Caesar, Caesaris m.
Caesar (Gaius Julius Caesar)凯撒（盖乌斯·尤利乌斯·凯撒）
Hour 2 — Briefing第 2 课 —— 简报
From Hour 1 to Hour 2从第 1 课到第 2 课
In Hour 1 you watched Caesar surprise the Tigurini canton of the Helvetii at the Arar river. The Tigurini were destroyed; the remaining three cantons crossed and marched on. The Helvetii then attempted to negotiate (DBG 1.13–22), failed, and finally engaged Caesar in pitched battle at the foot of Mount Bibracte (modern Mont Beuvray in eastern France). Hour 2 reads the climactic stage of that battle — Caesar's deployment, the Helvetian phalanx charge, and the moment the Roman pīla bent the Gauls' shields together.在第 1 课中，你看到凯撒在阿拉尔河突袭了赫尔维提人的提古里尼部。提古里尼部被歼灭；其余三部渡河继续行军。赫尔维提人随后试图谈判（DBG 1.13–22），未果，最终在比布拉克特山（今法国东部的伯夫赖山）脚下与凯撒展开正面会战。第 2 课读的是这场战役的高潮阶段 —— 凯撒的列阵、赫尔维提人的方阵冲锋，以及罗马重标枪（pīla）把高卢人的盾牌钉在一起的那一刻。
Hour 2: Battle of Bibracte — Source: DBG 1.24–25第 2 课：比布拉克特战役 —— 出处：DBG 1.24–25
"Caesar withdrew his forces to the nearest hill and sent the cavalry to withstand the attack of the enemy. He himself, meanwhile, drew up a triple line of four veteran legions halfway up the hill; he ordered the two legions which he had most recently enlisted in Nearer Gaul and all the auxiliaries to be stationed on the very summit, and the whole mountain to be filled with men, and meanwhile the baggage to be collected into one place, and that [place] to be fortified by those who had taken their stand in the upper line. The Helvetii, having followed with all their wagons, collected their baggage into one place; they themselves, in a very dense line, having thrust back our cavalry and formed a phalanx, advanced close under our first line. Caesar, having removed first his own horse and then those of everyone else from sight, so that by making the danger equal for all he might take away the hope of flight, encouraged his men and joined battle. The soldiers, by hurling their javelins from the higher ground, easily broke through the enemy's phalanx. Having dispersed that [phalanx], they made a charge against them with drawn swords. It was a great hindrance to the Gauls in the fight that many of their shields had been pierced and pinned together by a single blow of the javelins; since the iron had bent itself, they could neither pull it out nor, with the left hand hampered, fight conveniently enough, so that many, after tossing the arm about for a long time, preferred to cast the shield from the hand and fight with the body unprotected."
Connection to Wheelock.与 Wheelock 教材的衔接。 This hour pairs with本课配合 Wheelock Chapter 2
— First Declension Nouns and Adjectives; Cases; SyntaxWheelock 第 2 章 —— 第一变格名词与形容词；格；句法. The 1st declension is
the family of nouns whose stem ends in。第一变格是词干以…结尾的名词族 -a and whose nominative singular
ends in，其单数主格以…结尾 -a. They are almost all feminine. Read the chapter before class.。它们几乎全是阴性。上课前请先读这一章。
Today's task.今日任务。 With the translation and vocabulary provided, identify all the借助所给的翻译与词汇，找出所给段落中所有的 1st declension nouns AND all the verbs in the given passage. Answer the questions about the text. For students who pass within 20 minutes, move on to the translation section.。回答关于该文本的问题。能在 20 分钟内通过的同学，可进入翻译部分。
Grammar Target — 1st Declension Nouns语法目标 —— 第一变格名词
The five declensions五种变格
There are拉丁语中有 5 declensions5 种变格 in Latin. A declension is a family of nouns that share the same pattern of case endings. You can tell which declension a noun belongs to by looking at its。一种变格就是共享同一套格尾模式的名词族。你可以通过看一个名词的 genitive singular单数属格 form (the second principal part).形式（第二个主要部分）来判断它属于哪一变格。
| Declension | Gen. sg. ends in单数属格以…结尾 | Mostly多为 | Example例词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | -ae | feminine | cōpia, cōpiae — "force" |
| 2nd | -ī | m. / n. | locus, locī — "place"——“地点” |
| 3rd第三 | -is | any | mīles, mīlitis — "soldier"——“士兵” |
| 4th第四 | -ūs | m. | equitātus, equitātūs — "cavalry"——“骑兵” |
| 5th第五 | -eī | f. | aciēs, aciēī — "battle line"——“战线” |
1st declension endings第一变格的词尾
First declension nouns are第一变格名词 almost all feminine (f.). The pattern is the same for every noun in the family. Memorize this table — every 1st declension noun you ever meet uses these endings.（f.）。整个名词族的模式都相同。背下这张表 —— 你以后遇到的每一个第一变格名词都用这些词尾。
| Case | Singular单数 | Plural复数 | Function功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative主格 | cōpia | cōpiae | subject of the verb动词的主语 |
| Genitive属格 | cōpiae | cōpiārum | "of X"; possession“X 的”；表所属 |
| Dative与格 | cōpiae | cōpiīs | "to / for X"; indirect object“给／为 X”；间接宾语 |
| Accusative宾格 | cōpiam | cōpiās | direct object |
| Ablative | cōpiā | cōpiīs | "with / by / from X"“用／凭／从 X” |
Reading tip.阅读提示。 Three of the five case endings in the singular look
identical or near-identical (单数的五个格尾中有三个看起来相同或几乎相同（cōpiae can be genitive, dative, or nominative
plural;可以是属格、与格或主格复数； cōpiā with the macron is ablative,带长音符是夺格， cōpia without is
nominative). The macron is your friend — read with macrons whenever you can.不带则是主格）。长音符是你的朋友 —— 能读长音符时就读。
1st declension nouns in this hour's passage本课段落中的第一变格名词
Four 1st declension nouns appear in the 19 sentences of Bibracte:比布拉克特的 19 个句子中出现了四个第一变格名词：
- cōpia, -ae — "force" →——“兵力”→ cōpiās (acc. pl.) in sentence 1.（宾格复数）在第 1 句。
- sarcina, -ae — "soldier's pack" →——“士兵的行囊”→ sarcinās (acc. pl.) in sentence 6.（宾格复数）在第 6 句。
- fuga, -ae — "flight" →——“逃跑”→ fugae (gen. sg., depending on（单数属格，取决于 spem) in sentence 12.）在第 12 句。
- pūgna, -ae — "fight" →——“战斗”→ pūgnam (acc. sg., object of（单数宾格，作…的宾语 ad) in sentence 15.）在第 15 句。
Hour 2 — Passage:第 2 课 —— 段落： De Bello Gallico 1.24–25
Scaffolding:脚手架：
Tags:标签：
1 Caesar cōpiās suās in proximum collem subdūcit.
2 Equitātum mittit.
3 Ipse interim in colle mediō triplicem aciem īnstruit.
4 In summō iugō duās legiōnēs conlocat.
5 Tōtum montem hominibus complet.
6 Intereā sarcinās in ūnum locum cōnfert.
7 Eum locum mūnīrī iubet.
8 Helvētiī impedīmenta in ūnum locum cōnferunt.
9 Ipsī phalangem faciunt et succēdunt.
10 Caesar ex cōnspectū equōs removet.
11 Suōs cohortātur et proelium committit.
12 Ita aequātō omnium perīculō spem fugae tollit.
13 Mīlitēs pīlīs mīssīs hostium phalangem perfringunt.
14 Gladiīs dēstrictīs in eōs impetum faciunt.
15 Gallīs māgnō ad pūgnam est impedīmentō.
16 Scūta pīlīs trānsfīguntur et conligantur.
17 Ferrum sē īnflectit.
18 Pūgnāre nōn possunt.
19 Multī scūtum manū ēmittunt et nūdō corpore pūgnant.
1st-declension nouns in the passage are highlighted with a wavy blue underline.段落中的第一变格名词用蓝色波浪下划线标出。
Hour 2 — Vocabulary第 2 课 —— 词汇
1st declension nouns are marked第一变格名词已标出 1st DECL.
cōpia, -ae f.1st DECL
(in plural) troops, forces, resources（复数）军队、兵力、资源
suus, -a, -um
his own, her own, its own, their own他自己的、她自己的、它自己的、他们自己的
in prep. + acc./abl.介词 + 宾格／夺格
into, onto (with acc.); in, on (with abl.)进入、到…上（接宾格）；在…当中、在…的上（接夺格）
proximus, -a, -um
nearest, very near最近的、很近的
collis, -is m.
hill
subdūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductum
to lead up, withdraw, draw up from below向上引领、撤回、从下方列阵
equitātus, -ūs m.
cavalry
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missum
to send, hurl, dismiss派遣、投掷、遣散
ipse, ipsa, ipsum
himself, herself, itself (intensive pronoun)他自己、她自己、它自己（强调代词）
interim adv.
meanwhile, in the meantime同时、其间
medius, -a, -um
middle, the middle of中间的、…的中部
triplex, triplicis adj.形容词
triple, threefold三重的、三层的
aciēs, -ēī f.
battle line, edge, sharpness战线、边缘、锋利
īnstruō, -struere, -strūxī, -strūctum
to draw up, arrange, equip列阵、布置、装备
summus, -a, -um
highest, top of, supreme最高的、…的顶部、至高的
iugum, -ī n.
ridge, crest; yoke山脊、山顶；轭
duo, duae, duo
two
legiō, -ōnis f.
legion (approx. 4,000–6,000 soldiers)军团（约 4000–6000 名士兵）
conlocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum
to place, station, arrange安置、驻扎、布置
tōtus, -a, -um
whole, entire整个、全部
mōns, montis m.
mountain
homō, hominis m.
man, human being人、人类
compleō, -plēre, -plēvī, -plētum
to fill, complete填满、完成
intereā adv.
meanwhile
sarcina, -ae f.1st DECL
soldier's pack, personal baggage士兵的行囊、个人辎重
ūnus, -a, -um
one, alone一、单独
locus, -ī m.
place, spot, position地点、位置、方位
cōnferō, cōnferre, contulī, conlātum
to bring together, collect, gather汇集、收集、聚拢
is, ea, id
he, she, it; that (demonstrative)他、她、它；那个（指示词）
mūniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum
to fortify, build, protect设防、修筑、保护
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussum
to order, command命令、下令
Helvētiī, -ōrum m. pl.阳性复数
the Helvetians赫尔维提人
impedīmentum, -ī n.
hindrance; (pl.) heavy baggage, baggage train障碍；（复数）笨重辎重、辎重队
phalanx, phalangis f.
phalanx (dense formation of troops)方阵（密集的军队队形）
faciō, facere, fēcī, factum
to do, make做、造
et conj.连词
and
succēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessum
to advance, come up to, succeed前进、靠近、成功
ex / ē prep. + abl.介词 + 夺格
out of, from出自、从
cōnspectus, -ūs m.
sight, view视线、视野
equus, -ī m.
horse
removeō, -movēre, -mōvī, -mōtum
to move back, remove移回、移除
cohortor, -ārī, -ātus sum
to encourage, cheer on (deponent)鼓励、激励（异相动词）
proelium, -ī n.
battle
committō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missum
to join, entrust; (联结、托付；（proelium committere = to join battle)= 投入战斗）
ita adv.
thus, so, in this way于是、如此、以这种方式
aequō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum
to make equal, level使均等、弄平
omnis, -e
all, every全部、每一个
perīculum, -ī n.
danger, peril危险、险情
spēs, speī f.
hope
fuga, -ae f.1st DECL
flight, escape逃跑、逃脱
tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātum
to lift, raise; take away, destroy举起、抬起；夺走、摧毁
mīles, mīlitis m.
soldier
pīlum, -ī n.
javelin (heavy Roman throwing spear)标枪（罗马重型投掷矛）
hostis, hostis m./f.
enemy
perfringō, -fringere, -frēgī, -frāctum
to break through, shatter冲破、击碎
gladius, -ī m.
sword
dēstringō, -stringere, -strīnxī, -strictum
to draw (a sword), unsheathe拔（剑）、出鞘
impetus, -ūs m.
attack, charge, assault攻击、冲锋、突击
Gallus, -ī m.
a Gaul一个高卢人
māgnus, -a, -um
large, great大的、伟大的
ad prep. + acc.
to, toward, for向、朝、为
pūgna, -ae f.1st DECL
fight, battle战斗、会战
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus
to be
scūtum, -ī n.
shield
trānsfīgō, -fīgere, -fīxī, -fīxum
to pierce through, transfix刺穿、贯穿
conligō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum
to bind together, fasten捆在一起、缚紧
ferrum, -ī n.
iron; sword-point; tool铁；矛尖；工具
sē refl. pron.反身代词
himself, herself, itself, themselves他自己、她自己、它自己、他们自己
inflectō, -flectere, -flexī, -flexum
to bend, curve弯曲、使弯
pūgnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum
to fight
nōn adv.
not
possum, posse, potuī
to be able, can能够、可以
multus, -a, -um
much; (pl.) many多的；（复数）许多
manus, -ūs f.
hand; band of men手；一队人
ēmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missum
to send forth, let go, drop送出、放开、丢下
nūdus, -a, -um
naked, bare, unprotected赤裸的、无防护的
corpus, corporis n.
body
Hour 2 — Battle Task第 2 课 —— 战斗任务
The instructor will only give the question paper to the players / let the players turn to the online question page right before the 20-minute countdown starts.教师只会在 20 分钟倒计时开始前，才把题纸发给玩家／让玩家打开在线题页。
Tagging rules in effect this Hour本课生效的标注规则
Your task is to你的任务是 identify all the 1st-declension nouns AND all the verbs找出所有第一变格名词以及所有动词. Four codebook rules fire in this hour; one of them — rule #9 — is。本课触发四条编码规则；其中一条 —— 第 9 条 —— 是 new this week本周新增. The rest are suppressed.。其余的被抑制。
- Rule #1 — Indicative verb (规则 #1 —— 直陈式动词（red). Carried from Hour 1. The finite verbs in the passage (21 forms across 19 sentences):沿用第 1 课。段落中的限定动词（19 句中的 21 个形式）： subdūcit, mittit, īnstruit, conlocat, complet, cōnfert, iubet, cōnferunt, faciunt, succēdunt, removet, cohortātur, committit, tollit, perfringunt, faciunt, est, trānsfīguntur, conligantur, īnflectit, possunt, ēmittunt, pūgnant. After grading, correct identifications turn。评分后，正确的识别会变为 red.
- Rule #4 — Infinitive (规则 #4 —— 不定式（green). Two infinitives in this passage:本段中的两个不定式： mūnīrī (s. 7, passive infinitive, complement of（第 7 句，被动不定式，作…的补语 iubet) and pūgnāre (s. 18, active infinitive, complement of（第 18 句，主动不定式，作…的补语 possunt). NOT finite — do not tag them as verbs in the task. They show green after grading.把它们标为动词。评分后它们显示绿色。
- Rule #5 — Participle (规则 #5 —— 分词（orange). Three participles, all inside ablative-absolute constructions:三个分词，全都在夺格独立结构中： aequātō (s. 12), mīssīs (s. 13), dēstrictīs (s. 14). NOT finite — don't tag in the task. They show orange after grading. (Ablative absolutes themselves are not bracketed yet — that's rule #8, which first fires in Hour 26.)（第 14 句）。不是限定动词 —— 任务中请勿标注。评分后显示橙色。（夺格独立结构本身尚未加方括号 —— 那是第 8 条规则，首次在第 26 课触发。）
- Rule #9 — Noun case for attention (规则 #9 —— 需注意的名词格（★) — NEW this hour.）—— 本课新增。 The codebook's "stary mark" fires this week for编码本的“星标”本周对…触发 1st-declension nouns only仅第一变格名词. The four forms you must identify:。你必须识别的四个形式： cōpiās (s. 1, acc. pl., direct object of（第 1 句，宾格复数，…的直接宾语 subdūcit), sarcinās (s. 6, acc. pl., direct object of（第 6 句，宾格复数，…的直接宾语 cōnfert), fugae (s. 12, gen. sg., depending on（第 12 句，单数属格，取决于 spem), pūgnam (s. 15, acc. sg., object of（第 15 句，单数宾格，…的宾语 ad). After you submit, every 1st-declension noun you correctly identified gets the）。提交后，你正确识别的每个第一变格名词都会按编码本加上 ★ prefix per the codebook. In Hour 3 the ★ extends to 2nd-declension nouns; by Hour 24 it covers all five declensions.前缀。第 3 课中★扩展到第二变格名词；到第 24 课覆盖全部五种变格。
Suppressed this hour:本课抑制： rule #2 (no subjunctive in this passage), #3 (yellow connectives — first fires Hour 17), #6 (purple subject phrases — first fires Hour 11), #7 (underlined noun-adj phrases — first fires Hour 4 with Type 1 adjectives, next week), #8 (bracketed ablative absolutes — first fires Hour 26, even though the construction is visibly present in sentences 12, 13, 14), #10 (shaded set phrases — instructor discretion). The Caesar text contains examples of all of these, but they are not yet given codebook color — you will encounter them in later hours.规则 #2（本段无虚拟式）、#3（黄色连接词 —— 首次在第 17 课触发）、#6（紫色主语短语 —— 首次在第 11 课触发）、#7（下划线名词-形容词短语 —— 首次在第 4 课、即下周与第一类形容词一同触发）、#8（方括号夺格独立结构 —— 首次在第 26 课触发，尽管该结构在第 12、13、14 句中明显存在）、#10（着色的固定短语 —— 由教师酌定）。凯撒文本中含有所有这些的例子，但它们尚未被赋予编码本颜色 —— 你会在后面的课里遇到。
Mission — Identify all the 1st declension nouns, and all the verbs任务 —— 找出所有第一变格名词，以及所有动词
Two highlight colors. Set the mode below, then click words. Click again to deselect.两种高亮颜色。先在下方设定模式，再点击词语。再次点击即取消选择。
20:00
1 Caesar cōpiās suās in proximum collem subdūcit.
2 Equitātum mittit.
3 Ipse interim in colle mediō triplicem aciem īnstruit.
4 In summō iugō duās legiōnēs conlocat.
5 Tōtum montem hominibus complet.
6 Intereā sarcinās in ūnum locum cōnfert.
7 Eum locum mūnīrī iubet.
8 Helvētiī impedīmenta in ūnum locum cōnferunt.
9 Ipsī phalangem faciunt et succēdunt.
10 Caesar ex cōnspectū equōs removet.
11 Suōs cohortātur et proelium committit.
12 Ita aequātō omnium perīculō spem fugae tollit.
13 Mīlitēs pīlīs mīssīs hostium phalangem perfringunt.
14 Gladiīs dēstrictīs in eōs impetum faciunt.
15 Gallīs māgnō ad pūgnam est impedīmentō.
16 Scūta pīlīs trānsfīguntur et conligantur.
17 Ferrum sē īnflectit.
18 Pūgnāre nōn possunt.
19 Multī scūtum manū ēmittunt et nūdō corpore pūgnant.
Questions on the Narrative关于叙述的问题
- Where did Caesar station his two newest legions and the auxiliaries, and what did he order his veteran legions to do in the middle of the hill?凯撒把他最新的两个军团和辅助部队部署在哪里？他又命令他的老兵军团在山丘中部做什么？
Answer
On the very summit (在最高的山脊上（in summō iugō). The four veteran legions were drawn up halfway up the hill in a triple battle line (）。四个老兵军团在山丘半腰列成三重战线（triplicem aciem); the two newest legions plus the auxiliaries were placed on the summit and tasked with filling the mountain and fortifying the baggage.）；两个最新的军团加上辅助部队被安置在山顶，负责填满山体并加固辎重。 - To whom did Caesar send his cavalry at the beginning of the engagement, and what was their specific mission while he was organizing the infantry?在交战开始时，凯撒把骑兵派给谁？在他整编步兵时，骑兵的具体任务是什么？
Answer
To the enemy. Their mission was to派给敌人。他们的任务是 withstand the attack of the enemy顶住敌人的进攻 (ad hostium impetum sustinendum) — a delaying action that bought time for Caesar to deploy his infantry properly.）—— 一次拖延行动，为凯撒妥善部署步兵争取了时间。 - What did Caesar do with his own horse (and the horses of his officers) before the battle began, and whom was he trying to influence with this symbolic action?战斗开始前，凯撒如何处置自己的战马（以及军官们的战马）？他想用这一象征性举动影响谁？
Answer
He removed them from sight (他把它们移出视线（ex cōnspectū equōs removet) — first his own, then those of all the officers. His purpose was to influence）—— 先是自己的，再是所有军官的。他的目的是影响 his own men他自己的士兵: by making the danger equal for everyone (no one could ride away), he eliminated the temptation of flight (：通过让危险对每个人都均等（谁也无法骑马逃走），他消除了逃跑的诱惑（spem fugae tollit). - Whom did the Roman soldiers successfully break through using javelins (罗马士兵用从高处投出的标枪（pīlīs) thrown from the higher ground, and what formation had these enemies adopted?
Answer
The Helvetian forces. They had adopted the）成功冲破了谁？这些敌人采取了什么队形？ phalanx (phalangem) — a dense formation in which warriors interlock their shields. The thrown javelins broke through this formation by piercing the shields. - What mechanical failure happened to the Gallic shields that forced many warriors to fight "with the body unprotected," and who had caused this by throwing a "single blow"?）—— 一种战士互相扣盾的密集队形。投出的标枪刺穿盾牌，冲破了这一队形。
Answer
Many shields had been pierced and pinned together by the soft iron points of Roman javelins, which bent inside the shield (高卢人的盾牌发生了什么样的机械因此障，迫使许多战士“以无防护的身体”作战？又是谁用“一次投掷”造成了这一点？ferrum sē īnflectit) and could neither be pulled out nor easily worked free with the encumbered left hand. The Roman soldiers caused this with a single throw of the许多盾牌被罗马标枪柔软的铁尖刺穿并钉在一起，铁尖在盾内弯曲（ pīla.
Further Questions — Translation延伸问题 —— 翻译
- Caesar withdraws his forces to the nearest hill.
Suggested Latin
Caesar cōpiās suās in proximum collem subdūcit. - He sends out the cavalry.
Suggested Latin
Equitātum mittit. - He himself, meanwhile, draws up a triple battle line.
Suggested Latin
Ipse interim in colle mediō triplicem aciem īnstruit. - On the summit of the ridge, he stations two legions.
Suggested Latin
In summō iugō duās legiōnēs conlocat. - He fills the whole mountain with men.
Suggested Latin
Tōtum montem hominibus complet. - He gathers the [personal] baggage into one place.
Suggested Latin
Intereā sarcinās in ūnum locum cōnfert. - He orders that place to be fortified.
Suggested Latin
Eum locum mūnīrī iubet. - The Helvetians gather their [heavy] baggage into one place.
Suggested Latin
Helvētiī impedīmenta in ūnum locum cōnferunt. - They themselves form a phalanx and advance.
Suggested Latin
Ipsī phalangem faciunt et succēdunt. - Caesar removes the horses from sight [to make the danger equal].凯撒把战马移出视线［以使危险均等］。
Suggested Latin
Caesar ex cōnspectū equōs removet. - He encourages his men and joins battle.
Suggested Latin
Suōs cohortātur et proelium committit. - The soldiers break through the enemy's phalanx.士兵们冲破敌人的方阵。
Suggested Latin
Mīlitēs pīlīs mīssīs hostium phalangem perfringunt. - With swords drawn, they make an attack against them.
Suggested Latin
Gladiīs dēstrictīs in eōs impetum faciunt. - It is a great hindrance to the Gauls for the fight.
Suggested Latin
Gallīs māgnō ad pūgnam est impedīmentō. - The iron [point] bends itself.
Suggested Latin
Ferrum sē īnflectit. - They are not able to fight.
Suggested Latin
Pūgnāre nōn possunt.
Hour 2 — Result & Debrief第 2 课 —— 结果与复盘
Submit the Battle Task above to see your score here. The instructor will announce the answer immediately after the 20-minute countdown ends.提交上方的战斗任务即可在此看到你的得分。教师会在 20 分钟倒计时结束后立即公布答案。
Hour 2 — Screening第 2 课 —— 放映
Following the 20-minute countdown, the instructor announces the answer immediately, then holds a five-minute Q&A, then screens the film clip.20 分钟倒计时以后，教师立即公布答案，然后进行五分钟问答，再放映影片片段。
Film clip: Roman Phalanx (Spartacus film clip).影片片段：罗马方阵（《斯巴达克斯》影片片段）。 The clip illustrates
the dense formation of interlocking shields that Caesar's pīla famously broke at
Bibracte.该片段展示了密集的互锁盾牌队形 —— 凯撒的标枪（pīla）在比布拉克特正是著名地冲破了它。
Discussion讨论
Tactical analysis of the battle scene. Sample questions for the room:对战斗场面的战术分析。供课堂讨论的示例问题：
- Why does Caesar place his veteran legions in the middle of the hill rather than on the summit? What's the tactical logic of the inverted layering (rookies at the top, veterans in the middle)?凯撒为什么把老兵军团放在山丘中部，而不是山顶？这种倒置的分层（新兵在顶、老兵在中）有什么战术逻辑？
- The Roman pīlum was specifically engineered with a soft iron shank so it would bend on impact. Caesar's description (经过专门设计，铁柄柔软，因而会在撞击时弯曲。凯撒的描述（ferrum sē īnflectit) is itself a design specification. How does this single technological detail shape the entire course of the battle?）本身就是一份设计说明。这一个技术细节如何塑造了整场战斗的走向？
- Caesar removes his own horse from sight before the engagement. Compare with other generals' rituals of solidarity in your reading. Why does Caesar narrate this detail in the third person?战斗开始前，凯撒把自己的战马移出视线。请与你读到的其他将领表示同甘共苦的仪式相比较。凯撒为什么用第三人称来叙述这个细节？
Intermission间歇
Break before Hour 3 (Battle of Vosges / Ochsenfeld).休息，随后进入第 3 课（孚日／奥克森费尔德战役）。