrows represent the causal sequence reported by Strabo. The lower boxes are distinct published comparisons.","limit":"The diagram does not independently prove the effect or date of the mole. The publication’s later-period synthesis cannot be treated as Strabo’s contemporary map.","depicted_time":"Relations between separately dated evidence; no single reconstructed scene","publication_year":2026,"dimensions":[1200,660],"credit":"Original diagram prepared for Ancient Ecology World, 2026; scholarly basis cited separately.","rights":"Original analytical artwork; CC BY 4.0. Source publication images are not reproduced in this diagram.","derivative":"Original boxes and arrows; no plan traced and no geographic registration","coordinate_frame":"Image space only; diagram layout is not geographical","source_id":"ephesus-process","source_citation":"John C. Kraft, İlhan Kayan, Helmut Brückner, and George (Rip) Rapp Jr., “A Geologic Analysis of Ancient Landscapes and the Harbors of Ephesus and the Artemision in Anatolia,” Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes in Wien 69 (2000): 175–233, figs. 2, 10–11, 16.","source_url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284969265_A_Geologic_Analysis_of_Ancient_Landscapes_and_the_Harbors_of_Ephesus_and_the_Artemision_in_Anatolia","image_sha256":"f0c7acbe3c4baadec5f1294e8b0b0f78895160159ae8bd2f448533f9623cfd6d","source_link_note":"Author publication record for the 2000 article; reuse permission remains unverified.","src":"figures/ephesus-process.svg","asset_status":"Original analytical artwork; not a publication plan"},{"id":"ephesus-phases","site":"Ephesus","title":"Ephesus: keep map date, sediment date and claim apart","medium":"Original analytical diagram","locator":"Strab. 14.1.24; Kraft et al. 2000, figs. 2, 10–11, 16","observation":"The map, reconstructed phase and cross-section have different time subjects and evidential scope.","limit":"The chronologies of materials and built features require separate reading. Do not collapse figure 16’s two-millennia synthesis into one harbour phase.","depicted_time":"Relations between separately dated evidence; no single reconstructed scene","publication_year":2026,"dimensions":[1200,660],"credit":"Original diagram prepared for Ancient Ecology World, 2026; scholarly basis cited separately.","rights":"Original analytical artwork; CC BY 4.0. Source publication images are not reproduced in this diagram.","derivative":"Original boxes and arrows; no plan traced and no geographic registration","coordinate_frame":"Image space only; diagram layout is not geographical","source_id":"ephesus-phases","source_citation":"John C. Kraft, İlhan Kayan, Helmut Brückner, and George (Rip) Rapp Jr., “A Geologic Analysis of Ancient Landscapes and the Harbors of Ephesus and the Artemision in Anatolia,” Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes in Wien 69 (2000): 175–233, figs. 2, 10–11, 16.","source_url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284969265_A_Geologic_Analysis_of_Ancient_Landscapes_and_the_Harbors_of_Ephesus_and_the_Artemision_in_Anatolia","image_sha256":"377b53b6f0690e1dedb0af2407d3bae3adc1343eb7a58563de44dd37c0daf03a","source_link_note":"Author publication record for the 2000 article; reuse permission remains unverified.","src":"figures/ephesus-phases.svg","asset_status":"Original analytical artwork; not a publication plan"}],"figure_source":{"id":"vott2020","citation":"Vött, Andreas, Tanja Willershäuser, Hanna Hadler, Lea Obrocki, Peter Fischer, and Michael Heinzelmann. “Geoarchaeological Evidence of Ostia’s River Harbour Operating until the Fourth Century AD.” Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 12 (2020): article 88.","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-020-01035-z","rights":"CC BY 4.0, with third-party exclusion caveat; original figure credits retained","licence":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","accessed":"2026-10-05"},"figure_sources":[{"id":"vott2020","citation":"Vött, Andreas, Tanja Willershäuser, Hanna Hadler, Lea Obrocki, Peter Fischer, and Michael Heinzelmann. “Geoarchaeological Evidence of Ostia’s River Harbour Operating until the Fourth Century AD.” Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 12 (2020): article 88.","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-020-01035-z","rights":"CC BY 4.0, with third-party exclusion caveat; original figure credits retained","licence":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","accessed":"2026-10-05","publication_year":2020},{"id":"alexandria-relations","citation":"Jean-Daniel Stanley and Christopher E. Bernhardt, “Alexandria’s Eastern Harbor, Egypt: Pollen, Microscopic Charcoal, and the Transition from Natural to Human-Modified Basin,” Journal of Coastal Research 26, no. 1 (2010): 67–79, figs. 1, 3–4. https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-09-00089.1.","url":"https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-09-00089.1","rights":"Original analytical artwork; CC BY 4.0. Source publication images are not reproduced in this diagram.","licence":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},{"id":"alexandria-evidence","citation":"Jean-Daniel Stanley and Christopher E. Bernhardt, “Alexandria’s Eastern Harbor, Egypt: Pollen, Microscopic Charcoal, and the Transition from Natural to Human-Modified Basin,” Journal of Coastal Research 26, no. 1 (2010): 67–79, figs. 1, 3–4. https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-09-00089.1.","url":"https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-09-00089.1","rights":"Original analytical artwork; CC BY 4.0. Source publication images are not reproduced in this diagram.","licence":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},{"id":"ephesus-process","citation":"John C. Kraft, İlhan Kayan, Helmut Brückner, and George (Rip) Rapp Jr., “A Geologic Analysis of Ancient Landscapes and the Harbors of Ephesus and the Artemision in Anatolia,” Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes in Wien 69 (2000): 175–233, figs. 2, 10–11, 16.","url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284969265_A_Geologic_Analysis_of_Ancient_Landscapes_and_the_Harbors_of_Ephesus_and_the_Artemision_in_Anatolia","rights":"Original analytical artwork; CC BY 4.0. Source publication images are not reproduced in this diagram.","licence":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},{"id":"ephesus-phases","citation":"John C. Kraft, İlhan Kayan, Helmut Brückner, and George (Rip) Rapp Jr., “A Geologic Analysis of Ancient Landscapes and the Harbors of Ephesus and the Artemision in Anatolia,” Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes in Wien 69 (2000): 175–233, figs. 2, 10–11, 16.","url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284969265_A_Geologic_Analysis_of_Ancient_Landscapes_and_the_Harbors_of_Ephesus_and_the_Artemision_in_Anatolia","rights":"Original analytical artwork; CC BY 4.0. Source publication images are not reproduced in this diagram.","licence":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}],"readings":[{"id":"access-and-corridor","title":"Myos Hormos: entrance and inland corridor","question":"What changes when the unit of description changes from coastal approach to a land–sea corridor?","passages":[{"locus":"16.4.5","greek":"ἀπὸ δὲ Ἡρώων πόλεως πλέουσι κατὰ τὴν Τρωγλοδυτικὴν πόλιν εἶναι Φιλωτέραν ἀπὸ τῆς ἀδελφῆς τοῦ δευτέρου Πτολεμαίου προσαγορευθεῖσαν, Σατύρου κτίσμα τοῦ πεμφθέντος ἐπὶ τὴν διερεύνησιν τῆς τῶν ἐλεφάντων θήρας καὶ τῆς Τρωγλοδυτικῆς· εἶτα ἄλλην πόλιν Ἀρσινόην· εἶτα θερμῶν ὑδάτων ἐκβολὰς πικρῶν καὶ ἁλμυρῶν, κατὰ πέτρας τινὸς ὑψηλῆς ἐκδιδόντων εἰς τὴν θάλατταν, καὶ πλησίον ὄρος ἐστὶν ἐν πεδίῳ μιλτῶδες· εἶτα Μυὸς ὅρμον ὃν καὶ Ἀφροδίτης ὅρμον καλεῖσθαι, λιμένα μέγαν, τὸν εἴσπλουν ἔχοντα σκολιόν· προκεῖσθαι δὲ νήσους τρεῖς, δύο μὲν ἐλαίαις κατασκίους, μίαν δʼ ἧττον κατάσκιον, μελεαγρίδων μεστήν· εἶθʼ ἑξῆς τὸν Ἀκάθαρτον κόλπον καὶ αὐτὸν κατὰ τὴν Θηβαΐδα κείμενον, καθάπερ τὸν Μυὸς ὅρμον, ὄντως δὲ ἀκάθαρτον· καὶ γὰρ ὑφάλοις χοιράσι καὶ ῥαχίαις ἐκτετράχυνται καὶ πνοιαῖς καταιγιζούσαις τὸ πλέον. ἐνταῦθα δὲ ἱδρῦσθαι Βερενίκην πόλιν ἐν βάθει τοῦ κόλπου.","translation":"For those sailing from Heroonpolis along the Trogodytic coast, there is the city Philotera, named after the sister of the second Ptolemy, a foundation of Satyros, who was sent to investigate elephant hunting and Trogodytike; then another city, Arsinoe; then outlets of hot waters, bitter and salty, issuing down a certain high rock into the sea, and nearby a reddish mountain in a plain; then Myos Hormos, also called Aphrodite's Anchorage, a large harbor with a winding entrance. Three islands lie in front of it, two shaded with olive trees, and one less shaded, full of guinea fowl. Next comes the Foul Gulf, itself situated opposite the Thebaid, as is Myos Hormos, and truly foul: it is made rough by submerged reefs and breakers, and mostly by winds blowing in violent gusts. Here the city Berenike is established deep within the gulf.","extent":"continuous excerpt; boundaries identified by the Greek quotation","note":"","citation":"Strab. 16.4.5","cts":"urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc2:16.4.5","edition":"Strabo, Strabonis Geographica, ed. August Meineke (Leipzig: Teubner, 1877), retained Perseus TEI; no modern apparatus collation claimed.","source_url":"https://github.com/PerseusDL/canonical-greekLit/blob/master/data/tlg0099/tlg001/tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc2.xml","translation_credit":"Close English translation prepared for the research dossier; reviewed against the displayed Greek. Textual uncertainties remain explicit."},{"locus":"17.1.45","greek":"Ἐντεῦθέν ἐστιν ἰσθμὸς εἰς τὴν Ἐρυθρὰν κατὰ πόλιν Βερενίκην, ἀλίμενον μὲν τῇ δʼ εὐκαιρίᾳ τοῦ ἰσθμοῦ καταγωγὰς ἐπιτηδείους ἔχουσαν. λέγεται δʼ ὁ Φιλάδελφος πρῶτος στρατοπέδῳ τεμεῖν τὴν ὁδὸν ταύτην ἄνυδρον οὖσαν, καὶ κατασκευάσαι σταθμούς, τοῦτο δὲ πρᾶξαι διὰ τὸ τὴν Ἐρυθρὰν δύσπλουν εἶναι καὶ μάλιστα τοῖς ἐκ τοῦ μυχοῦ πλοϊζομένοις. ἐφάνη δὴ τῇ πείρᾳ πολὺ τὸ χρήσιμον, καὶ νῦν ὁ Ἰνδικὸς φόρτος ἅπας καὶ ὁ Ἀράβιος καὶ τοῦ Αἰθιοπικοῦ ὁ τῷ Ἀραβίῳ κόλπῳ κατακομιζόμενος εἰς Κοπτὸν φέρεται, καὶ τοῦτʼ ἔστιν ἐμπόριον τῶν τοιούτων φορτίων. οὐκ ἄπωθεν δὲ τῆς Βερενίκης ἐστὶ Μυὸς ὅρμος, πόλις ἔχουσα τὸ ναύσταθμον τῶν πλοϊζομένων, καὶ τῆς Κοπτοῦ οὐ πολὺ ἀφέστηκεν ἡ καλουμένη Ἀπόλλωνος πόλις, ὥστε καὶ αἱ διορίζουσαι τὸν ἰσθμὸν δύο πόλεις ἑκατέρωθέν εἰσιν. ἀλλὰ νῦν ἡ Κοπτὸς καὶ ὁ Μυὸς ὅρμος εὐδοκιμεῖ, καὶ χρῶνται τοῖς τόποις τούτοις. πρότερον μὲν οὖν ἐνυκτοπόρουν πρὸς τὰ ἄστρα βλέποντες οἱ καμηλέμποροι καὶ καθάπερ οἱ πλέοντες ὥδευον κομίζοντες καὶ ὕδωρ, νυνὶ δὲ καὶ ὑδρεῖα κατεσκευάκασιν, ὀρύξαντες πολὺ βάθος, καὶ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανίων καίπερ ὄντων σπανίων ὅμως δεξαμενὰς πεποίηνται· ἡ δʼ ὁδός ἐστιν ἓξ ἢ ἑπτὰ ἡμερῶν. ἐπὶ δὲ τῷ ἰσθμῷ τούτῳ καὶ τὰ τῆς σμαράγδου μέταλλά ἐστι, τῶν Ἀράβων ὀρυττόντων βαθεῖς τινας ὑπονόμους, καὶ ἄλλων λίθων πολυτελῶν.","translation":"From here an isthmus extends to the Red Sea at the city Berenike, which is without a harbor but has suitable landing places because of the advantageous position of the isthmus. Philadelphus is said to have been the first to cut this road, which lacked water, with an army, and to have constructed stations; he did this because the Red Sea is difficult to navigate, especially for those sailing from its innermost recess. Its great usefulness became apparent through experience, and now all the Indian cargo, the Arabian cargo, and that part of the Ethiopian cargo brought down by the Arabian Gulf are carried to Coptos; this is the trading center for such cargoes. Not far from Berenike is Myos Hormos, a city with the naval station of those who sail; and the city called Apollon's City is not far distant from Coptos, so that two cities on each side define the isthmus. But now Coptos and Myos Hormos enjoy a good reputation, and people use these places. Formerly the camel traders traveled at night, looking to the stars, and made their way just as sailors do, carrying water as well; but now they have also constructed watering places, digging to a great depth, and have made cisterns for water from the sky, scanty though it is. The journey takes six or seven days. On this isthmus are also the emerald mines, the Arabs digging certain deep underground workings, and mines of other costly stones.","extent":"complete imported section","note":"The underlying XML also has a Teubner note after σταθμούς: “post σταθμούς· ὥσπερ τοῖς ἐμπορίοις ὁδεύμασι καὶ διὰ τῶν καμήλων”. This note is not incorporated into the running quotation or translation. Full modern apparatus collation remains outstanding.","citation":"Strab. 17.1.45","cts":"urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc2:17.1.45","edition":"Strabo, Strabonis Geographica, ed. August Meineke (Leipzig: Teubner, 1877), retained Perseus TEI; no modern apparatus collation claimed.","source_url":"https://github.com/PerseusDL/canonical-greekLit/blob/master/data/tlg0099/tlg001/tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc2.xml","translation_credit":"Close English translation prepared for the research dossier; reviewed against the displayed Greek. Textual uncertainties remain explicit."}],"analysis":["The named authority at the beginning of 16.4.5 is Artemidorus. In the quotation's continuing reported construction, Strabo records an entrance, offshore islands, vegetation and adjacent hazards. The absence of a built mole is not an absence of a spatially differentiated coastal description. Section 16.4.18 likewise joins relief, navigational difficulty, seasonal conditions, river inflow and an inhabitable island.","The opening opposition ἀλίμενον μὲν … καταγωγὰς ἐπιτηδείους rejects an equation between possessing a limēn and providing usable access. The participle ἔχουσαν belongs to Berenike, while the advantage is attributed to the isthmus. The evaluation is therefore relational: landward access helps make the landing useful. Καταγωγαί is rendered ‘landing places’; the translation does not supply quays, an enclosed basin, or a constructed canal.","Λέγεται marks the road-building story as a report. The subsequent τῇ πείρᾳ, νῦν, πρότερον and νυνί organize an account of tested usefulness and changing practice. They do not certify the identity of the road builder or imply that Strabo personally traveled to the ports. The star-guided camel traders explicitly invite comparison between desert and maritime navigation. Roads, water installations, carriers, cargo and changing preferred endpoints are integral to this harbor ecology.","The passage also contains geographical difficulties: the claimed proximity of Berenike and Myos Hormos and the relation of Apollon's City to Coptos require separate scrutiny. Keep those difficulties visible beside the coherent operational account. Render ναύσταθμον ‘naval station’ rather than silently converting it into a military dockyard; the following genitive refers to those sailing."],"scholarship":[{"citation":"Stanley M. Burstein, trans. and ed., Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Erythraean Sea (London: Hakluyt Society, 1989), 22, 38–39.","relevance":"Burstein distinguishes direct witnesses from Strabo’s mediated use and explains Artemidorus’ redistribution of inherited material. This source history does not independently verify the local landscape."},{"citation":"Hugh Lindsay, “Strabo and Augustan Egypt,” Symbolae Osloenses (online first, 2022), 14–16, https://doi.org/10.1080/00397679.2022.2128560.","relevance":"Lindsay distinguishes information gathered about the desert routes from personally traversing them."},{"citation":"Duane W. Roller, A Historical and Topographical Guide to the Geography of Strabo (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018), 968–69.","relevance":"The commentary discusses distances and place names; the coherent operational account contains geographical problems."}],"limit":"The 16.4.5 excerpt begins after the named Artemidorus attribution. Its opening is: φησὶ δʼ Ἀρτεμίδωρος (“Artemidorus says”). Book 17 has another narrative purpose. No single variable is isolated by this doublet.","related_records":["strabo:berenice-harborless-landing","strabo:myos-hormos-india-trade","periplus:0"],"status":"Reviewed bounded pilot; modern apparatus and historical identifications remain open"},{"id":"written-horizon","title":"The Horn: the limits of a written account","question":"Whose knowledge ends, and what kind of information is said to be missing?","passages":[{"locus":"16.4.14","greek":"μετὰ δὲ τούτους ἡ λιβανωτοφόρος· ἐνταῦθα ἄκρα ἐστὶ καὶ ἱερὸν αἰγειρῶνα ἔχον. ἐν δὲ τῇ μεσογαίᾳ ποταμία τις Ἴσιδος λεγομένη καὶ ἄλλη τις Νεῖλος, ἄμφω καὶ σμύρναν καὶ λίβανον παραπεφυκότα ἔχουσαι. ἔστι δὲ καὶ δεξαμενή τις τοῖς ἐκ τῶν ὀρῶν ὕδασι πληρουμένη καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα Λέοντος σκοπὴ καὶ Πυθαγγέλου λιμήν· ἡ δʼ ἑξῆς ἔχει καὶ ψευδοκασίαν. συνεχῶς δʼ εἰσὶ ποτάμιαι τε πλείους ἔχουσαι λίβανον παραπεφυκότα καὶ ποταμοὶ μέχρι τῆς κινναμωμοφόρου· ὁ δʼ ὁρίζων ταύτην ποταμὸς φέρει καὶ φλοῦν πάμπολυν· εἶτʼ ἄλλος ποταμὸς καὶ Δαφνοῦς λιμὴν καὶ ποταμία Ἀπόλλωνος καλουμένη, ἔχουσα πρὸς τῷ λιβάνῳ καὶ σμύρναν καὶ κιννάμωμον· τοῦτο δὲ πλεονάζει μᾶλλον περὶ τοὺς ἐν βάθει τόπους· εἶθʼ ὁ Ἐλέφας τὸ ὄρος ἐκκείμενον εἰς θάλατταν, καὶ διῶρυξ καὶ ἐφεξῆς Ψυγμοῦ λιμὴν μέγας καὶ ὕδρευμα τὸ κυνοκεφάλων καλούμενον, καὶ τελευταῖον ἀκρωτήριον τῆς παραλίας ταύτης, τὸ Νότου κέρας. κάμψαντι δὲ τοῦτο ὡς ἐπὶ μεσημβρίαν οὐκέτι, φησίν, ἔχομεν λιμένων ἀναγραφὰς οὐδὲ τόπων διὰ τὸ μηκέτι εἶναι γνώριμον","translation":"After these people comes the frankincense-bearing land. Here is a promontory and a sanctuary with a grove of poplars. In the interior is a river district called that of Isis and another called the Nile, both having myrrh and frankincense growing alongside. There is also a reservoir filled by waters from the mountains, and after these the Lookout of the Lion and the harbor of Pythangelos; the next region also has false cassia. Successively there are several river districts with frankincense growing alongside, and rivers, as far as the cinnamon-bearing land. The river bounding it also carries a very great quantity of rushes; then comes another river, Daphne Harbor and the river district called that of Apollo, which has myrrh and cinnamon as well as frankincense. The cinnamon is more abundant in the inland places. Then comes Mount Elephas, projecting into the sea, and a channel, and next the large harbor of Psygmos and the watering place called that of the Dog-headed Apes; and finally the promontory of this coast, the Horn of the South. Once this is rounded towards the south, he says, we no longer have written records of harbors or places, because it is no longer known.","extent":"continuous excerpt; boundaries identified by the Greek quotation","note":"The imported section continues with an asterisk and a discontinuous clause. The excerpt stops before that material. Its omission is explicit; no lost wording is supplied.","citation":"Strab. 16.4.14","cts":"urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc2:16.4.14","edition":"Strabo, Strabonis Geographica, ed. August Meineke (Leipzig: Teubner, 1877), retained Perseus TEI; no modern apparatus collation claimed.","source_url":"https://github.com/PerseusDL/canonical-greekLit/blob/master/data/tlg0099/tlg001/tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc2.xml","translation_credit":"Close English translation prepared for the research dossier; reviewed against the displayed Greek. Textual uncertainties remain explicit."}],"analysis":["The extended context records productive river districts, a reservoir, harbors and a watering place before the ending. That context already contradicts an argument that eastern ecology becomes illegible as soon as the text leaves basin descriptions.","Φησίν intervenes inside ‘we no longer have’: it marks a reported statement. Ἀναγραφαί concerns written records; the text does not establish the nonexistence of southern harbors, all merchants' ignorance, or the end of the inhabited world. The unnamed subject of ‘known’ should not be filled with ‘to all seafarers’. The claim is usable as evidence for the represented limits of the transmitted account, with attribution kept qualified."],"scholarship":[{"citation":"Duane W. Roller, A Historical and Topographical Guide to the Geography of Strabo (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018), 930–31.","relevance":"Source continuity and later information are interpretive problems. The commentary does not identify or date every coastal statement."}],"limit":"The imported section continues with an asterisk and a discontinuous clause. The excerpt stops before that material. Its omission is explicit; no lost wording is supplied.","related_records":[],"status":"Reviewed bounded pilot; modern apparatus and historical identifications remain open"},{"id":"guides-and-access","title":"Nearchus: access and experienced guides","question":"How does inability to put in constrain the information available to a passing fleet?","passages":[{"locus":"15.3.11","greek":"πολύσιτος δʼ ἄγαν ἐστὶν ὥστε ἑκατοντάχουν διʼ ὁμαλοῦ καὶ κριθὴν καὶ πυρὸν ἐκτρέφειν, ἔστι δʼ ὅτε καὶ διακοσιοντάχουν· διόπερ οὐδὲ πυκνὰς τὰς αὔλακας τέμνουσι· πυκνούμεναι γὰρ κωλύουσιν αἱ ῥίζαι τὴν βλάστην. τὴν δʼ ἄμπελον οὐ φυομένην πρότερον Μακεδόνες κατεφύτευσαν κἀκεῖ καὶ ἐν Βαβυλῶνι, οὐ ταφρεύοντες ἀλλὰ παττάλους κατασεσιδηρωμένους ἐξ ἄκρων πήττοντες, εἶτʼ ἐξαιροῦντες, ἀντὶ δʼ αὐτῶν τὰ κλήματα καθιέντες εὐθέως. ἡ μὲν δὴ μεσόγαια τοιαύτη· ἡ δὲ παραλία τεναγώδης ἐστὶ καὶ ἀλίμενος· διὰ τοῦτο γοῦν καὶ φησὶν ὁ Νέαρχος μηδὲ καθοδηγῶν ἐπιχωρίων τυγχάνειν ἡνίκα τῷ στόλῳ παρέπλει πρὸς τὴν Βαβυλωνίαν ἐκ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς, ὅτι προσόρμους οὐκ εἶχεν, οὐδʼ ἀνθρώπων εὐπορεῖν οἷός τʼ ἦν τῶν ἡγησομένων κατʼ ἐμπειρίαν.","translation":"The land is so exceptionally rich in grain that it regularly produces both barley and wheat a hundredfold, and sometimes even two hundredfold. For this reason they do not cut the furrows close together: when crowded, the roots hinder growth. The vine, which did not grow there before, was planted by the Macedonians, both there and at Babylon. They did not dig trenches, but drove in stakes tipped with iron at the ends, then pulled them out and immediately lowered the vine cuttings into their places. Such, then, is the interior. The coast, however, is shoaly and without harbours. For this reason, at any rate, Nearchus also says that he did not obtain local guides when he sailed along the coast with his fleet from India towards Babylonia, because it had no places to put in, and he could not readily find people who would guide him from experience.","extent":"complete imported section","note":"The explanation linking access and guides is reported through Nearchus. It is not independent proof that every locality lacked inhabitants, navigation or exchange.","citation":"Strab. 15.3.11","cts":"urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc2:15.3.11","edition":"Strabo, Strabonis Geographica, ed. August Meineke (Leipzig: Teubner, 1877), retained Perseus TEI; no modern apparatus collation claimed.","source_url":"https://github.com/PerseusDL/canonical-greekLit/blob/master/data/tlg0099/tlg001/tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc2.xml","translation_credit":"Close English translation prepared for the research dossier; reviewed against the displayed Greek. Textual uncertainties remain explicit."}],"analysis":["The contrast is between a productive interior and a shoaly coast. It does not describe a uniformly unproductive region. Keep agriculture, maritime access and information gathering as separate relations.","Nearchus is a named reported authority. The passage links lack of places to put in with failure to obtain experienced guides. It does not establish that local people possessed no navigational knowledge.","This Persian Gulf comparator belongs to the journey from India towards Babylonia. Its precise location and representativeness need separate investigation; do not substitute it for the entire Indian Ocean."],"scholarship":[],"limit":"The explanation linking access and guides is reported through Nearchus. It is not independent proof that every locality lacked inhabitants, navigation or exchange.","related_records":["strabo:susian-carmanian-coast"],"status":"Reviewed bounded pilot; modern apparatus and historical identifications remain open"},{"id":"specificity-and-identification","title":"Charmothas: detail and uncertain identification","question":"Can a detailed description remain usable when its location and measurements are unresolved?","passages":[{"locus":"16.4.18","greek":"ἐφεξῆς δʼ ἐστὶν αἰγιαλὸς λιθώδης, καὶ μετὰ τοῦτον τραχεῖα καὶ δυσπαράπλευστος ὅσον χιλίων σταδίων παραλία σπάνει λιμένων καὶ ἀγκυροβολίων· ὄρος γὰρ παρατείνει τραχὺ καὶ ὑψηλόν· εἶθʼ ὑπώρειαι σπιλαδώδεις μέχρι τῆς θαλάττης, τοῖς ἐτησίαις μάλιστα καὶ ταῖς τότε ἐπομβρίαις ἀβοήθητον παρέχουσαι τὸν κίνδυνον. ἑξῆς δʼ ἐστὶ κόλπος νήσους ἔχων σποράδας, καὶ συνεχῶς θῖνες ψάμμου μελαίνης τρεῖς ἄγαν ὑψηλοί, καὶ μετὰ τούτους Χαρμοθᾶς λιμὴν ὅσον σταδίων τὸν κύκλον ἑκατόν, στενὸν καὶ ἐπικίνδυνον ἔχων τὸν εἴσπλουν παντὶ σκάφει, ῥεῖ δὲ καὶ ποταμὸς εἰς αὐτόν· ἐν μέσῳ δὲ νῆσος εὔδενδρος καὶ γεωργήσιμος.","translation":"Next is a stony shore, and after it a rough coast difficult to sail along, extending for about a thousand stadia because of the scarcity of harbors and anchorages: a rough, high mountain runs along it, and then rocky foothills descend to the sea, presenting danger against which there is no help, especially during the Etesian winds and the heavy rains at that time. Next is a gulf containing scattered islands, followed immediately by three very high dunes of black sand. After these is the harbor Charmothas, about a hundred stadia in circumference, with an entrance narrow and dangerous for every vessel. A river also flows into it, and in the middle is an island well wooded and suitable for cultivation.","extent":"continuous excerpt; boundaries identified by the Greek quotation","note":"","citation":"Strab. 16.4.18","cts":"urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc2:16.4.18","edition":"Strabo, Strabonis Geographica, ed. August Meineke (Leipzig: Teubner, 1877), retained Perseus TEI; no modern apparatus collation claimed.","source_url":"https://github.com/PerseusDL/canonical-greekLit/blob/master/data/tlg0099/tlg001/tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc2.xml","translation_credit":"Close English translation prepared for the research dossier; reviewed against the displayed Greek. Textual uncertainties remain explicit."}],"analysis":["Σπάνει explains difficult passage through scarcity, not a universally harborless Red Sea. Keep ‘about’ and stadia in the translation: converting these figures by one supposedly exact ancient unit would add false precision. Charmothas' identification, circumference and physical description remain problems for independent investigation. Detailed description is evidence of the text's representation, not automatic proof of the reported landscape."],"scholarship":[{"citation":"Stanley M. Burstein, trans. and ed., Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Erythraean Sea (London: Hakluyt Society, 1989), 22, 38–39.","relevance":"A layered coastal sequence can retain physical specificity while reorganizing earlier ethnographic and environmental material."}],"limit":"The circumference is approximate and expressed in stadia. No modern basin outline or exact metric conversion is supplied. Detail establishes the textual representation before it establishes the physical site.","related_records":["strabo:arabian-scarcity-coast-charmothas"],"status":"Reviewed bounded pilot; modern apparatus and historical identifications remain open"},{"id":"cargo-and-river-alternatives","title":"Susiana: cargo connections and competing river accounts","question":"What follows about reception and movement of cargo when river configuration remains disputed?","passages":[{"locus":"15.3.4","greek":"φησὶ δὲ Πολύκλειτος εἰς λίμνην τινὰ συμβάλλειν τόν τε Χοάσπην καὶ τὸν Εὔλαιον καὶ ἔτι τὸν Τίγριν, εἶτʼ ἐκεῖθεν εἰς τὴν θάλατταν ἐκδιδόναι· πρὸς δὲ τῇ λίμνῃ καὶ ἐμπόριον εἶναι, τῶν ποταμῶν μὲν οὐ δεχομένων τὰ ἐκ τῆς θαλάττης, οὐδὲ καταπεμπόντων διὰ τοὺς καταράκτας ἐπίτηδες γενομένους, πεζῇ δʼ ἐμπορευομένων· ὀκτακοσίους γὰρ εἶναι σταδίους εἰς Σοῦσα * λέγουσιν ἄλλοι· ἄλλοι δέ φασι τοὺς διὰ Σούσων ποταμοὺς εἰς ἓν ῥεῦμα τὸ τοῦ Τίγριος συμπίπτειν κατὰ τὰς μεταξὺ διώρυγας τοῦ Εὐφράτου· διὰ δὲ τοῦτο κατὰ τὰς ἐκβολὰς ὀνομάζεσθαι Πασίτιγριν.","translation":"Polykleitos says that the Choaspes, Eulaios and also the Tigris unite in a certain lake, and then issue from there into the sea; and that beside the lake is also a trading center, the rivers neither receiving goods from the sea nor sending them down because of the cataracts deliberately made, but people conducting trade by land; for the distance to Susa is eight hundred stadia, others say. Others say that the rivers through Susa come together into one stream, that of the Tigris, along the intervening channels of the Euphrates; and that for this reason it is named Pasitigris at its outlets.","extent":"continuous excerpt; boundaries identified by the Greek quotation","note":"An asterisk before λέγουσιν remains in the imported Greek. It flags an unresolved textual point; the attachment of “others say” and the distance clause must remain provisional without apparatus collation.","citation":"Strab. 15.3.4","cts":"urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc2:15.3.4","edition":"Strabo, Strabonis Geographica, ed. August Meineke (Leipzig: Teubner, 1877), retained Perseus TEI; no modern apparatus collation claimed.","source_url":"https://github.com/PerseusDL/canonical-greekLit/blob/master/data/tlg0099/tlg001/tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc2.xml","translation_credit":"Close English translation prepared for the research dossier; reviewed against the displayed Greek. Textual uncertainties remain explicit."},{"locus":"15.3.5","greek":"νέαρχος δὲ τὸν παράπλουν τῆς Σουσίδος τεναγώδη φήσας πέρας αὐτοῦ λέγει τὸν Εὐφράτην ποταμόν· πρὸς δὲ τῷ στόματι κώμην οἰκεῖσθαι τὴν ὑποδεχομένην τὰ ἐκ τῆς Ἀραβίας φορτία· συνάπτειν γὰρ ἐφεξῆς τὴν τῶν Ἀράβων παραλίαν τῷ στόματι τοῦ Εὐφράτου καὶ τοῦ Πασιτίγριος, τὸ δὲ μεταξὺ πᾶν ἐπέχειν λίμνην τὴν ὑποδεχομένην τὸν Τίγριν. ἀναπλεύσαντι δὲ τῷ Πασιτίγρει σταδίους πεντήκοντα καὶ ἑκατὸν τὴν σχεδίαν εἶναι τὴν ἄγουσαν ἐπὶ Σούσων ἐκ τῆς Περσίδος, ἀπέχουσαν Σούσων σταδίους * ἑξήκοντα· τὸν δὲ Πασίτιγριν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ὀροάτιδος διέχειν περὶ δισχιλίους σταδίους· διὰ δὲ τῆς λίμνης ἐπὶ τὸ στόμα τοῦ Τίγριος τὸν ἀνάπλουν εἶναι σταδίων ἑξακοσίων· πλησίον δὲ τοῦ στόματος κώμην οἰκεῖσθαι * τὴν Σουσιανὴν διέχουσαν τῶν Σούσων σταδίους πεντακοσίους· ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ στόματος τοῦ Εὐφράτου καὶ μέχρι Βαβυλῶνος τὸν ἀνάπλουν εἶναι διὰ γῆς οἰκουμένης καλῶς σταδίων πλειόνων ἢ τρισχιλίων. Ὀνησίκριτος δὲ πάντας φησὶν ἐκβάλλειν εἰς τὴν λίμνην τόν τε Εὐφράτην καὶ τὸν Τίγριν, ἐκπεσόντα δὲ πάλιν τὸν Εὐφράτην ἐκ τῆς λίμνης ἰδίῳ στόματι πρὸς τὴν θάλατταν συνάπτειν.","translation":"Nearchos, having called the coasting voyage along Susiana shoaly, says that its limit is the river Euphrates; and that near its mouth an inhabited village receives cargoes from Arabia, for the Arabian coast adjoins the mouth of the Euphrates and that of the Pasitigris, while the whole intervening space is occupied by the lake that receives the Tigris. For one sailing up the Pasitigris a hundred and fifty stadia, there is the raft-bridge leading from Persia towards Susa, distant sixty stadia from Susa. The Pasitigris is about two thousand stadia from the Oroatis. The voyage up through the lake to the mouth of the Tigris is six hundred stadia. Near the mouth is an inhabited village in Susiana, five hundred stadia distant from Susa. From the mouth of the Euphrates as far as Babylon, the voyage upstream through well-inhabited land is more than three thousand stadia. Onesikritos says that both the Euphrates and the Tigris discharge into the lake, and that the Euphrates, issuing again from the lake, joins the sea by a mouth of its own.","extent":"complete imported section","note":"Asterisks before ἑξήκοντα and τὴν Σουσιανήν are retained in Greek as imported uncertainty markers. The English follows the displayed words provisionally and does not claim to settle the underlying readings.","citation":"Strab. 15.3.5","cts":"urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc2:15.3.5","edition":"Strabo, Strabonis Geographica, ed. August Meineke (Leipzig: Teubner, 1877), retained Perseus TEI; no modern apparatus collation claimed.","source_url":"https://github.com/PerseusDL/canonical-greekLit/blob/master/data/tlg0099/tlg001/tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc2.xml","translation_credit":"Close English translation prepared for the research dossier; reviewed against the displayed Greek. Textual uncertainties remain explicit."}],"analysis":["The account alternates named authorities and anonymous alternatives. A trading center, intentionally made river obstacles, land carriage, coastal reception of cargo and a crossing towards Susa supply several relations between water and land. These relations are narratable even when their topographical combination remains disputed.","In 15.3.5 the first village is introduced beside the Euphrates' mouth; the text then develops the Pasitigris and lake route. Do not relabel that first village as securely at the Pasitigris mouth. The later village and problematic wording need independent attention. The raft-bridge is a crossing, not evidence of sewn commercial vessels. Reported cataracts are a human intervention; their actual function and location cannot be settled by this passage alone.","The Persian Gulf material is a connected comparator within the ancient Erythraean maritime world, not automatically part of the Egyptian Red Sea or a homogeneous modern Indian Ocean basin. Its analytical contribution is the coexistence of operational connections and unresolved configuration."],"scholarship":[{"citation":"Duane W. Roller, A Historical and Topographical Guide to the Geography of Strabo (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018), 879.","relevance":"The river geography and proposed identifications remain tentative."}],"limit":"An asterisk before λέγουσιν remains in the imported Greek. It flags an unresolved textual point; the attachment of “others say” and the distance clause must remain provisional without apparatus collation. Asterisks before ἑξήκοντα and τὴν Σουσιανήν are retained in Greek as imported uncertainty markers. The English follows the displayed words provisionally and does not claim to settle the underlying readings.","related_records":[],"status":"Reviewed bounded pilot; modern apparatus and historical identifications remain open"}],"figure_review":[{"site":"Alexandria","source_id":"stanley2010","citation":"Jean-Daniel Stanley and Christopher E. Bernhardt, “Alexandria’s Eastern Harbor, Egypt: Pollen, Microscopic Charcoal, and the Transition from Natural to Human-Modified Basin,” Journal of Coastal Research 26, no. 1 (2010): 67–79, figs. 1, 3–4. https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-09-00089.1.","source_url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27752787","figures":[{"locator":"Fig. 1, p. 68","locator_status":"Published page locator not supplied; use the named work, chapter or ancient passage.","kind":"Basin study map; base after Goddio et al. 1998","limit":"AL 19 and basin features are not a georegistered Augustan plan."},{"locator":"Fig. 3, p. 70","locator_status":"Published page locator not supplied; use the named work, chapter or ancient passage.","kind":"Regional canal/lake setting with wind/wave diagrams","limit":"Regional setting cannot specify every harbour entrance or quantify cargo."},{"locator":"Fig. 4A, p. 71","locator_status":"Published page locator not supplied; use the named work, chapter or ancient passage.","kind":"Ptolemaic city reconstruction after McKenzie 2003","limit":"Reconstruction and earlier credit must remain explicit."}],"rights_status":"Reuse permission not established for publication figures; held in private research dossier. Fig. 2 uses Google Earth imagery and is excluded."},{"site":"Ephesus","source_id":"kraft2000","citation":"John C. Kraft, İlhan Kayan, Helmut Brückner, and George (Rip) Rapp Jr., “A Geologic Analysis of Ancient Landscapes and the Harbors of Ephesus and the Artemision in Anatolia,” Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes in Wien 69 (2000): 175–233, figs. 2, 10–11, 16.","source_url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284969265_A_Geologic_Analysis_of_Ancient_Landscapes_and_the_Harbors_of_Ephesus_and_the_Artemision_in_Anatolia","figures":[{"locator":"Fig. 2, p. 204","locator_status":"Published page locator not supplied; use the named work, chapter or ancient passage.","kind":"Nineteenth-century context with sampling lines","limit":"The 1897 river/harbour position is a later context, not the Hellenistic coastline."},{"locator":"Fig. 10","locator_status":"Published page locator not supplied; use the named work, chapter or ancient passage.","kind":"Hellenistic–early Roman reconstruction, 300 BCE to around 1 CE","limit":"Retain uncertainty labels and period span; do not read it as one observed moment."},{"locator":"Fig. 11, p. 220","locator_status":"Published page locator not supplied; use the named work, chapter or ancient passage.","kind":"E–E′ geological section","limit":"Localized stratigraphy, dredging interpretation and later structures have separate chronologies."},{"locator":"Fig. 16, p. 230","locator_status":"Published page locator not supplied; use the named work, chapter or ancient passage.","kind":"Synthesis of potential harbours over two millennia","limit":"Possible harbours and multiple phases are not a simultaneous harbour inventory."}],"rights_status":"Publication figure reuse permission not established; originals held in private research dossier. 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