Lex Valeria Aurelia

Lex Valeria Aurelia — edition

Tabula Siarensis, Fragment (b), Col. III ++io lime+ eius templi. utique statuae equestresGermanici Cae- saris fiant quaefilio- rum diui Augustiper ludos Victoriae Caesarisdiui Augusti lumTiberi Cae- saris Augusti in aede Concordiae reponantur; quique cumque eae statuae equestres Germanici Caesaris, quae sunt, praeferanturreponantur in aede Concordi- ae curet. utique causam in publico utique in Palatio haberi solet interCaesa- ris et Drusi Germanici qui ipse quoque columnarum utique Salii carminibuspro honorifi- ca memoria interponant Caesaris Augusti de consulibus et praetoribus

Tabula Hebana utique in Palatio in porticu quae est ad Apollinis, in eo templo in quo senatus haberi solet, inter ima- gines uirorum inlustris ingeni Germanici Caesaris et Drusi Germanici, patris eius naturalis fratrisque Tiberi Caesaris Augusti, qui ipse quoque fecundi ingeni fuit, imagines ponantur supra capita columnarum eius fas- tigi quo simulacrum Apollinis tegitur; utique Sali carminibus suis nomen Germanici Caesaris pro ho- norifica memoria interponant, qui honos Caio quoque et Lucio Caesaribus fratribus Tiberi Caesaris Augusti habitus est; utique ad decem centurias Caesarum quae de consulibus praetoribus destinandis suffragium ferre solent adiciantur quinque; centuriaeque quae primae decem citabuntur Cai et Luci Caesarum appellentur, insequentes quinque Germanici Caesaris; inque is omnibus centuris senatores et equites omnium decuriarum quae iudiciorum publicorum caussa constitutae sunt erunt suffragium ferant; quique cumque magistratum destinationis faciendae caussa senatores quibusque in senatu sententiam dicere licebit itemque equites in consaeptum ex lege quam Lucius Valerius Messalla Volesus Cnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus consules tulerunt suffragi ferendi caussa conuocabit, is uti senatores itemque equites omnium decuriarum quae iudiciorum publicorum gratia constitutae sunt erunt suffragium ferant quod eius reifieri poterit in quindecim centuris curet; quamque ex ea lege nongentorum siue ii custodes adpellantur sortitionem ad decem centurias Caesarum cautum praescriptumue est uti fiat, eam is quem ex ea lege exue hac rogationem nongentorum siue ii custodes adpellantur sortitionem facere oportebit in quindecim centurias faciat proinde ac si ea lege in quindecim centurias nongentorum siue custodum sortitionem fieri haberiue oporteret; utique eo die in quem ex lege quam Lucius Valerius Messalla Vole- sus Cnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus consules tulerunt exue hac rogatione senatores et equites suffragi ferendi caussa adesse debebunt is adsidentibus praetoribus et tribunis plebis cistas quindecim uimineas grandes poni iubeat ante tribunal suum in quas tabellae suffra- giorum demittantur itemque tabellas ceratas secundum cistas poni iubeat tam multas quam opus esse ei uidebitur, item tabulas dealbatas in quibus nomina candidatorum scripta sint quo loco commodissime legi possint ponendas curet; deinde in conspectu omnium magistratuum et eorum qui suffragium laturi erunt sedentium in supsellis, sicuti cum in decem centurias Caesarum suffragium ferebatur sedebant, is trium et triginta tribuum excepta Sucusana et Esquilina pilas quam maxime aequatas in urnam uersatilem coici etsortitio- nem pronuntiari iubeat sortirique qui senatores et equites in quamque cistam suffragium ferre debeant, dum in centurias primas quae Cai et Luci Caesarum adpellantur sortitio fiat ita uti in primam secundam tertiam quartam cistas sortiatur binas tribus in quintam cistam tres, in sextam septimam octauam nonam binas, in decimam tres, in eas quae Germanici Caesaris appellantur sortitio fiat ita ut in undecimam duodecimam (tertiam decimam) (quartam decimam) cistas sortiatur binas tribus, in (quintam decimam) tres tribus; ita ut cum tribum unam cuiuscumque sors e- xierit citauerit senatores quibusque in senatu sententiam dicere licebit qui ex ea tribu eruntex ordine uocet et ad primam cistam accedere et suffragium ferre iubeat; deinde cum ita tulerint suffragium et ad subsellia redierint ex eadem tribu uocet equites eosque in eandem cistam suffragium ferre iubeat; deinde alteram et alteram tribum sortiatur et singularumuocet tribuum senatores, deinde equites, itaque incistam in quam suffra- gium ferre debebunt suffragium ferant, dummodo quodad eorum suffragium pertinebit, si qui ex Sucusana tribu Esquilinaue erunt, item si qua in tribu senator nemo erit aut si nemo eques erit et senatorum erunt, item quod ad cistas suffragis latis signandas et praetoribus qui aerario praesunt praerunt tradendas ut cum suffragis destinationis in saepta deferantur, deque signis cognoscendis, suffragis diribendis, ea omnia quae eius rei caussa in ea lege quam Cinna et Volesus consules de decem centuris Caesarum tulerunt scripta comprehensaue sunt seruet, eademque omnia in quindecim centurias agat faciat agenda facienda curet uti eum ex ea lege, quam Cinna et Volesus consules tulerunt, in decem centurias Caesarum agere facere oporteret, quaeque ita acta erunt ea iusta rataque sint; deinde delatis diribitisque eius destinationis suffragis ex quindecim centuris Cai et Luci Caesarum et Germanici Caesaris tabellaque prolata centuriae eius quae sorte ducta erit, is qui eam destinationem habebit eam tabellam ita recitet uti eum ex ea lege, quam Lucius Valerius Messalla Volesus Cnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus consules tulerunt, ex decem centuris Cai et Luci Caesarum tabellam cent- uriae eius quae sorte ducta esset recitare oporteret, dum quae tabula centuriae Cai et Luci Caesarum sorte ducta erit eam sub nomine Cai et Luci Caesarum recitandam quique ea centuria candidati destinati sint unumquemque sub illo- rum nomine renuntiandum curet, quae tabula ex is centuris quae Germanici Caesaris ex hac rogatione appellantur sorte duc- ta erit eam sub nomine Germanici Caesaris recitandam quique ea centuria candidati destinati sint unumquemque sub eo nomine renuntiandum curet; isque numerus centuriarum qui hac rogatione adicitur in numerum centuriarum Cai et Luci Caesarum perinde cedat atque eum numerum qui decem centuriarum est cedere ex lege quam Cinna etVolesus consules tulerunt cautum comprehensumue est uti cedat; itaque qui consulum praetorum creandorum caussa destinationemex hac rogatione habebit, is, uti omnium tribuum ratio habeatur itaque suffragium feratur, curet; cetera quae nominatim hac rogatione scripta non sunt ea omnia perinde atque ex ea lege quam Cinna et Volesus consules tulerunt agantur fiant seruentur. utique ludis Augustalibus cum sedilia sodalium ponentur in theatris sellae curules Germanici Caesaris inter ea ponantur cum coronis querceis in memoriam eius sacerdoti, quae sellae cum templum diui Augusti perfectum erit ex eo templo proferantur et interea in templo Martis Vltoris reponantur et inde proferantur, quique cumque eos ludos qui supra scripti sunt faciendos curabit, is uti eae in the- atris ponantur et cum reponendae erunt in eo templo reponantur curet. utique, cum cautum sit, uti quoad ossa Germanici Caesaris in tumulum inferrentur templa deorum clauderentur, et, qui ordinis equestris erunt, qui eorum latum cla- uom habebunt, qui eorum officio fungi uolent et per ualetudinem perque domestica sacra officio fungi poterunt, ii sine clauo, ii qui equom publicum habebunt cum trabeis in campum ueniant; utique ante diem sextum idus Octobres quo die Germanicus Caesar defun- ctus est templa deorum inmortalium quae in urbe Romam propriusue urbem Romam passus mille sunt erunt quot annis clausa sint idque ut ita fiat ii qui eas aedes tuendas redemptas habent habebunt curent; utique eodem die magistri sodalium Augustalium qui quoque anno erunt inferias ante tumulum diui Augusti manibus Germanici Cae- saris mittendas curent aut si magistri unus pluresue ad id sacrificium adesse non poterunt ii qui pro-ximo anno magisterio fungi debebunt in locum eorum qui eo munere fungi non poterunt fungantur

Todi Fragment VII quae poenaecautum iure Quiritium comprehensumue est uti dentur populo Romano, uti utiquesi quis eorum, qui quoque anno inferiarum sacris fungentur,condemnatus erit tantam pecuniam, quantam is condemnatus erit,dandam adtribuendam curent. quod quemque ex hac rogatione agere facere oportet, agito facito neue quid aduersus hanc rogationem agito facito sciens dolo malo. qui aduersus hanc rogationem egerit fecerit sciens dolo malo, ei multa esto sestertium decies eiusque pecuniae qui uolet actio petitio esto; si quis magistratus multam irrogare uolet inue publicum populi iudicio petere uel in sacrum iudicare liceto. quod quisque aduersus leges rogationes plebisue scita huius rogationis ergo fecerit quodue ex earum qua legum rogationum plebisue scitorum facere oportuerit quod huius rogationis ergo non fecerit, id ei fraudi multae poenae ne esto. ne quis hanc rogationem abrogato neue huic rogationi obrogato neue de hac rogatione derogato, quod eius secundumiussionem factum non erit. quod aliter rogatum erit, ratum ne esto. eius hac lege nihilum rogatur.

Lex Valeria Aurelia — translation

Tabula Siarensis, Fragment (b), Col. III (ll. 1–21)

[—] of that temple. And that equestrian statues [— of Germanicus] Caesar should be made, which [—] of the sons of the Divine Augustus [— during] the games of the Victory [of Caesar — of the Divine] Augustus [— of Tiberius] Caesar Augustus [— should be replaced in the temple] of Concord; [and whoever —] those equestrian statues [of Germanicus Caesar, which —] exist, he should see that they be carried in procession [— and be replaced in the temple of Concord]. And that [—] cause in public [—]; and that on the Palatine [—] is accustomed to be held between [—] Caesar and Drusus Germanicus [—], who himself also [—] of the columns [—]; and that the Salii, with their chants, [for an honourable] remembrance should interpose [—] of Caesar Augustus [—] concerning consuls and praetors [—].

Tabula Hebana (ll. 22–26)

And that on the Palatine, in the portico which is by (the temple) of Apollo, in that templum in which meetings of the senate are accustomed to be held, [among the likenesses] of men of distinguished talent, there be placed likenesses of Germanicus Caesar and of Drusus Germanicus, his natural father [and the brother] of Ti. Caesar Augustus, who himself also was of fertile talent, over the capitals of the columns of [that roof] by which the statue of Apollo is covered. And that the Salian priests should include in their chants the name of Germanicus Caesar [to] honour his memory, an honour which has also been accorded to C. and L. Caesar, the brothers of Ti. Caesar Augustus.

Tabula Hebana (ll. 27–71)

And that to the ten centuries of the Caesars, which are accustomed to cast their vote concerning the destining of the consuls and praetors, there be added five; and that the first ten centuries which shall be called be named for C. and L. Caesar, the five following for Germanicus Caesar; and in all those centuries the senators, and equites of all the decuriae which have been or shall be established for the purpose of the iudicia publica, should cast their vote; and whoever, for the purpose of holding a destinatio of magistrates, shall summon into the enclosure the senators and those for whom it shall be lawful to pronounce an opinion in the senate, and also the equites, according to the statute which the consuls L. Valerius Messalla Volesus and Cn. Cornelius Cinna Magnus passed, he should see that, insofar as it shall be possible, the senators and equites of all the decuriae cast their vote in the fifteen centuries. And as to the selection by lot which according to that statute is laid down for the nine hundred, or 'guardians', as they are called, for the ten centuries of the Caesars, the person who is to undertake it should undertake it for the fifteen centuries. And that on the day on which the senators and equites will be obliged to attend in order to cast their vote, he, with the praetors and the tribunes of the plebs sitting beside him, should order fifteen large wicker baskets to be placed in front of his tribunal, into which the voting tablets may be put; and should order as many waxed voting tablets to be placed next to the baskets as shall seem necessary; and should see that whitened boards, on which the names of the candidates have been written, be placed where they may most easily be read; then, in full view of all the magistrates and those who shall be about to cast their vote, seated on benches, as they used to sit when the vote was cast for the ten centuries of the Caesars, he should order that balls, as even as possible, for the thirty-three tribes — Succusana and Esquilina being excluded — be thrown into a revolving urn, and the selection by lot declared, and the allotment made of which senators and equites ought to cast their vote and into which basket: two tribes each to the first, second, third and fourth baskets, three to the fifth, two each to the sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth, three to the tenth; and for the centuries named for Germanicus Caesar, two tribes each to the eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth and fourteenth, and three to the fifteenth; so that, when he shall have called one tribe whose lot has been drawn, he should call in order the senators of that tribe and order them to approach the first basket and cast their vote; then, when they have voted and returned to the benches, he should call the equites of the same tribe and order them to vote in the same basket; then he should select by lot another and another tribe. As regards the sealing of the baskets after the votes have been cast and their handing over to the praetors in charge of the aerarium, and the checking of the seals and the distribution of the votes, he should observe all that is laid down for the ten centuries of the Caesars in the statute which the consuls Cinna and Volesus passed, and do all the same things in the case of the fifteen centuries; and whatever shall be performed in this way should be legal and binding. Then, after the votes of that destinatio from the fifteen centuries of C. and L. Caesar and of Germanicus Caesar have been counted, he who holds that destinatio should read out the tablet of the century drawn by lot under the name of C. and L. Caesar, or under the name of Germanicus Caesar, as the case may be, and announce each candidate destined under that name; and that category of centuries which by this rogatio is added should proceed exactly as the ten centuries proceed under the statute of Cinna and Volesus; and the person who holds the destinatio should see that account is taken of all the tribes. All other matters not explicitly written in this rogatio should be performed just as in the statute which the consuls Cinna and Volesus passed.

Tabula Hebana (ll. 72–83)

And that during the ludi Augustales, when the seats of the sodales shall be placed in the theatres, the curule chairs of Germanicus Caesar should be placed among them, with crowns of oak leaves, in memory of that priesthood; and that those chairs, once the temple of the Divine Augustus shall be completed, should be carried out of that temple, and in the meantime should be placed in the temple of Mars Ultor and carried out of there; and whoever shall see to the holding of the games written above should see that the chairs be placed in the theatres and, when they are to be replaced, be replaced in that temple. And that, since it has been prescribed that the temples of the gods be closed until the bones of Germanicus Caesar be interred in the burial mound, those of the equestrian order who shall have the broad stripe, who shall wish to perform their duty and shall be able to attend, should come into the Campus Martius without the stripe; those who possess the public horse should come with the trabea. And that on the sixth day before the Ides of October, the day on which Germanicus Caesar died, the temples of the immortal gods which are in the city of Rome or within one mile of it should be closed each year, and that those who hold the contracts for those temples should see that this is done; and that on the same day the magistri of the sodales Augustales who shall be in office each year should see that inferiae are performed for the manes of Germanicus Caesar in front of the burial mound of the Divine Augustus; or, if one or more of the magistri shall not be able to attend that sacrifice, those who shall be obliged to hold that office in the following year should perform it in the place of those who shall not be able to [—].

Todi Fragment (ll. 84–95)

[— those penalties which —] it is prescribed or laid down under the ius Quiritium that they should be paid to the Roman people, that [— and that, if any] of those persons who in any year shall perform the rites of the inferiae [— shall be condemned — that sum, in respect of which he shall be condemned —] they should see that it is paid and attributed. Whatever it is appropriate for anyone to undertake or do according to this rogatio, he is to undertake and do, nor is he to undertake or do anything contrary to this rogatio knowingly with wrongful deceit. Whoever shall have done anything contrary to this rogatio knowingly with wrongful deceit, there is to be a fine against him of 1,000,000 sesterces, and for that sum there is to be action and suit by whoever shall wish; if any magistrate shall wish to propose a fine and to sue for it in a trial for the public benefit of the people, or to adjudge it for sacred purposes, it is to be lawful. Whatever anyone shall have done contrary to statutes, rogationes or plebiscites for the benefit of this rogatio, or whatever it shall have been appropriate to do according to any of those statutes, rogationes or plebiscites which he shall not have done for the benefit of this rogatio, it is not to be a matter of liability, fine or penalty for him. No-one is to abrogate this rogatio, or obrogate against this rogatio, or derogate from this rogatio [— insofar as] it shall not have been done according to the [?order?] of [—]. Whatever shall have been otherwise proposed, it is not to be binding. [—] nothing of that is proposed by this statute.

Lex Valeria Aurelia — commentary

The Lex Valeria Aurelia opens, on the surviving witnesses, in the middle of a clause about honorific equestrian statues of Germanicus and their place in the city's monumental fabric — the temple of Concord, the procession of the Ludi Victoriae Caesaris, and the portico of Apollo on the Palatine where the Senate met. This first section survives only on the Tabula Siarensis, Fragment (b), Column III, the bronze from Baetica that carried the law's opening; from line 13 its text begins to overlap with the better-preserved Tabula Hebana (Crawford, Roman Statutes I, 1996, no. 37, 518–519).

The clause is too broken for confident restoration, and the edition prints only what the bronze gives. What is certain is the genre: every clause begins with utique, ‘and that…’, the formula of a rogatio — a bill put to the Roman people. The law is the second stage of the honours dossier: the SC de honoribus Germanici had instructed the consuls designate to carry exactly such a bill (Crawford, Roman Statutes I, 1996, no. 37, 513).

With the Tabula Hebana — the bronze found at Heba in Etruria in 1947, the law's fullest witness — the text becomes continuously legible. Its first clause sets likenesses (imagines) of Germanicus and of his natural father Drusus among the portraits of ‘men of distinguished talent’ in the portico by the temple of Apollo on the Palatine — the very room in which the Senate met, and in which this law and the decree behind it were to be displayed (Crawford, Roman Statutes I, 1996, no. 37, 536–537).

The second clause inserts the name of Germanicus into the carmen Saliare, the ancient hymn of the Salii — an honour, the law notes, already paid to Gaius and Lucius Caesar. The precedent is deliberate: the honours of one dead prince are built, clause by clause, on those of the last. Tacitus records both these honours among those decreed for Germanicus (Annals 2.83).

The long central section is the law's operative heart, and the reason it survives at all: it amends the Roman constitution. It adds five new voting-centuries, named for Germanicus, to the ten created in AD 5 by the lex Valeria Cornelia and named for the dead princes Gaius and Lucius Caesar. In these fifteen centuries, senators and equites of the judicial decuriae cast an advance vote — the destinatio — designating candidates for the consulship and praetorship (Crawford, Roman Statutes I, 1996, no. 37, 536–537).

The clauses then regulate the procedure in exhaustive bureaucratic detail: the fifteen wicker baskets, the waxed ballots, the whitened name-boards, the equalised lot-balls of the thirty-three tribes thrown into a revolving urn, the calling of tribe after tribe, the reading-out of results. It is this section that the Rogatio for Drusus Caesar of AD 23 repeats almost word for word on the Tabula Ilicitana — proof that the Drusus law was modelled directly on this one. The word destinatio and the careful cross-references to ‘the statute which Cinna and Volesus passed’ (the lex Valeria Cornelia) show a state legislating by precedent (Crawford, Roman Statutes I, 1996, no. 37, 539; the General Introduction, Ch. V).

The law's final surviving section turns from the constitution back to commemoration. It places curule chairs of Germanicus, crowned with oak, among the seats of the sodales Augustales at the ludi Augustales; it regulates equestrian dress during the mourning; and it fixes the anniversary of his death — the sixth day before the Ides of October, 10 October — as a day on which the temples of Rome are closed and inferiae are offered at the tomb of Augustus (Crawford, Roman Statutes I, 1996, no. 37, 531–532).

The Tabula Hebana breaks off just after the start of the clause on the annual inferiae. Crawford suggests the lost continuation regulated those rites along the lines of the decree for Lucius Caesar at Pisa — the Decreta Pisana — and that the penalties for failing to perform them stood in the Todi Fragment (Crawford, Roman Statutes I, 1996, no. 37, 513).

The Todi Fragment — a bronze scrap from Tuder in Umbria, with a second witness, the Trivulzio Fragment in Milan, overlapping its central lines — preserves the sanctio, the penalty clause that closed a Roman statute. Its formulae are unmistakable: aduersus hanc rogationem (‘against this bill’), the fine of 1,000,000 sesterces, the actio petitio open to any prosecutor, the protective clause forbidding anyone to abrogare, obrogare or derogare (Crawford, Roman Statutes I, 1996, no. 37, 527, 558).

The sanctio is decisive for the document's nature. Although the Tabula Hebana six times calls itself a rogatio — a bill — the sanctio shows that it was carried, and so was in fact a lex, a statute (Crawford, Roman Statutes I, 1996, no. 37, 512). The closing line, h(ac) l(ege) n(ihilum) r(ogatur) — ‘nothing is proposed by this statute’ — is the standard last formula of a Roman law.

Critical apparatus [---]++io lime+[---] — The law opens in mid-clause; the bronze of Tabula Siarensis Fragment (b), Col. III is broken away on both sides, and only traces of letters survive (the marks + denote unidentified letters). González 1981/1984 read [---]TINQV[---]. Concordiae re[ponantur] — The temple of Concord in the Forum; the supplement reponantur (rather than restituantur) is Crawford's. The clause concerned equestrian statues of Germanicus and their storage and procession (Crawford, Roman Statutes I, no. 37, 536, 562). The overlap with the Tabula Hebana — From this point (Crawford, line 13 of the Siarensis column) the text of Fragment (b), Col. III begins to overlap with the better-preserved Tabula Hebana, which the edition follows from section II. haber‹i‹ solet — A correction: the engraver's error is set right by the editor. The portico of Apollo, where the Senate 'is accustomed to be held' (haberi solet). in Palatio in porticu quae est ad Apollinis — The portico beside the temple of Apollo on the Palatine, an inaugurated templum in which the Senate met — the same room in which the SCPP and this dossier were displayed (Crawford, Roman Statutes I, no. 37, 563). in‹l‹us‹t‹ris — The bronze engraves INIVSIRIS; the editor corrects to in(l)us(t)ris = inlustris, 'of distinguished (talent)' — a phrase already in Cicero, Pro Caelio 1. ad (decem) centur(ias) ... adiciantur (quinque) — The constitutional core: five new centuries added to the ten created by the lex Valeria Cornelia of AD 5. The resolved numerals stand for the numeral-signs on the bronze. L(ucius) Valerius Messalla Volesus Cn(aeus) Cornelius Cinna Magnus — The consuls of AD 5, who carried the lex Valeria Cornelia; named here (and as 'Cinna et Volesus' below) because this law repeatedly cross-refers to their statute as its procedural model. rogatione{m} — A surplus letter: the engraver wrote ROGATIONEM where the syntax requires rogatione. Such surplus letters are marked { } and deleted. se‹d‹entium in supsellis — The voters sit on benches (subsellia, here spelt supsellis), as they did for the original ten centuries. The Tabula Ilicitana of the Drusus law preserves the same clause almost verbatim. trium et (triginta) trib(uum) excepta Suc(usana) et Esq(uilina) — Thirty-three of the thirty-five Roman tribes; the urban tribes Suburana and Esquilina are excluded from the sortition. The detail recurs identically in the Drusus law. in ‹(quindecim)‹ centur(ias) — A correction of the numeral on the bronze; the fifteen centuries (ten of the Caesars plus five of Germanicus). ⟨ex⟩ (decem) centur(is) — The preposition ex was omitted by the engraver and is supplied by the editor; letters the engraver omitted are marked ⟨ ⟩. Roma{m} prop{r}iusue urbem — Two surplus letters: the bronze engraves ROMAM and PROPRIVS where the text requires Roma and propius. The temples within one mile of Rome are to be closed on the anniversary. [---]VII[---] — The Todi Fragment opens with only the traces of a numeral; Crawford notes that the letters were not recorded in CIL. multa esto (sestertium) (decies) — The fine of the sanctio: HS 1,000,000 (decies, 'ten times' [a hundred thousand]). The figure and the actio open to any prosecutor are the standard armature of a Roman penalty clause. h(ac) l(ege) n(ihilum) r(ogatur) — 'Nothing is proposed by this statute' — the formulaic last line of a Roman law, here heavily abbreviated. Its presence proves the measure was a lex, not merely a rogatio (Crawford, Roman Statutes I, no. 37, 512).

Editions and commentary M. H. Crawford (ed.), Roman Statutes, vol. I, London 1996, no. 37 (the standard edition; text, apparatus, translation and commentary of the Lex Valeria Aurelia and the decree of the senate). J. González, ‘Tabula Siarensis, Fortunales Siarenses et municipia civium Romanorum’, ZPE 55 (1984), 55–100 (editio princeps of the Tabula Siarensis). U. Coli, ‘Tabula Hebana’ and related studies on the destinatio; G. Tibiletti, Principe e magistrati repubblicani, Rome 1953. W. D. Lebek, studies on the Tabula Siarensis and Tabula Hebana, ZPE 66 (1986), 67 (1987), 73 (1988), 86 (1991), 90 (1992), 95 (1993). G. Rowe, Princes and Political Cultures: The New Tiberian Senatorial Decrees, Ann Arbor 2002. J. B. Lott, Death and Dynasty in Early Imperial Rome: Key Sources, with Text, Translation, and Commentary, Cambridge 2012. S. Demougin, L'ordre équestre sous les Julio-Claudiens, Rome 1988 (on the equites and the judicial decuriae). Tacitus, Annals 2.83 (the honours voted for Germanicus); 4.9 (the honours for Drusus, 'with many more added'). AE 1984, 508 (the Tabula Siarensis); the Todi Fragment and the Rome fragments are printed with no. 37 in Crawford, Roman Statutes I.