GENRE · Senatus consulta as a genre元老院决议之体例
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Senatus Consulta as a Genre元老院决议之体例

How the early Roman empire used the decree, the law and the municipal resolution to condemn and to consecrate the memory of its princes — read across six interlinked critical editions of the Epigraphy Matrix Hub.早期罗马帝国如何借决议、法律与市镇议决，定罪、亦圣化其皇子之记忆，透过铭文研究中心六部相互关联之评注本加以比较阅读。

6 editions6 部评注本
3 instruments — decree · law · municipal decree3 类文书（决议 · 法律 · 市镇决议）
AD 2 – 23 · the Julio-Claudian dossier公元后 2–23 年 · 尤利–克劳狄文献群

The dossier — six documents文献群（六份文书）

These six editions are not six isolated texts. They are a connected dossier, generated by the deaths of the imperial princes between AD 2 and AD 23, and they cite, echo and copy one another. This page reads them as a genre. Open any card to read the full edition.此六部评注本并非六篇孤立之文本，而是一组相互关联之文献群，皆因公元后 2 至 23 年间诸皇子之死而生，彼此引证、呼应、迻录。本页将其作为一种体例来阅读。点击任一卡片可阅读完整评注本。

SCPP
SC de Cn. Pisone patre克奈乌斯·皮索决议
Senatus consultum · 10 Dec AD 20元老院决议 · 公元后20年12月10日
The Senate condemns Cn. Calpurnius Piso after the death of Germanicus — the dossier's mirror-image: memory as condemnation.日耳曼尼库斯死后，元老院定克奈乌斯·卡尔普尼乌斯·皮索之罪，为文献群之镜像：以记忆为定罪。
Open edition →打开评注本 →
 SC GERM
SC de honoribus Germanici日耳曼尼库斯荣誉决议
Senatus consultum · 16 Dec AD 19元老院决议 · 公元后19年12月16日
The Senate's decree of honours for Germanicus — the genre-twin of the SCPP, on the Tabula Siarensis.元老院为日耳曼尼库斯所议荣誉之决议，为 SCPP 之体例孪生，传于西阿伦西斯铜表。
Open edition →打开评注本 →
 LEX VA
Lex Valeria Aurelia瓦莱里亚–奥莱里亚法
Lex (rogatio) · AD 20法律（rogatio）· 公元后20年
The law that enacted the Germanicus honours and added five voting-centuries to the destinatio.将日耳曼尼库斯荣誉付诸实施、并于指名程序中增设五个投票百人团之法律。
Open edition →打开评注本 →
 CIL 6.31199
CIL 6.31199 — the Rome fragmentsCIL 6.31199 — 罗马残片
Senatus consultum · AD 19元老院决议 · 公元后19年
The capital's own bronze witness of the SC de honoribus Germanici — three fragments found in Rome.《日耳曼尼库斯荣誉决议》于首都自身之青铜见证，即出土于罗马之三件残片。
Open edition →打开评注本 →
 DRVSVS
Rogatio for Drusus Caesar德鲁苏斯·凯撒荣誉法案
Lex (rogatio) · after AD 23法律（rogatio）· 公元后23年后
The law of honours for Tiberius's son Drusus — "the same as Germanicus, with many more added" (Tacitus).为提比略之子德鲁苏斯所议荣誉之法律，“与日耳曼尼库斯相同，且增益良多”（塔西佗）。
Open edition →打开评注本 →
 DECR PIS
Decreta Pisana比萨诸决议
Decreta decurionum · AD 2 & AD 4十人议会决议 · 公元后2年与4年
The town council of Pisa honouring Gaius and Lucius Caesar — the municipal mirror of the imperial decree.比萨市议会为盖乌斯与卢基乌斯·凯撒所议之荣誉，为帝国决议之市镇映影。
Open edition →打开评注本 →

The anatomy of a Roman honours-decree罗马荣誉决议之结构

Beneath their different subjects, all six documents share one armature — the fixed sequence of parts of a Roman public act. Open each part to see how every document in the dossier realises it. Where a part is lost on the stone, that itself is recorded.六份文书主题各异，其下却共享同一副骨架，即罗马公共文书各部固定之次第。点击各部分，可见文献群中每份文书如何实现之；某部若已佚于石上，此亦予以记录。

1Praescriptio序录 praescriptioopen展开
The opening protocol: the date, the place, the presiding magistrate, and the witnesses present at the drafting. It fixes the act in time and authority.开端格式：日期、地点、主持长官，及起草时在场之见证人。它将文书定锚于时间与权威之中。
SCPPA full praescriptio survives: the date (10 December AD 20), the place, the consuls presiding, and the senators who witnessed the drafting.完整之序录得以保存：日期（公元后20年12月10日）、地点、主持之执政官，及见证起草之元老。
SC GermaniciLost. The decree opens, on the surviving bronze, already in the consultation of the imperial family; the date — 16 December AD 19 — is known only from the decree's own cross-reference.已佚。残存青铜上，决议开篇即已进入皇室之商议；其日期（公元后19年12月16日）仅由决议自身之互见得知。
CIL 6.31199Lost on all three Rome fragments.三件罗马残片之上均已佚。
Lex Valeria AureliaLost. A rogatio's praescriptio names the magistrate who proposes the bill; the law survives only from its first operative clause onward.已佚。法案（rogatio）之序录列出提案之长官；本法仅自其首项实施条款起得以保存。
Drusus rogatioLost on both bronze witnesses.两件青铜载体之上均已佚。
Decreta PisanaPresent and complete: each decree opens with the day, the place — the forum of the colony, in its Augusteum — and the list of scribes. The municipal counterpart of the senatorial protocol.完整存在：每则决议皆以日期、地点（殖民地广场之奥古斯都神殿）及书记名单开篇，为元老院序录之市镇对应物。
2The motion提案陈述 quod uerba fecitopen展开
The relatio — the statement, opening "Whereas… made a statement about…", of the matter put before the House. It names who raised the question and what it was.提案（relatio），以“鉴于……就……陈述”起首之陈述，述明提交议事之事项，列出何人提出、所议为何。
SCPPQuod… uerba fecit — the consuls report to the Senate on the case against Piso.Quod… uerba fecit，执政官就控告皮索一案向元老院陈报。
SC GermaniciAn unusually full relatio: it recounts how Tiberius and the imperial family chose, from a body of proposals, which honours to adopt — before the decreeing formula.异常完整之提案：它在表决套语之前，叙述提比略与皇室如何自一束议案中择定应授之荣誉。
CIL 6.31199Rome Fragment (c) preserves the senatorial idiom — arbitrari senatum, "the senate thought" — of the same relatio.罗马残片（c）保存了同一提案之元老院惯用语 arbitrari senatum，“元老院认为”。
Lex Valeria AureliaAs a carried bill, the law has no relatio; it proceeds straight through its utique clauses.作为已通过之法案，本法无提案部分；它径以一连串 utique 条款展开。
Drusus rogatioLikewise none — a rogatio's body is operative clauses.亦无，法案之主体即为实施条款。
Decreta PisanaQuod C. Canius… uerba fecit for Lucius; for Gaius, quod v. f. sunt — the duumvirs' formal report of what the emergency had required.为卢基乌斯者作 Quod C. Canius… uerba fecit；为盖乌斯者作 quod v. f. sunt，皆二人长官就危机所需之正式陈报。
3The decreeing formula表决套语 d. e. r. i. c.open展开
The hinge of the document — the fixed formula that turns the question into a resolution: de ea re ita censuerunt, "on this matter they decreed as follows", followed by the operative placere uti…, "that it be agreed that…".文书之枢纽，即将问题转为议决之固定套语：de ea re ita censuerunt，“关于此事，彼等决议如下”，其后接以实施性之 placere uti…，“议定……”。
SC GermaniciD. e. r. i. c. closes the consultation; the whole decree then hangs from placere uti chains and one verb, censuere.D. e. r. i. c. 结束商议；整则决议遂悬于一连串 placere uti 与唯一动词 censuere 之下。
SCPPThe same formula governs its long body of penal clauses.同一套语统摄其冗长之惩罚条款主体。
Lex Valeria AureliaA bill instead uses utique, "and that…", to open each clause — the procedural marker that distinguishes a rogatio from a senatus consultum.法案则以 utique（“又议定：”）开启每一条款，此程序标记将法案与元老院决议区分开来。
Drusus rogatioLikewise utique — and the document names its own genre, rogatio, in its surviving clauses.亦用 utique，且文书于残存条款中自名其体例为 rogatio。
Decreta PisanaThe municipal council borrows the senatorial formulae outright: q. d. e. r. f. p., d. e. r. i. c., placere conscriptis.市议会径直借用元老院之套语：q. d. e. r. f. p.、d. e. r. i. c.、placere conscriptis。
4The body of provisions条款主体 placere uti…open展开
The operative heart — the clauses that actually do something. Here the genre splits in two: the dossier honours, but the SCPP punishes. The form is identical; the work is opposite.实施之核心，即真正产生效力之条款。此处体例一分为二：文献群授予荣誉，而 SCPP 施加惩罚。形式无二，所为相反。
SC GermaniciThree honorific arches, a triumphal statue-group of the whole family, anniversary rites, the closing of the temples.三座荣誉拱门、合家之凯旋雕像群、忌日礼仪、诸庙之关闭。
Lex Valeria AureliaHonorific statues, the name in the Salian hymn, and — its constitutional core — five new voting-centuries of the destinatio.荣誉雕像、列名于萨利颂歌，及其宪制核心，即指名程序之五个新投票百人团。
Drusus rogatioThe destinatio procedure again, carried from fifteen centuries to twenty, and a penalty clause.指名程序再现，由十五团扩至二十团，并附罚则条款。
Decreta PisanaAn altar and annual offerings, a triumphal arch with paired statues — the imperial honours reproduced at colonial scale.一座祭坛与每年之献祭、一座配以成对雕像之凯旋拱门，为帝国荣誉于殖民地规模上之复制。
SCPPThe mirror image: not honours but penalties — the condemnation of Piso, the limits set on mourning him, the suppression of his name and images.镜像：非荣誉而为惩罚，即皮索之定罪、为其志哀所设之限制、其名其像之压抑。
5The publication clause公布条款 in aere incidereopen展开
The clause that orders the act engraved on bronze, posted under the consuls' edict, and sent out to the municipia and provinces. It is why these documents survive at all — and why they survive scattered across the empire.命将文书镌于青铜、依执政官之政令张贴、并颁送各自治市与行省之条款。此正是这些文书得以传世之由，亦是其散布于帝国各地之由。
SC GermaniciThe fullest publication clause of the dossier: the consuls are to publish the decree and send copies throughout Italy and the provinces — the very order that carried the Tabula Siarensis to Spain.文献群中最完整之公布条款：执政官应公布决议，并将抄本颁遍意大利与各行省，正是此令将西阿伦西斯铜表带至西班牙。
CIL 6.31199The same decree's Rome copy — the publication clause embodied: one act, two surviving bronzes, a thousand miles apart.同一决议之罗马本，为公布条款之具体体现：一份文书，两件传世青铜，相距千里。
SCPPIts publication clause sent copies across Baetica; that is why the SCPP's six bronze copies cluster in southern Spain.其公布条款将抄本颁遍贝提卡；此即 SCPP 六件青铜本聚于西班牙南部之由。
Lex Valeria AureliaThe law itself survives on three bronzes — Etruria, Baetica, Umbria — the publication order made visible.本法传世于三件青铜（伊特鲁里亚、贝提卡、乌姆布里亚），公布之令于此可见。
Decreta PisanaA municipal version: the decree for Lucius orders itself cut on a great cippus by the altar; the decree for Gaius, entered in the colony's public records.市镇之版本：卢基乌斯之决议命将自身镌于坛旁大石碑；盖乌斯之决议则命录入殖民地之公共档案。
6The subscription署録 censuereopen展开
The close: the single verb of decreeing, censuere — "they decreed" — and, for a senatus consultum, the register of how many senators were present.结尾：表决之单一动词 censuere，“彼等决议”，即元老院决议者，并附出席元老之人数。
SC GermaniciCensuere. In senatu fuerunt CCLXXXV — they decreed; 285 senators were present; the decree was made one "by a second relatio".Censuere. In senatu fuerunt CCLXXXV，彼等决议；出席元老285人；本决议“经第二次提案”合为一项。
SCPPCloses with censuere and the count of those present — the senatorial seal on the act.以 censuere 及出席人数作结，为元老院之于文书之印记。
Decreta PisanaThe decree for Gaius ends with the very same word — censuere. A Tuscan colony closes its act with the formula of the Roman Senate.盖乌斯之决议以完全相同之词 censuere 作结。一座托斯卡纳殖民地，以罗马元老院之套语结束其文书。
Lex Valeria AureliaA law closes not with censuere but with a sanctio — the penalty clause that guards the statute. The Todi Fragment preserves it.法律不以 censuere 作结，而以 sanctio（守护成文法之罚则条款）收尾。托迪残片保存了它。

Three instruments三类文书

The dossier speaks in three legal instruments. They share the armature above, but differ in who decrees — and that difference decides which honours a document could grant.文献群以三类法律文书发声。三者共享上述骨架，却在由谁决议上相异，而此一差异，决定了一份文书所能授予之荣誉。

Senatus consultum元老院决议

a resolution of the Senate

A decree of the Senate alone. It could grant honours, set rites, condemn a man — but it could not, by itself, alter the constitution.元老院独自之决议。它可授予荣誉、设定礼仪、定人之罪，惟不能凭一己之力变更宪制。

SCPPSC GermaniciCIL 6.31199

Lex / rogatio法律 / 法案

a bill carried before the people

A measure a magistrate rogat, "asks", of the popular assembly; once carried, a lex. Used where the honours touched the constitution — the new voting-centuries of the destinatio.长官向人民大会 rogat（“请求”）之议案；一经通过，即为 lex。用于荣誉触及宪制之处，即指名程序之新投票百人团。

Lex Valeria AureliaDrusus rogatio

Decretum decurionum十人议会决议

a decree of a town council

A decree of the council of a colony or municipium. It reproduces the senatorial form from below — and defers, twice over, to the Senate and to the emperor.殖民地或自治市议会之决议。它自下而上复制元老院之形式，并两度俯首于元老院与元首。

Decreta Pisana

The Germanicus dossier shows the two upper instruments working as a pair. A Tiberian honours-measure characteristically began as a senatus consultum — the SC de honoribus Germanici — and was then, where it touched the constitution, embodied in a rogatio carried before the people — the Lex Valeria Aurelia. The decree and the law are two stages of one process; this dossier is the only surviving case in which both halves are preserved together.日耳曼尼库斯文献群展示了上两类文书如何成对运作。提比略时代之荣誉措施，通常先以元老院决议发端，即《日耳曼尼库斯荣誉决议》，继而于其触及宪制之处，化为提交人民通过之法案，即《瓦莱里亚–奥莱里亚法》。决议与法律乃一个过程之两个阶段；本文献群是二者并存传世之唯一一例。

Document文书 Instrument文书类别 Date年代 Issuing body颁布机构 Subject对象 Memory-work记忆之运作
SCPPsenatus consultumAD 20the Senate元老院Cn. Calpurnius Piso克奈乌斯·皮索condemnation定罪
SC de honoribus Germanicisenatus consultumAD 19the Senate元老院Germanicus Caesar日耳曼尼库斯consecration圣化
Lex Valeria Aurelialex / rogatioAD 20the People人民大会Germanicus Caesar日耳曼尼库斯consecration圣化
CIL 6.31199senatus consultumAD 19the Senate元老院Germanicus Caesar日耳曼尼库斯consecration圣化
Rogatio for Drusus Caesarlex / rogatioAD 23the People人民大会Drusus Caesar德鲁苏斯consecration圣化
Decreta Pisanadecretum decurionumAD 2 & 4the council of Pisa比萨市议会Gaius & Lucius Caesar盖乌斯与卢基乌斯consecration圣化

Memory: condemnation and consecration记忆：定罪与圣化

The deep subject of the whole genre is memoria — public, official memory. The Roman state used the very same instrument, in the very same year, to drive memory in two opposite directions.整个体例之深层主题，是 memoria，即公共而官方之记忆。罗马国家曾以完全相同之文书、于完全相同之年份，将记忆推向两个相反之方向。

Condemnation定罪

the SCPP

The senatus consultum de Cn. Pisone patre works to damage a memory. It condemns Piso, strips honours and images, restricts the mourning his own family may show, and orders its own verdict published across the empire so that the condemnation itself becomes the permanent record.《克奈乌斯·皮索决议》致力于损毁一份记忆。它定皮索之罪，褫夺其荣誉与肖像，限制其家人所能表露之哀悼，并命将自身之判决颁布于帝国各地，使定罪本身成为永久之记录。

It is the dossier's mirror-image: the same bronze, the same formulae, turned against a man.它是文献群之镜像：同样之青铜、同样之套语，调转矛头，针对一人。

Consecration圣化

the five honours-documents

The other five documents work to build a memory. Statues and arches, anniversaries and closed temples, a name sung in the Salian hymn and carried by new voting-centuries — they fix the dead prince permanently into the fabric of the state, its calendar and its constitution.其余五份文书致力于构筑一份记忆。雕像与拱门、忌日与闭庙、列于萨利颂歌、并由新投票百人团承载之名号，它们将已故皇子永久地嵌入国家之肌理、其历法与其宪制之中。

Honours and condemnation are not opposites of form — only of direction. To read the dossier whole is to watch a state curating its own memory.荣誉与定罪，并非形式之对立，而仅为方向之对立。整体地阅读文献群，便是看一个国家如何编纂其自身之记忆。

The thread of precedent先例之线索

No document in the dossier was drafted from nothing. Each death reuses, and enlarges, the forms of the last — so the dossier reads as a single, lengthening chain.文献群中无一份文书是从无到有起草的。每一次死亡都重用并扩充前一次之形式，故整个文献群读来宛如一条单一而不断延长之链条。

AD 2 · AD 4
The deaths of Lucius and Gaius Caesar卢基乌斯与盖乌斯·凯撒之死
Augustus's grandsons and intended heirs die two years apart. Rome decrees honours (now lost); the colony of Pisa decrees its own — the Decreta Pisana.奥古斯都之孙、预定之继承人，相隔两年而逝。罗马议定荣誉（今佚）；比萨殖民地则议定其自身之荣誉，即《比萨诸决议》。
AD 5
The lex Valeria Cornelia瓦莱里亚–科尔内利亚法
Ten voting-centuries of the destinatio are created and named for the two dead princes, Gaius and Lucius Caesar — the precedent every later honours-law will cite.指名程序之十个投票百人团获设立，并以两位已故皇子盖乌斯与卢基乌斯·凯撒命名，为此后每一部荣誉立法皆将援引之先例。
AD 19
The death of Germanicus · the SC de honoribus Germanici日耳曼尼库斯之死 · 《日耳曼尼库斯荣誉决议》
Germanicus dies at Antioch. On 16 December the Senate passes the SC de honoribus Germanici, its honours modelled "as for Gaius and Lucius Caesar"; the Rome copy is CIL 6.31199.日耳曼尼库斯卒于安条克。12月16日，元老院通过《日耳曼尼库斯荣誉决议》，其荣誉“一如盖乌斯与卢基乌斯·凯撒”之例；罗马本即《CIL 6.31199》。
AD 20
The Lex Valeria Aurelia · the SCPP《瓦莱里亚–奥莱里亚法》·《皮索决议》
The Lex Valeria Aurelia enacts the constitutional honours, adding five centuries — fifteen in all. The same year, the SCPP condemns Piso: consecration and condemnation, side by side.《瓦莱里亚–奥莱里亚法》将宪制荣誉付诸实施，增设五团，共十五团。同年，《皮索决议》定皮索之罪：圣化与定罪，并肩而立。
AD 23
The death of Drusus · the Rogatio for Drusus Caesar德鲁苏斯之死 ·《德鲁苏斯·凯撒荣誉法案》
Tiberius's own son dies. The Senate votes him "the same honours as Germanicus, with many more added" (Tacitus); the Rogatio for Drusus Caesar carries the destinatio from fifteen centuries to twenty.提比略亲子辞世。元老院为其议定“与日耳曼尼库斯相同之荣誉，且增益良多”（塔西佗）；《德鲁苏斯·凯撒荣誉法案》将指名百人团由十五团增至二十团。

One genre, read whole一种体例，整体读之

Taken singly, each of these six documents is a fragment of administrative business. Taken together, they are the documentary record of how the early Roman empire managed the memory of its dynasty — the forms by which it consecrated its heirs, condemned its scapegoats, and bound both into bronze across the provinces. That is the genre. Each edition on the Epigraphy Matrix Hub is built to be read alone and to be read in this company.单独来看，这六份文书各是一桩行政事务之残篇。合而观之，它们便是早期罗马帝国如何经营其王朝记忆之文献记录，记录它圣化继承人、定罪替罪者，并将二者一同铸入遍布行省之青铜，所凭借之诸般形式。这便是体例。铭文研究中心之每一部评注本，皆为既可独读、亦可置于此群中并读而构建。