Preservation Typology · Bibliography保存类型学 · 文献举要

Epigraphic-habit literature“铭刻习惯”之研究

Anchors for type rows where RT and ET correlate inversely (heavy restoration tracks heavy damage) and for any row whose count is partly an artefact of the ancient writing culture rather than a property of the text. The MacMullen→Lloris→Kruschwitz line is the canonical argument that the surviving corpus is a behavioural sample, not a random one.凡 RT 与 ET 呈反相关 之类型 (重度修复对应重度残损)、以及凡其计数部分源于古代书写文化而非文本性质者, 皆以此群组为锚。MacMullen → Lloris → Kruschwitz 一脉, 乃论留存语料是一种文化行为之样本而非随机样本之经典。

The dossier's HT score interprets density of historically significant terms in the surviving text; the ET score interprets completeness of the surviving text; the RT score interprets density of editorial restoration. All three live downstream of the more primitive question this block addresses: which texts were ever inscribed and ever survived in the first place.本文献集之 HT 评估 留存文本中具历史意义之词项之密度; ET 评估 留存文本之完整度; RT 评估 编辑修复之密度。三者皆位于本群组所论之根本问题之下游: 即何等文本曾被刻立、又何等曾留存。

• 1982R. MacMullen, "The Epigraphic Habit in the Roman Empire," AJP 103 (1982) 233–246.Founding statement. Roman epigraphic production rose, peaked under the Severans, then collapsed — a behavioural curve, not a sampling artefact.奠基之作。罗马铭刻之产出有一行为之曲线: 增长、塞维鲁朝臻顶, 旋即衰退; 非偶然抽样所致。
• 2014F. Beltrán Lloris, "The Epigraphic Habit in the Roman World," in C. Bruun & J. Edmondson (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (Oxford 2014) 131–148.Modern synthesis. Refines MacMullen's curve by region, language, and document genre.现代综述。依地区、语言与文献体例细化 MacMullen 之曲线。
• 2016P. Kruschwitz, "Inhabiting a Lettered World: Exploring the Fringes of Roman Writing Habits," BICS 59 (2016) 26–41.Addresses the long tail — the routine debris that the dossier's bottom-left quadrant collects.论长尾 — 即本文献集左下象限所聚之日常残迹。
• 1925–29M. N. Tod, "The Progress of Greek Epigraphy" 1923/4, 1925/6, 1927/8, three annual surveys (JHS).A standing record of which inscriptions attracted editorial attention. Citation-density itself is a behavioural marker.长期记载何等铭文得编者之关注; 引证之密集本身即一行为之标记。

Greek-epigraphic methodology希腊铭文学之方法

Anchors for the operational definitions of ET (complete-run length, lacuna density, dotted-letter density) as applied to Greek records. Larfeld and Robert define what counts as a clean reading; Tod and Meiggs–Lewis define how to weight a contested one.凡 ET (无中断长串之长度、残缺密度、虚点字母密度) 在希腊语记录之操作性定义之锚。Larfeld 与 Robert 定何为洁读, Tod 与 Meiggs–Lewis 定何以衡争读。

• 1914W. Larfeld, Griechische Epigraphik (3rd ed., Munich 1914).The canonical Greek-epigraphy handbook — primary-witness vs secondary-witness distinction; bracket discipline; dotted-letter convention.希腊铭文学之经典手册 — 论首证 / 次证之分、补字之规、虚点字母之惯。
• 1930L. Robert, "Notes on Hellenistic Epigraphy" I & II (BCH).Worked examples of how Robert weighs a dotted letter vs a square-bracket supplement. Shapes the dossier's RT-vs-ET separation.罗贝尔论何以衡虚点字母与方括号补字之实例; 启本文献集 RT 与 ET 之分隔。
• 1969R. Meiggs & D. M. Lewis, A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the End of the Fifth Century B.C. (Oxford 1969; revised 1988).The standard reference for classical-Greek decree restoration. Many ML numbers occupy the dossier's exemplar slots.古典希腊法令补字之标准依据。许多 ML 编号即本文献集之范例所在。
• 2003P. J. Rhodes & R. Osborne (eds.), Greek Historical Inscriptions 404–323 BC (Oxford 2003).The 4th-century successor to ML. Continuation of the dossier's RO case studies (RO 89, RO 101, RO 120, RO 173, RO 183).承 ML 之四世纪续编。本文献集 RO 编号之案例 (RO 89, 101, 120, 173, 183) 即出此。

Latin-epigraphic methodology拉丁铭文学之方法

Anchors for the same operational definitions of ET applied to Latin records. Mommsen's CIL plan, Hübner's Römische Epigraphik, Sandys's introductory handbook, and Gordon's modern illustrated manual define the practice.凡 ET 在拉丁记录之操作性定义之锚。Mommsen 之 CIL 大纲、Hübner 之《罗马铭文学》、Sandys 之入门手册、Gordon 之现代图解, 共同界定此实践。

• 1847Th. Mommsen, Über Plan und Ausführung eines Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (Berlin 1847).The founding manifesto of CIL — defines what an editor MUST record and what MAY be supplied.CIL 创立之总纲 — 定校者必录何物、可补何物。
• 1892E. Hübner, Römische Epigraphik (in I. von Müller, Handbuch d. kl. Altertumswissenschaft, 2nd ed., Munich 1892).The standard Latin-epigraphy handbook of its day. Bracket discipline, abbreviation expansion, dotted-letter convention.当时拉丁铭文学之标准手册; 论补字之规、缩写之展、虚点字母之惯。
• 1919J. E. Sandys, Latin Epigraphy: An Introduction to the Study of Latin Inscriptions (Cambridge 1919).Introductory but methodologically careful; explicit on conjectural restoration's risks.入门之作而方法谨严, 显论臆补之险。
• 1983A. E. Gordon, Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy (Berkeley 1983).Modern handbook with plates that show how a damaged Latin inscription is rendered into a bracketed transcript.现代手册, 附图版以示一道残损拉丁铭文如何转写为带括号之文本。

Restoration scholarship补字之学

Anchors for the rows whose RT is high. Each work's apparatus is itself data: a restoration philosophy explains why the editor took the supplement-density they did.凡 RT 高 之类型之锚。其校勘装置本身即数据: 各编辑之补字哲学解释其何以采特定之补字密度。

• 1934C. B. Welles, Royal Correspondence in the Hellenistic Period (New Haven 1934).Royal-letter restoration philosophy. Conservative supplements; chancery formulae anchor the missing portions.王令补字之哲学; 谨慎补字, 以官方套语为锚以补缺。
• 1969R. K. Sherk, Roman Documents from the Greek East: Senatus Consulta and Epistulae to the Age of Augustus (Baltimore 1969).The dossier's territory. Sherk's apparatus is the model for SC restoration discipline.本文献集之本域。Sherk 之校勘装置, 乃元老院决议补字之范。
• 1996M. H. Crawford (ed.), Roman Statutes (BICS Suppl. 64, 2 vols., London 1996).The standard editions of Lex repetundarum, Tabula Heracleensis, Lex Irnitana. Apparatus shows how RT scales with statute-text length.《Lex repetundarum》《Tabula Heracleensis》《Lex Irnitana》之标准本; 其校勘装置示 RT 与法律文本之长度如何同涨。
• 1991L. D. Reynolds & N. G. Wilson, Scribes and Scholars (3rd ed., Oxford 1991).Background on the editorial tradition that shapes restoration practice (textual criticism principles transfer from manuscript to inscription).背景之作; 论形成补字实践之校订传统 (校勘原则自抄本移于铭文)。

Exemplar-text scholarship范例文本之学

Anchors for the rows containing the dossier's six case-study exemplars + the Laudatio Turiae (case 21) + Diocletian's Edict (the textbook composite-restoration). When a row's significance brief names a specific specimen, the citation chip lands here.凡本文献集六案例 + Laudatio Turiae (案例 21) + 戴克里先关于物价之政令 (合成式补字之范) 所在之类型之锚。表中释义提及某具体范例之时, 引文锚即指此。

• 1905W. W. Fowler, "On the New Fragment of the so-called Laudatio Turiae," CR 19 (1905).First major reassessment after the discovery. Sets the high-HT / low-ET / high-RT diagnostic for the dossier's most-restored text.本文献发现后首篇大规模重估; 为本文献集补字最多之文本树高 HT / 低 ET / 高 RT 之诊断。
• 1950M. Durry, Éloge funèbre d'une matrone romaine, éloge dit de Turia (Laudatio Turiae) (Paris 1950).The standard French edition. Conservative restoration; opposite philosophy to Wistrand.法文标准本; 补字谨慎, 与 Wistrand 之哲学相对。
• 1976E. Wistrand, The So-called Laudatio Turiae (Göteborg 1976).The dossier's case-21 anchor. Wistrand's bolder supplements make the LT a paradigm of HT5/RT5 controversy.本文献集案例 21 之锚。Wistrand 之大胆补字, 使本铭成 HT5/RT5 争议之范型。
• 1970K. T. Erim, J. Reynolds, J. Wild & M. H. Ballance, "The Copy of Diocletian's Edict on Maximum Prices from Aphrodisias in Caria," JRS 60 (1970) 120–141.Textbook composite restoration. Multiple stone witnesses synthesised into a single content-rich text — exemplar of the HighHT·HighET·HighRT cell.合成式补字之范本; 多石见证合成一道内容丰富之文本 — 高 HT · 高 ET · 高 RT 之类型之范例。
• 1973K. T. Erim & J. Reynolds, "The Aphrodisias Copy of Diocletian's Edict on Maximum Prices," JRS 63 (1973) 99–110.Follow-up with additional fragments. Each fragment lowers the local RT and raises the local ET.续篇, 加新残片; 每一残片降其局部之 RT 而升其局部之 ET。

Prosopographic density人物志密度

Anchors for rows where HT is high primarily from named-person count (rather than from institutional or chronological markers). The works listed here are worked examples of extracting historical content from name-dense fragments.凡 HT 高 主要源于具名人物之数 (而非机构或纪年标记) 之类型之锚。所列诸作, 皆自富名残片提取历史内容之实例。

• 1997J. D. Grainger, A Seleukid Prosopography and Gazetteer (Leiden 1997).Methodological model for Hellenistic-letter prosopography. Most royal-letter case studies (e.g. Antigonus → Eresus) draw their HT score from Grainger-style identifications.希腊化时代王令人物志之方法范本。本文献集多数王令案例 (如 Antigonus → Eresus) 之 HT 评分, 皆赖类 Grainger 式之比定。
• 2002D. Nails, The People of Plato: A Prosopography of Plato and Other Socratics (Indianapolis 2002).Worked example of extracting biographies from narrowly-attested name occurrences. Same logic applied to Greek-decree proposers.自寡录之名次提取生平之实例; 同一逻辑可施于希腊法令之提议者。
• 2018R. Varga, "Observations on the Prosopography of the Urban Centers of Dacia Porolissensis," Acta Musei Napocensis 55 (2018).A modern statistical application — name-density per inscription as a derived index. The dossier's HT score follows this template.一现代统计应用 — 以每铭名之密度为派生指标。本文献集 HT 评分循此式。
• 1965R. P. Duncan-Jones, "An Epigraphic Survey of Costs in Roman Italy," PBSR 33 (1965) 189–306.Pioneer of quantitative reading of inscriptions. Demonstrates that aggregated counts (cost, name, formula) yield historical conclusions invisible in any single text.铭文之量化阅读之先驱; 证聚计数据 (价、名、套语) 可得自单一文本不可见之历史结论。
• 1978W. Eck, "Zum Neuen Fragment des sogenannten Testamentum Dasumii," ZPE 30 (1978).Demonstration that even a single newly-recovered name can reset the prosopographic / HT score of a major text.证一新得之名可重置一重要文本之人物志 / HT 评分。

Destruction, erasure, re-cutting破坏、磨除、重刻

Anchors for rows where low ET tracks deliberate damage (damnatio memoriae, spolia, recutting) rather than accidental loss. These are diagnostic for a sub-class of records: the surviving text is partial not because stone weathered, but because someone removed it.凡 低 ET 源于蓄意之损毁 (damnatio memoriae、再用、重刻) 而非偶然之损失之类型之锚。此乃一类特征记录: 留存有限并非石损所致, 而由人为所削。

• SCpP passimThe hammered-out names of Cn. Piso pater and his associates in the SC de Cn. Pisone patre (the dossier's case study 2) supply the textbook ancient-DM example.Visible across the multiple copies of the SCPP; the apparatus in W. Eck, A. Caballos, F. Fernández (eds.), Das Senatus consultum de Cn. Pisone patre (Munich 1996) catalogues them.见于《SCPP》诸抄本之中; 校勘装置详见 W. Eck, A. Caballos, F. Fernández (eds.), 《Das Senatus consultum de Cn. Pisone patre》 (Munich 1996)。
• 1976O. F. Robinson, "The Roman Law on Burials and Burial Grounds," Irish Jurist 11 (1976).Legal background on burial / monument destruction — explains why some inscriptions survive only because the surrounding monument was deliberately preserved.罗马葬仪 / 纪念物毁灭之法理背景; 解某些铭文何以惟因周遭纪念物之蓄意保存而留存。
• 1958R. H. Howland, Greek Lamps and their Survivals (Athenian Agora vol. 4, Princeton 1958).Worked example of how spolia and reuse cycles shape what survives. Background for low-ET / low-RT cells whose stones were repurposed.再用与循环如何形塑留存之实例; 凡石被它用之低 ET / 低 RT 类型之背景。

Corpus-specific editorial conventions各专集之校订惯例

Anchors for rows where the RT or ET score is shifted by which corpus the record comes from. The 11 corpus subdirectories under epidoc/Inschriften/ each apply different bracket-rendering, dotted-letter, and conjecture-tolerance conventions. Two records of identical underlying preservation can fall in different cells if they were edited by different corpora.凡 RT 或 ET 评分因 记录所属专集之异 而推移之类型之锚。epidoc/Inschriften/ 下十一专集子目录, 各采不同之括号、虚点字母与臆补宽严之惯例; 两道同损之记录, 若归不同专集校订, 可落于不同之类型。

• CILCorpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (Berlin 1863–).Mommsen-school bracket discipline; long lemmata in apparatus; comparatively conservative supplements.蒙森学派之括号规矩; 校勘装置中长篇 lemma; 补字相对谨慎。
• IGInscriptiones Graecae (Berlin 1873–).Standard Greek convention. Sub-corpora have varying tolerance for restoration.希腊文之标准惯例。子专集对补字之宽严不一。
• SEGSupplementum Epigraphicum Graecum (Leiden 1923–).Catches new finds and corrigenda. SEG's per-volume editorial committee shifts the supplement-density baseline year on year.收新出与勘误; 其每卷之编辑委员会, 推移补字之基准, 一岁一变。
• IKInschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien (Habelt, 1972–).Per-city dossier-series. Each city volume sets its own conventions — see e.g. IK 11 (Ephesos) for high supplement-density, IK 57 (Central Pisidia) for conservative readings.分城之专集系列。每城自定其惯 — 见 IK 11 (以弗所) 之高补字密度, 与 IK 57 (中部皮西底亚) 之谨慎读法。
• TAM, IGLS, IGBulg, CIIP, ΜΑΜΑ, lannee epigraphiqueFurther regional corpora, each with conventions worth surfacing on a per-record basis in the dossier.For records from these corpora, the RT score should be read alongside the corpus's editorial philosophy.出自此等专集之记录, 其 RT 评分宜与该专集之校订哲学并观。

Monumental display + chronology纪念性展示与年代

Anchors for rows where HT is high partly because the inscription was set up monumentally (Acropolis stelai, panhellenic-sanctuary slabs, agora tablets) and for the period-bumps in record counts (the Severan peak, the late-republican spike).凡 HT 高部分源于其立于纪念性场所 (卫城碑、泛希腊圣所之版、市集之铜板) 之类型之锚, 兼及记录数量之时代峰值 (塞维鲁朝之峰、晚共和时期之高峰)。

• 1983C. Clairmont, Patrios Nomos: Public Burial in Athens during the Fifth and Fourth Centuries (Oxford 1983).Casualty-list epigraphic conventions and how monumental display correlates with HT score.阵亡名录之铭刻惯例; 纪念性展示与 HT 评分之相关。
• 1985G. Davies, "The Significance of the Handshake Motif in Classical Funerary Art," AJA 89 (1985) 627–640.Visual frame shapes textual choices; HT scores read better in light of the iconography.视觉之框架形塑文本之取舍; HT 评分须以图像学为照而后读之。
• 1977 / 1987D. E. E. Kleiner, Roman Group Portraiture: The Funerary Reliefs of the Late Republic and Early Empire (1977); "Women and Family Life on Roman Imperial Funerary Altars" (1987).Funerary-relief economic-class signal; correlates with HT-score elevation in epitaph corpora.葬仪浮雕所示之经济阶层标志; 与墓志专集中 HT 评分之上升相关。
• 1960R. MacMullen, "Inscriptions on Armor and the Supply of Arms in the Roman Empire," AJA 64 (1960) 23–40.Material-substrate signal; armour-borne texts have characteristic ET vs RT profiles distinct from stone.材质底之标志; 兵甲所载之文本, 其 ET 与 RT 之画像独异于石。