A sourced reconstruction, not a recovered trial transcript. Equal spacing shows reading order, not elapsed time. Overlapping events need not follow the displayed order. Dates, procedural rules, accusations and later interpretations remain separately labelled.
Conventionally c. 80–79 BCE; no precise appointment day established
通行编年约前80—79年；尚无可确立的任命确日
Phrase and syntax · 词形与句法
In Verr. 2.1.34, in governs quaestura, legatione Asiatica, praetura urbana and praetura Siciliensi. Legatione Asiatica is ablative singular; the dictionary form is legatio Asiatica. Translate the career period as “during his service as a legate in Asia Minor,” not as a separate governorship.
The relevant office is legatus: an official subordinate accompanying and serving Dolabella, with duties under the superior’s direction. Cicero calls him legatus populi Romani at §44. Public status is not the same as an independently elected magistracy, nor is the office reduced to private companionship. These passages do not preserve the original appointment decree or a complete schedule of delegated powers.
相关职名为 legatus：随多拉贝拉任职、在其指挥下执行任务的官方属员。第44节称其 legatus populi Romani（罗马人民的副使）。具有公共身份，不等于独立当选的政务官，也不能降格理解为私人随从。这些段落没有保存原始任命决议或完整授权清单。
Sources: RP02, RP05
Which province? · 哪一个行省？
Dolabella receives Cilicia (§44). The phrase Asiatica describes the eastern episode broadly. Nero exercises jurisdiction in Asia; §73 explicitly calls that another man’s province from Dolabella’s perspective. Accordingly “governor of Asia” and “Asian governor’s deputy” both misidentify the command relationship here.
A legatio can also be an embassy. Here the period of legatine service included a particular mission: Dolabella sent Verres to Nicomedes and Sadalas (§63). Keep that diplomatic activity visible. Cicero’s insistence on private profit supplies a hostile interpretation of the mission’s purpose; it does not abolish its public setting.
After Malleolus’ death Dolabella ordered Verres to act pro quaestore（§90）. Chinese：代财务官，one acting in the quaestor’s place. §41 distinguishes the two capacities; §95 describes requisitions handled through him. Do not infer that every act of a legate was quaestorian or that both roles began on the same day.
马莱奥卢斯死后，多拉贝拉命维雷斯 pro quaestore 任事（第90节）。中文为“代财务官”，即代行财务官职务者。第41节区分两种身份，第95节叙述经由他办理的征发。不可推定副使的一切行为都属财务官职掌，也不可推定两职同日起始。
Sources: RP01, RP05, RP06
What can be inferred? · 可以推断到什么程度？
The office, superior and later acting role are explicit features of Cicero’s account and fit modern prosopographical chronology. His stories about violence, motives and shifting blame remain allegations to evaluate separately. The selected passages establish no blanket immunity, independent governorship of Asia or precise appointment date.
Cicero identifies Cilicia as Dolabella’s assigned province and Verres as his legate. The Asiatica of the career summary describes the eastern service; it does not turn Verres into governor of Asia. The two-year dating is conventional modern chronology, not a date supplied in §44.
Verres is said to have secured a mission to Nicomedes and Sadalas. This is a particular embassy within his service. Cicero assigns self-interested motives; the appointment, journey and allegations of abuse must be assessed separately. Nero’s jurisdiction in Asia is distinct from Dolabella’s Cilicia.
After Malleolus’ death; within the eastern service · 马莱奥卢斯死后；东方任期内 · relative
Appointment as pro quaestore · 被命充任代财务官
Dolabella orders Verres to act in the quaestor’s place. This adds a financial-administrative function; it is not evidence of election to a second quaestorship. Cicero links requisitions and cash commutations handled by Verres to the assessment against Dolabella. Their legality is not established by the fact of delegation.
The later defendant appears first as a witness against his former superior. Cicero characterizes that testimony as betrayal and falsehood. Those judgments are advocacy, not independent findings about the truth of every statement Verres made.
Sicilian governorship and alleged abuses · 西西里总督任期与侵害指控
The governorship precedes the prosecution. Grain collection, private litigation, appropriated objects and coercive punishments form different bodies of allegations. The conduct dossier supplies separate assessments; the prosecution’s accusations are not a recovered administrative audit.
Before prosecutor selection, 70 BCE · 前70年，确定控告者之前 · relative
Sicilian appeal to Cicero · 西西里人请求西塞罗出面
The Divinatio presents Cicero’s involvement as a response to Sicilian requests and obligations of patronage. That speech argues why he should conduct the prosecution; it is already an interested account of how the case began.
Early 70 BCE; c. 10 January in one reconstruction · 前70年初；一种复原定为约1月10日 · reconstructed
Application to prosecute · 申请控诉资格
The request for leave to prosecute precedes the competition between claimants. The approximate January date is a modern reconstruction. It must not be shown as a day expressly recorded in the surviving application, since that document is not preserved here.
January 70 BCE; c. 20 January in one reconstruction · 前70年1月；一种复原定为约20日 · reconstructed
Selection of the prosecutor · 选定控告者
Cicero and Q. Caecilius compete over who should prosecute. The issue is suitability and trustworthiness of the accuser, not yet a verdict on Verres. The extant speech makes advocacy, knowledge of the case and suspected collusion central.
After prosecutor selection · 确定控告者之后 · procedural-order
Formal charge and reception · 正式提出并受理控告
The procedural reconstruction distinguishes selection of the prosecutor from formal naming and reception of the charge. No complete charge sheet or verbatim judicial order survives in this reading set. The inherited dossier explains the legal stages; it should not be mistaken for a minute-by-minute record of this case.
Before the first hearing, 70 BCE · 前70年，首次审理之前 · relative
Investigation and competing time allowances · 调查与竞争性的期限安排
Cicero distinguishes 110 days requested for the Sicilian investigation from his claim to have covered Sicily in 50 days. The competing Achaean application was for 108 days. These are different measures: an allowance, an asserted journey duration and a rival scheduling device.
During preparation; assembled by the opening · 准备期间；开审时汇集 · relative
Documents, witnesses and civic delegations · 文书、证人与城邦使团
The first action says civic delegations brought public authority and that witnesses and documents were ready. This attests the prosecutor’s claim about his evidentiary resources. Most of the underlying documents do not survive independently, and promised testimony must be distinguished from testimony said to have been heard.
Before the hearing; exact day disputed · 开审前；确日有争议 · relative
Jury challenges and retention · 审判员的剔除与保留
The second action describes reiectio and names rejected or retained jurors. Cicero praises the resulting senatorial panel. The later Aurelia reform belongs in the legal comparison, not as the law that selected this already constituted jury.
Summer 70 BCE, before opening · 前70年夏，开审之前 · relative
Elections and next year’s court · 选举与来年的法庭
Electoral success and impending changes of presiding magistrate enter Cicero’s explanation of delay. The sources report political expectations, not an automatic legal transfer already completed. Cicero also narrates his own election after discussing the jury challenges.
Verr. 1.31 explicitly dates the day and says the judges began assembling at the eighth hour. “5 August” is the customary modern month-label equivalent, not a computed proleptic Gregorian conversion. Cicero uses the approaching games to explain his change of strategy.
From 5 Sextilis; nine days asserted · 自塞克斯提利斯月5日起；所述共九日 · reported-duration
Accelerated presentation over nine days · 加速举证；第一次审理共九日
The brief opening is followed by the presentation of witnesses. The second action dramatizes the first, second and third days and alleges feigned illness; elsewhere it gives nine days for the first action. Nine days is an ancient duration statement, while a perfectly continuous 5–13 August schedule adds an assumption.
First action; form and extent disputed · 第一次审理；形式与篇幅有争议 · disputed
What did Hortensius say? · 霍尔滕西乌斯究竟说了什么？
Cicero reports procedural objections attributed to Hortensius. Quintilian names a Pro Verre; Plutarch narrates the defence differently. A continuous defence speech is argued for by Alexander, but no full defence text survives. Compare witnesses rather than manufacturing a counterpart speech.
Mandatory repetition of the hearing and intervening games are separate constraints. Cicero attributes comperendinatio to Glaucia’s legislation and rhetorically contrasts the Acilian procedure. His imagined restoration of an older law is argument, not evidence that the older law was actually re-enacted for this trial.
After comperendinatio, at circus games · 间隔再审决定之后；马戏赛会期间 · relative
Verres at Sisenna’s house · 维雷斯在西塞纳家中
The published second action places Verres among guests looking at silver after adjournment. This complicates a simple immediate-flight narrative. The passage supplies a relative setting, not an explicit September day; the identification with 19 September is a modern reconstruction discussed by Lintott.
After the first action; details disputed · 第一次审理之后；细节有争议 · disputed
Departure and formal conclusion · 离去与程序上的终结
Departure, the absence of delivery of the second-action speeches, formal condemnation and assessment are distinct propositions. Scholarship does not reconstruct their relation uniformly. The surviving published speeches cannot supply a complete second-hearing transcript.
After liability; exact date not established here · 确定责任之后；此处未能确立确日 · relative
Assessment, recovery and numerical reports · 赔偿估价、追偿与数字记载
Litis aestimatio must be distinguished from accusation totals and rhetorical valuations. Plutarch’s later numerical report and the case register need their own monetary-unit checks. There is no complete payment ledger here from which to reconstruct every victim’s recovery.
Composition and circulation of the Verrines · 《控维雷斯》的写作与流传
The five books of the second action were not delivered as the preserved sequence of courtroom speeches. Preparation, revision, publication and later reading are different events. Frazel argues that substantial preparation preceded the end of the trial; the lack of delivery does not make every episode a post-trial invention.
Late first–early second centuries CE · 公元1世纪后期至2世纪初 · year-range
Later ancient testimony and memory · 后世古代见证与记忆
Quintilian, Pliny and Plutarch are later witnesses to oratory, literary circulation and the remembered outcome. Their genres and distances from the case must remain visible; agreement with Cicero is not automatically independent corroboration of a provincial incident.
Complete numbered Latin sections paired with new close Simplified Chinese working translations. Editorial deletions and declared transcription corrections are retained. Modern-source Chinese paragraphs are analytical summaries unless expressly labelled as the public-domain Greenidge translation. Independent philological review has not been performed.
itaque idem iste, quem Cn. Dolabella postea C. Malleolo occiso pro quaestore habuit,—haud scio an maior etiam haec necessitudo fuerit quam illa Carbonis, ac plus iudicium voluntatis valere quam sortis debeat,—idem in Cn. Dolabellam qui in Cn. Carbonem fuit. nam quae in ipsum valebant crimina contulit in illum, causamque illius omnem ad inimicos accusatoresque detulit; ipse in eum cui legatus, cui pro quaestore fuerat, inimicissimum atque improbissimum testimonium dixit. ille miser cum esset Cn. Dolabella,— cum proditione istius nefaria, tum improbo ac falso eiusdem testimonio,—tum multo ex maxima parte istius furtorum ac flagitiorum invidia conflagravit.
Cn. Dolabella del. Naugerius, Iord., Kays.: malim Ille miser (i, §74) cum esset conflictatus, cum etc.
cum prodit Dp et pler.: tum prodit G2Kδ
tum impr. K al.: cum impr. Dp et pler.
cum multo G2.
Cf. Act. Pr. §34; i. §§65, 119; iii, §188
RP02 · Cicero, Verr. 2.1.44–45
Complete numbered Latin sections paired with new close Simplified Chinese working translations. Editorial deletions and declared transcription corrections are retained. Modern-source Chinese paragraphs are analytical summaries unless expressly labelled as the public-domain Greenidge translation. Independent philological review has not been performed.
posteaquam Cn. Dolabellae provincia Cilicia constituta est, o di immortales, quanta iste cupiditate, quibus adlegationibus illam sibi legationem expugnavit! id quod Cn. Dolabellae principium maximae calamitatis fuit. nam ut est profectus, quacumque iter fecit, eius modi fuit, non ut legatus populi Romani, sed ut quaedam calamitas pervadere videretur. in Achaia— praetermittam minora omnia, quorum simile forsitan alius quoque aliquid aliquando fecerit; nihil dicam nisi singulare, nisi id quod, si in alium reum diceretur, incredibile videretur—magistratum Sicyonium nummos poposcit. ne sit hoc crimen in Verrem: fecerunt alii. cum ille non daret, animadvertit: improbum, sed non inauditum.
est Dp rell.: iste G1δ: est iste Kays., Muell. A verbo quacun [que usque ad C. Verrem i, §45 commemoratur fragmentum Palimpsesti Taurinensis, mutilum ipsum (T.)
genus animadversionis videte: quaeretis ex quo genere hominem istum iudicetis. ignem ex lignis viridibus atque umidis in loco angusto fieri iussit: ibi hominem ingenuum, domi nobilem, populi Romani socium atque amicum, fumo excruciatum semivivum reliquit. iam quae iste signa, quas tabulas pictas ex Achaia sustulerit, non dicam hoc loco: est mihi alius locus ad hanc eius cupiditatem demonstrandam separatus. Athenis audistis ex aede Minervae grande auri pondus ablatum; dictum est hoc in Cn. Dolabellae iudicio. dictum? etiam aestimatum. huius consili non participem C. Verrem, sed principem fuisse reperietis.
Complete numbered Latin sections paired with new close Simplified Chinese working translations. Editorial deletions and declared transcription corrections are retained. Modern-source Chinese paragraphs are analytical summaries unless expressly labelled as the public-domain Greenidge translation. Independent philological review has not been performed.
Ianitorem is treated as the host’s personal name in the Chinese, following the DCC reading; the source’s lower-case ianitorem is retained. The description of motives and sexual intentions is Cicero’s accusation.
oppidum est in Hellesponto Lampsacum, iudices, in primis Asiae provinciae clarum et nobile; homines autem ipsi Lampsaceni cum summe in omnis civis Romanos officiosi, tum praeterea maxime sedati et quieti, prope praeter ceteros ad summum Graecorum otium potius quam ad ullam vim aut tumultum adcommodati. accidit, cum iste a Cn. Dolabella efflagitasset ut se ad regem Nicomedem regemque Sadalam mitteret, cumque iter hoc sibi magis ad quaestum suum quam ad rei publicae tempus adcommodatum depoposcisset, ut illo itinere veniret Lampsacum cum magna calamitate et prope pernicie civitatis. deducitur iste ad ianitorem quendam hospitem, comitesque eius item apud ceteros hospites conlocantur. Vt mos erat istius, atque ut eum suae libidines flagitiosae facere admonebant, statim negotium dat illis suis comitibus, nequissimis turpissimisque hominibus, uti videant et investigent ecqua virgo sit aut mulier digna quam ob rem ipse Lampsaci diutius commoraretur.
Omitted stray section digit 63 in “in 63 primis”; source input retained. Control: Dickinson College Commentaries, §63, https://dcc.dickinson.edu/cicero-verres/63. No other spelling harmonized.
oppidum est in Hellesponto Lampsacum, iudices, in 63 primis Asiae provinciae clarum et nobile; homines autem ipsi Lampsaceni cum summe in omnis civis Romanos officiosi, tum praeterea maxime sedati et quieti, prope praeter ceteros ad summum Graecorum otium potius quam ad ullam vim aut tumultum adcommodati. accidit, cum iste a Cn. Dolabella efflagitasset ut se ad regem Nicomedem regemque Sadalam mitteret, cumque iter hoc sibi magis ad quaestum suum quam ad rei publicae tempus adcommodatum depoposcisset, ut illo itinere veniret Lampsacum cum magna calamitate et prope pernicie civitatis. deducitur iste ad ianitorem quendam hospitem, comitesque eius item apud ceteros hospites conlocantur. Vt mos erat istius, atque ut eum suae libidines flagitiosae facere admonebant, statim negotium dat illis suis comitibus, nequissimis turpissimisque hominibus, uti videant et investigent ecqua virgo sit aut mulier digna quam ob rem ipse Lampsaci diutius commoraretur.
RP04 · Cicero, Verr. 2.1.73
Complete numbered Latin sections paired with new close Simplified Chinese working translations. Editorial deletions and declared transcription corrections are retained. Modern-source Chinese paragraphs are analytical summaries unless expressly labelled as the public-domain Greenidge translation. Independent philological review has not been performed.
The subject of fecit is Dolabella, established in the preceding §72. The praise of Verres as aequissimus iudex is ironic.
fecit id quod multi reprehenderunt, ut exercitum, provinciam, bellum relinqueret, et in Asiam hominis nequissimi causa in alienam provinciam proficisceretur. posteaquam ad Neronem venit, contendit ab eo ut Philodami causam cognosceret. venerat ipse qui esset in consilio et primus sententiam diceret; adduxerat etiam praefectos et tribunos militaris suos, quos Nero omnis in consilium vocavit; erat in consilio etiam aequissimus iudex ipse Verres; erant non nulli togati creditores Graecorum, quibus ad exigendas pecunias improbissimi cuiusque legati plurimum prodest gratia.
Complete numbered Latin sections paired with new close Simplified Chinese working translations. Editorial deletions and declared transcription corrections are retained. Modern-source Chinese paragraphs are analytical summaries unless expressly labelled as the public-domain Greenidge translation. Independent philological review has not been performed.
sunt Romae legati Milesii, homines nobilissimi ac principes civitatis, qui tametsi mensem Februarium et consulum designatorum nomen exspectant, tamen hoc tantum facinus non modo negare interrogati, sed ne producti quidem reticere poterunt: dicent, inquam, et religione adducti et domesticarum legum metu, quid illo myoparone factum sit, ostendent C. Verrem, in ea classe quae contra piratas aedificata sit, piratam ipsum consceleratum fuisse.
C. Malleolo, quaestore Cn. Dolabellae, occiso duas sibi hereditates venisse arbitratus est, unam quaestoriae procurationis, nam a Dolabella statim pro quaestore iussus est esse; alteram tutelae, nam cum pupilli malleoli tutor esset, in bona eius impetum fecit.
dolobellae occiso: in his verbis incipit codex S, mutilus
RP06 · Cicero, Verr. 2.1.95
Complete numbered Latin sections paired with new close Simplified Chinese working translations. Editorial deletions and declared transcription corrections are retained. Modern-source Chinese paragraphs are analytical summaries unless expressly labelled as the public-domain Greenidge translation. Independent philological review has not been performed.
Deleted words remain marked ⟦ ⟧ in both languages. The amount is a claimed assessment against Dolabella, not the assessment in Verres’ own trial.
pro quaestore vero quo modo iste commune Milyadum vexarit, quo modo Lyciam, Pamphyliam, Pisidiam Phrygiamque totam frumento imperando, aestimando, hac sua, quam tum primum excogitavit, Siciliensi aestimatione adflixerit, non est necesse demonstrare verbis: hoc scitote, ⟦his nominibus—quae res per hunc gestae sunt⟧ cum iste civitatibus frumentum, coria, cilicia, saccos imperaret, neque ea sumeret proque iis rebus pecuniam exigeret—his nominibus solis Cn. Dolabellae HS ad triciens litem esse aestimatam. quae omnia, etiamsi voluntate Dolabellae fiebant, per istum tamen omnia gerebantur.
Complete numbered Latin sections paired with new close Simplified Chinese working translations. Editorial deletions and declared transcription corrections are retained. Modern-source Chinese paragraphs are analytical summaries unless expressly labelled as the public-domain Greenidge translation. Independent philological review has not been performed.
itaque cum ego diem inquirendi in Siciliam perexiguam postulavissem, invenit iste qui sibi in Achaiam biduo breviorem diem postularet; non ut is idem conficeret diligentia et industria sua quod ego meo labore et vigiliis consecutus sum, —etenim ille Achaicus inquisitor ne Brundisium quidem pervenit, ego Siciliam totam quinquaginta diebus sic obii ut omnium populorum privatorumque litteras iniuriasque cognoscerem; ut perspicuum cuivis esse posset hominem ab isto quaesitum esse non qui reum suum adduceret, sed qui meum tempus obsideret.
nunc homo audacissimus atque amentissimus hoc cogitat. intellegit me ita paratum atque instructum in iudicium venire ut non modo in auribus vestris, sed in oculis omnium sua furta atque flagitia defixurus sim; videt senatores multos esse testis audaciae suae, videt multos equites Romanos, frequentis praeterea civis atque socios, quibus ipse insignis iniurias fecerit, videt etiam tot tam gravis ab amicissimis civitatibus legationes cum publicis auctoritatibus convenisse.
Complete numbered Latin sections paired with new close Simplified Chinese working translations. Editorial deletions and declared transcription corrections are retained. Modern-source Chinese paragraphs are analytical summaries unless expressly labelled as the public-domain Greenidge translation. Independent philological review has not been performed.
Nones of Sextilis = customary 5 August in Roman dating, not an astronomical Gregorian conversion. The eighth hour remains a seasonal Roman hour. §31 continues into §32; the source link permits neighboring reading.
Nonae sunt hodie Sextiles; hora viii convenire coepistis; hunc diem iam ne numerant quidem. decem dies sunt ante ludos votivos, quos Cn. Pompeius facturus est; hi ludi dies quindecim auferent; deinde continuo Romani consequentur. ita prope xl diebus interpositis tum denique se ad ea quae a nobis dicta erunt responsuros esse arbitrantur; deinde se ducturos et dicendo et excusando facile ad ludos victoriae; cum his plebeios esse coniunctos, secundum quos aut nulli aut perpauci dies ad agendum futuri sunt: ita defessa ac refrigerata accusatione rem integram ad M. Metellum praetorem esse venturam. quem ego hominem, si eius fidei diffisus essem, iudicem non retinuissem;
Complete numbered Latin sections paired with new close Simplified Chinese working translations. Editorial deletions and declared transcription corrections are retained. Modern-source Chinese paragraphs are analytical summaries unless expressly labelled as the public-domain Greenidge translation. Independent philological review has not been performed.
ita reieci iudices ut hoc constet, post hunc statum rei publicae quo nunc utimur simili splendore et dignitate consilium nullum fuisse. quam iste laudem communem sibi ait esse mecum; qui cum P. Galbam iudicem reiecisset, M. Lucretium retinuit, et cum eius patronus ex eo quaereret cur suos familiarissimos, Sex. Peducaeum, Q. Considium, Q. Iunium reici passus esset, respondit quod eos in iudicando nimium sui iuris sententiaeque cognosset.
Itaque iudicibus reiectis sperabam iam onus meum vobiscum esse commune; putabam non solum notis sed etiam ignotis probatam meam fidem esse et diligentiam. quod me non fefellit; nam comitiis meis, cum iste infinita largitione contra me uteretur, populus Romanus iudicavit istius pecuniam, quae apud me contra fidem meam nihil potuisset, apud se contra honorem meum nihil posse debere. quo quidem die primum, iudices, citati in hunc reum consedistis, quis tam iniquus huic ordini fuit, quis tam novarum rerum iudiciorum iudicumque cupidus qui non aspectu consessuque vestro commoveretur?
cum in eo vestra dignitas mihi fructum diligentiae referret, id sum adsecutus, ut una hora qua coepi dicere reo audaci, pecunioso, profuso, perdito spem iudici corrumpendi praeciderem; ut primo die testium tanto numero citato populus Romanus iudicaret isto absoluto rem publicam stare non posse; ut alter dies amicis istius ac defensoribus non modo spem victoriae sed etiam voluntatem defensionis auferret, ut tertius dies sic hominem prosterneret ut morbo simulato non quid responderet, sed quem ad modum non responderet, deliberaret. deinde reliquis diebus his criminibus, his testibus, et urbanis et provincialibus, sic obrutus atque oppressus est ut his ludorum diebus interpositis nemo istum comperendinatum, sed condemnatum iudicaret.
Complete numbered Latin sections paired with new close Simplified Chinese working translations. Editorial deletions and declared transcription corrections are retained. Modern-source Chinese paragraphs are analytical summaries unless expressly labelled as the public-domain Greenidge translation. Independent philological review has not been performed.
The opening of §26 voices the objection about loss of the adjourned hearing; the argument does not enact the older Acilian law. Complete numbered sections are shown, with preceding/following context in the source reader.
nunc ne novo querimoniae genere uti possit Hortensius et ea dicere, opprimi reum de quo nihil dicat accusator, nihil esse tam periculosum fortunis innocentium quam tacere adversarios; et ne aliter quam ego velim meum laudet ingenium, cum dicat me, si multa dixissem, sublevaturum fuisse eum quem contra dicerem, quia non dixerim, perdidisse: morem illi geram, utar oratione perpetua, non quo iam hoc sit necesse, verum ut experiar utrum ille ferat molestius me tunc tacuisse an nunc dicere.
hic tu fortasse eris diligens ne quam ego horam de meis legitimis horis remittam; nisi omni tempore quod mihi lege concessum est abusus ero, querere, deum atque hominum fidem implorabis, circumveniri C. Verrem quod accusator nolit tam diu quam diu liceat dicere. quod mihi lex mea causa dedit, eo mihi non uti non licebit? nam accusandi mihi tempus mea causa datum est, ut possem oratione mea crimina causamque explicare: hoc si non utor, non tibi iniuriam facio, sed de meo iure aliquid et commodo detraho. causam enim, inquit, cognosci oportet: ea re quidem quod aliter condemnari reus, quamvis sit nocens, non potest, id igitur tu moleste tulisti, a me aliquid factum esse quo minus iste condemnari posset? nam causa cognita possunt multi absolvi, incognita quidem condemnari nemo potest.
adimo enim comperendinatum: quod habet lex in se molestissimum, bis ut causa dicatur,—quod aut mea causa potius est constitutum quam tua, aut nihilo tua potius quam mea. nam si bis dicere est commodum, certe utriusque commune est; si eum qui posterius dixit opus est redargui, accusatoris causa, ut bis ageretur, constitutum est. verum, ut opinor, Glaucia primus tulit ut comperendinaretur reus; antea vel iudicari primo poterat vel amplius pronuntiari. Vtram igitur putas legem molliorem? opinor, illam veterem, qua vel cito absolvi vel tarde condemnari licebat. ego tibi illam Aciliam legem restituo, qua lege multi semel accusati, semel dicta causa, semel auditis testibus condemnati sunt, nequaquam tam manifestis neque tantis criminibus quantis tu convinceris. Puta te non hac tam atroci, sed illa lege mitissima causam dicere. accusabo; respondebis; testibus editis ita mittam in consilium ut, etiamsi lex ampliandi faciat potestatem, tamen isti turpe sibi existiment non primo iudicare.
utriusque commune Dψp (Zielinski p. 193): comm. utr. qr dixit codd. praeter q (dixerit)
molliorem DZqb: moliorem pr: meliorem G3K
Ergo?
RP11 · Cicero, Verr. 2.1.30
Complete numbered Latin sections paired with new close Simplified Chinese working translations. Editorial deletions and declared transcription corrections are retained. Modern-source Chinese paragraphs are analytical summaries unless expressly labelled as the public-domain Greenidge translation. Independent philological review has not been performed.
interposuistis accusatorem qui, cum ego mihi c et x dies solos in Siciliam postulassem, c et VIII sibi in Achaiam postularet. mensis mihi tris cum eripuissetis ad agendum maxime adpositos, reliquum omne tempus huius anni me vobis remissurum putastis, ut, cum horis nostris nos essemus usi, tu binis ludis interpositis quadragesimo post die responderes, deinde ita tempus duceretur ut a M’. Glabrione praetore et a magna parte horum iudicum ad praetorem alium iudicesque alios veniremus.
Complete numbered Latin sections paired with new close Simplified Chinese working translations. Editorial deletions and declared transcription corrections are retained. Modern-source Chinese paragraphs are analytical summaries unless expressly labelled as the public-domain Greenidge translation. Independent philological review has not been performed.
§156 follows the discussion of Q. Opimius, not a surviving daily hearing register.
is mihi etiam queritur quod a nobis IX solis diebus prima actio sui iudici transacta sit, cum apud ipsum tribus horis Q. Opimius, senator populi Romani, bona, fortunas, ornamenta omnia amiserit? cuius propter indignitatem iudici saepissime est actum in senatu ut genus hoc totum multarum atque eius modi iudiciorum tolleretur. iam vero in bonis Q. Opimi vendendis quas iste praedas, quam aperte, quam improbe fecerit, longum est dicere: hoc dico, nisi vobis id hominum honestissimorum tabulis planum fecero, fingi a me hoc totum temporis causa putatote.
Complete numbered Latin sections paired with new close Simplified Chinese working translations. Editorial deletions and declared transcription corrections are retained. Modern-source Chinese paragraphs are analytical summaries unless expressly labelled as the public-domain Greenidge translation. Independent philological review has not been performed.
et mehercule ego antea, tametsi hoc nescio quid nugatorium sciebam esse, ista intellegere, tamen mirari solebam istum in his ipsis rebus aliquem sensum habere, quem scirem nulla in re quicquam simile hominis habere. tum primum intellexi ad eam rem istos fratres Cibyratas fuisse, ut iste in furando manibus suis oculis illorum uteretur. at ita studiosus est huius praeclarae existimationis, ut putetur in hisce rebus intellegens esse, ut nuper—videte hominis amentiam: posteaquam est comperendinatus, cum iam pro damnato mortuoque esset, ludis circensibus mane apud L. Sisennam, virum primarium, cum essent triclinia strata argentumque expositum in aedibus, cum pro dignitate L. Sisennae domus esset plena hominum honestissimorum, accessit ad argentum, contemplari unum quidque otiose et considerare coepit. mirari stultitiam alii, quod in ipso iudicio eius ipsius cupiditatis cuius insimularetur suspicionem augeret, alii amentiam, cui comperendinato, cum tam multi testes dixissent, quicquam illorum veniret in mentem. pueri autem Sisennae, credo, qui audissent quae in istum testimonia essent dicta, oculos de isto nusquam deicere neque ab argento digitum discedere.
Complete numbered Latin sections paired with new close Simplified Chinese working translations. Editorial deletions and declared transcription corrections are retained. Modern-source Chinese paragraphs are analytical summaries unless expressly labelled as the public-domain Greenidge translation. Independent philological review has not been performed.
Continuous public-domain excerpt; line breaks normalized. Footnotes 3 and 4 are cited in the full page. This is modern historical reconstruction, not ancient testimony.
The two portions of the trial formed a complete whole; no vote was taken after the first and the case went on continuously, the second action being regarded as the necessary complement of the first. Each actio might last several days. As to the first, we know that had Cicero not shortened the proceedings, the actio prima of the Verrines would have suffered an adjournment of over forty days; and, even in the ordinary course of things, since, although the pleadings were limited, the number of witnesses was not, the evidence, generally of great length in a case of extortion, could not have been exhausted in a single sitting.
Ingo Gildenhard, Cicero, Against Verres 2.1.53–86 (2011)
Printed: 101–102 · PDF: 116–117
The commentary identifies Dolabella’s Cilician command in 80–79 BCE, Verres’ two roles and the royal destinations. It distinguishes the official mission from Cicero’s allegations about its motives.
Bibliography and original analytical summary. Full modern PDF is not bundled. Read the linked edition or select your matching local copy.
Gildenhard (2011), introduction
Printed: 6–9 · PDF: 21–24
This introductory narrative provides a conventional chronology, including approximate January dates and a first action dated 5–13 August. Its account of no reconvened court should be compared with the formal conclusion reconstructed by Lintott and Alexander.
Bibliography and original analytical summary. Full modern PDF is not bundled. Read the linked edition or select your matching local copy.
Andrew Lintott, Cicero as Evidence: A Historian’s Companion (2008)
Printed: 86–87 · PDF: 97–98
The analysis separates investigation allowances from travel and time in Sicily and discusses the preparation of the jury. The chronology depends on interpreting different kinds of date statements.
Bibliography and original analytical summary. Full modern PDF is not bundled. Read the linked edition or select your matching local copy.
Lintott (2008), the first action and its aftermath
Printed: 88–91 · PDF: 99–102
Read the calendar, defence activity and Sisenna episode together with the formal outcome and monetary assessment. The argument allows procedural completion without delivery of the surviving second-action books.
Alexander challenges the usual story of no defence speech. His argument uses Quintilian’s reference and reconsiders the weight placed on Cicero’s retrospective rhetoric. This is a reconstruction of a lost performance, not recovered wording.
Bibliography and original analytical summary. Full modern PDF is not bundled. Read the linked edition or select your matching local copy.
Michael C. Alexander, Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC (1990), no. 177
Printed: 88–90; especially 90 n. 12 · PDF: 110–112
The trial register distinguishes evidence categories and places condemnation at Verres’ failure to appear at the second action. Its assessment entry does not supply a complete surviving payment record.
Bibliography and original analytical summary. Full modern PDF is not bundled. Read the linked edition or select your matching local copy.
Sylvie Pittia, “Les données chiffrées dans le De Frumento de Cicéron,” in J. R. W. Prag, Sicilia Nutrix Plebis Romanae (2007), 49–79
Printed: 65 · PDF: 72
The investigator’s authority derives from a magistrate’s authorization. Treat access to witnesses and documents as a procedural issue, not merely as personal travel.
Bibliography and original analytical summary. Full modern PDF is not bundled. Read the linked edition or select your matching local copy.
Pittia (2007), chronological discussion
Printed: 77, notes 126–131 · PDF: 84
The discussion differentiates the fifty-day claim from the granted period and warns that calendar reconstruction and procedural dating can depend circularly on each other. A precise-looking July range remains a scholarly estimate.
Bibliography and original analytical summary. Full modern PDF is not bundled. Read the linked edition or select your matching local copy.
Thomas D. Frazel, “The Composition and Circulation of Cicero’s In Verrem,” Classical Quarterly 54.1 (2004), 128–142
Printed: 128 and 142 (opening and conclusion); article 128–142 · PDF: 1 and 15; article 1–15
The composition argument separates advance preparation from later circulation. Undelivered does not mean wholly improvised after the event. The exact timing of each surviving passage is not thereby established.
The procedural discussion treats the two actions as a single trial and separates the hearing interval from final decision. Its reconstruction remains subject to comparison with Cicero and later scholarship.
Retain common anchors and display disagreements without choosing one ending.
保留共同锚点，展示分歧，不替读者选定一种结局。
Gildenhard · introductory reconstruction
Read the introductory chronology on pp. 7–9 alongside the underlying witnesses.
将第7—9页的导论编年与其所依据的见证并读。
closure
Gildenhard describes departure after the first action and no reconvened court. This reconstruction is not unanimous.
吉尔登哈德叙述首次审理后离去、法庭未再开庭。此复原并非一致意见。
MGcalendar
first-action
The 5–13 August presentation treats the nine days as a continuous span; the ancient duration and that calendar assignment are distinct.
8月5—13日的排法将九日视作连续时段；古代时长陈述与此日历配置须区分。
MGcalendar, RP12
Lintott / Alexander · formal conclusion
Compare Lintott pp. 88–91 and Alexander’s trial no. 177, pp. 88–90. These authors are not identical in every detail.
比较林托特第88—91页与亚历山大第177案、第88—90页；两位作者并非所有细节都一致。
closure
This reading distinguishes the non-delivery of the second-action books from a formal conclusion in Verres’ absence and monetary assessment.
此读法把第二次演说各卷未宣读，与维雷斯缺席时程序的正式终结及金钱估价分开。
MLend, MAtrial
defence
Alexander argues for a defence speech during the first action; Lintott discusses the defence’s activity. Its full wording remains lost.
亚历山大论证首次审理中有辩护演说；林托特讨论辩方活动。其完整措辞依然失传。
MAdef, MLend, VC19
sisenna
Lintott discusses identifying the circus-games setting with 19 September. The ancient passage itself gives no such numbered day.
林托特讨论将马戏赛会场景定于9月19日；古代原文本身没有这一数字日期。
MLend, RP13
Cicero, In Verrem, ed. William Peterson (Oxford, 1917) · Perseus canonical-latinLit, CC BY-SA 4.0; new Chinese working translations and analysis CC BY-SA 4.0.