The same construction, named in three registers: its Latin analytical authority (Woodcock §§), its Latin learner comparator (Wheelock chapter), and its Greek counterpart (Smyth §§). Every reference below is a live deep-link into the reader.
| Construction | Latin — Woodcock / Wheelock | Greek — Smyth |
|---|---|---|
| Absolute participial construction独立分词结构Both detach a participial phrase from the main construction (Latin → ablative, Greek → genitive); the accusative absolute (Smyth §2059) covers the impersonal case. | Ablative absoluteWoodcock §49 §50 · Wheelock ch. 24mutata voluntate | Genitive absoluteSmyth §2058 §2070τούτων λεχθέντων |
| Indirect statement (accusative + infinitive)间接陈述(宾格加不定式)Latin reports speech with acc. + inf. across the board; Greek uses the infinitive after verbs of saying/thinking, but also ὅτι/ὡς clauses (Smyth §2577) and the participle (Smyth §2106). | Accusative + infinitiveWoodcock §29 · Wheelock ch. 25me ... descendere; neminem ... esse | Infinitive in indirect discourseSmyth §2016 §2589φησὶ τοὺς ἄνδρας ἐλθεῖν |
| Simple / open condition一般(开放)条件句A neutral supposition with no implication as to fulfilment; Greek present-general conditions (εἰ/ἐάν + subj., §2324) add the habitual sense Latin handles with the indicative. | Open conditionWoodcock §191 · Wheelock ch. 33si quis ... miratur | Simple condition (εἰ + indicative)Smyth §2298 §2324εἰ τοῦτο λέγει, ἁμαρτάνει |
| Result (consecutive) clause结果(consecutive)从句Latin ut + subjunctive ↔ Greek ὥστε + infinitive (natural/possible result) or + indicative (actual result), the latter marking the result as a fact. | Result clause (ut)Woodcock §136 §137 §160 §162 · Wheelock ch. 29ita ... ut defenderim/laeserim | Result clause (ὥστε)Smyth §2249 §2278οὕτως ... ὥστε φυγεῖν |
| Purpose (final) expression目的(final)表达Latin marks purpose with ad + gerund(ive), ut/nē + subjunctive; Greek with ἵνα/ὡς/ὅπως + subj./opt. or the articular infinitive governed by a preposition (Smyth §2032). | Gerund of purpose / utWoodcock §201 · Wheelock ch. 39ad accusandum | Final clause / articular infinitiveSmyth §2193 §2032ἵνα μάθῃ; ἐπὶ τῷ μαθεῖν |
| Verbal of obligation / necessity表必然之动形容词Latin -ndus + esse (with dative of agent) ↔ Greek -τέος / -τέον (with dative of agent, Smyth §1488) — both an impersonal 'it must be done'. Smyth §473 explicitly compares the Latin. | Gerundive / passive periphrasticWoodcock §202 §207 · Wheelock ch. 24praeponendum ... esse | Verbal adjective in -τέοςSmyth §473 §2149ποιητέον ἐστί |
| Partitive genitive部分属格The genitive of the whole from which a part is taken — a direct structural match between the two languages. | Partitive genitiveWoodcock §77 · Wheelock ch. 40quis vestrum; eorum qui | Partitive genitiveSmyth §1306 §1341τῶν πολιτῶν τις |
| Causal clause / relative of cause原因从句 / 原因关系句Latin expresses cause with a subjunctive relative or quod/cum; Greek with ὅτι/διότι/ἐπεί + finite verb or a circumstantial participle of cause (Smyth §2064, often + ἅτε / ὡς). | Causal relative (qui + subjunctive)Woodcock §156 · Wheelock ch. 38qui ... sim versatus | Causal clause (ὅτι, ἐπεί) / causal participleSmyth §2240 §2064ἐπεὶ ταῦτ’ ἔπραξεν |
Latin loci from the Woodcock/Wheelock crosswalk; Greek §§ verified against Smyth's Greek Grammar (1920). Source: grammar-pairings.json. See the comparative grammar hub.