Happy Latin: Caesar’s Battles快乐拉丁语：凯撒的战役Hour 4 · Battle of the Axona (Aisne) · DBG 2.9–10第 4 课 · 阿克索纳（埃纳河）的战 · DBG 2.9–10

Hour 4 — Battle of the Axona (Aisne) · DBG 2.9–10第 4 课 —— 阿克索纳（埃纳河）的战 · DBG 2.9–10

Note on sources.关于来源的说明。 Hour 4 covers the standoff at the river Axona between Caesar's army and the Belgic confederation, spring 57 BC. Pairs with Wheelock Ch. 4 (Second Declension Neuter Nouns; Adjectives of the First and Second Declension = "Type 1";第 4 课讲述公元前 57 年春，凯撒军队与贝尔盖联盟在阿克索纳河边的对峙。配合 Wheelock 第 4 章（第二变格中性名词；第一、第二变格形容词 =“第一型”； sum, esse present indicative). Latin from PerseusDL canonical-latinLit (Holmes 1914), lightly smoothed; English from McDevitte & Bohn (1869), adapted; grammar from Wheelock 6th edn. revised (LaFleur 2005), Ch. 4.的现在时直陈式）。拉丁文取自 PerseusDL canonical-latinLit（Holmes 1914），略作平顺处理；英译取自 McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），有改编；语法取自 Wheelock 第 6 版修订本（LaFleur 2005）第 4 章。

Briefing

From Hour 3 to Hour 4从第 3 课到第 4 课

Hour 3 closed Book 1 of第 3 课在维奥日山击溃阿里奥维斯图斯，结束了 De Bello Gallico with the rout of Ariovistus at Vosges. Caesar wintered in Cisalpine Gaul; in spring 57 BC he marched north against a confederation of Belgic peoples — Bellovaci, Suessiones, Nervii, Atrebates, Ambiani, Aduatuci, Remi, and more — who had united against the Roman advance (DBG 2.1–6). Caesar reached the lands of the loyal Remi, took the town of Bibrax under his protection (DBG 2.7), and dug in on the south bank of the river Axona (modern的第一卷。凯撒在山南高卢过冬；公元前 57 年春，他北上征讨一个由贝尔盖诸族结成的联盟 —— 贝洛瓦奇、苏埃西翁、纳尔维、阿特雷巴特、安比安尼、阿杜阿图奇、雷米等等 —— 他们联合起来抵抗罗马的推进（DBG 2.1–6）。凯撒抵达忠诚的雷米人的土地，把比布拉克斯城纳入保护（DBG 2.7），并在阿克索纳河（今 Aisne). The Belgic coalition pitched camp two miles away, more than eight miles wide. Hour 4 reads the standoff and the engagement that followed.）南岸扎营。贝尔盖联军在两英里外扎营，营地宽逾八英里。第 4 课读的是这场对峙以及随后的交战。

Hour 4: Battle of the Axona — Source: DBG 2.9–10第 4 课：阿克索纳的战 —— 出处：DBG 2.9–10

There was a not-great marsh between our army and that of the enemy. Whether our men would cross this, the enemy were waiting; while our men, in their turn, stood ready in arms, so that if the enemy should begin to cross, they might fall upon them while encumbered. Meanwhile a cavalry engagement was fought between the two lines. When neither side began to cross, Caesar led our men back into camp, our cavalry having had the better of the encounter. The enemy hastened from that place to the river Axona, which was behind our camp. Having found fords, they attempted to lead a part of their forces across, with the design that, if they could, they should storm the fort which Q. Titurius the lieutenant commanded, break down the bridge, or — failing that — plunder the lands of the Remi and cut off our supply line. Caesar, informed by Titurius, led all his cavalry and his light-armed Numidians, slingers, and archers over the bridge and hastened toward them. There was a severe struggle in that place. Our men, attacking the enemy disordered in the river, slew a great part of them; by the immense number of their missiles they drove back the rest who were attempting most daringly to pass over their bodies, and surrounded with their cavalry, and cut to pieces those who had first crossed. The enemy, perceiving that their hopes had deceived them with regard both to taking the town and to crossing the river, called a council and resolved that the best course was for each to return home.

Connection to Wheelock与 Wheelock 教材的衔接

This hour pairs with本课配合 Wheelock Chapter 4 — Second Declension Neuter Nouns; Adjectives of the First and Second Declension (Type 1)Wheelock 第 4 章 —— 第二变格中性名词；第一、第二变格形容词（第一型）. The chapter also formally introduces。本章还正式引入 sum, esse, fuī, futūrus in the present indicative.的现在时直陈式。 Type 1 adjectives draw their endings from the 1st and 2nd declensions: feminine 1st-decl., masculine and neuter 2nd-decl. (e.g.,的词尾取自第一、第二变格：阴性用第一变格，阳性和中性用第二变格（例如 magnus, magna, magnum — "great"). The adjective must—— “大的”）。形容词必须与所修饰的名词 agree with its noun in case, number, and gender.（在格、数、性上一致）。

Today's Task今日任务

With the translation and vocabulary provided, identify all the借助所给的翻译和词汇，找出所有 Type 1 adjectives AND all the以及所有 verbs in the given passage. Codebook rule #7 (noun-adjective phrase, underlined)（在给定段落中）。编码规则 #7（名词—形容词短语，加下划线） fires for the first time this hour本课首次启用 on the noun + Type-1-adjective pairings.用于名词 + 第一型形容词的搭配。

Grammar Target — Type 1 Adjectives + Sum语法目标 —— 第一型形容词 + sum

Type 1 adjectives — first/second declension pattern第一型形容词 —— 第一／第二变格的模式

A Type 1 adjective declines like a 1st-declension noun in the feminine and like a 2nd-declension noun in the masculine and neuter. The dictionary entry is given as three forms (masc., fem., neut.):在阴性按第一变格名词变化，在阳性和中性按第二变格名词变化。词典词条以三种形式给出（阳、阴、中）： magnus, magna, magnum — "great." The adjective must agree with its noun in—— “大的”。形容词必须与所修饰的名词在 case, number, and gender.

Sum, esse, fuī, futūrus — present indicative—— 现在时直陈式

Type 1 adjectives in this hour's passage本课段落中的第一型形容词

• magna (s. 1, fem. nom. sg. of（第 1 句，阴性主格单数，来自 magnus, modifying palūs)
• parātī (s. 3, masc. nom. pl., predicate adjective with（第 3 句，阳性主格复数，与下词搭配的表语形容词 erant)
• duās (s. 4, fem. acc. pl., numeral with Type 1 plural endings)（第 4 句，阴性宾格复数，带第一型复数词尾的数词）
• suārum (s. 7, fem. gen. pl., modifying（第 7 句，阴性属格复数，修饰 cōpiārum)
• magnum (s. 10, masc. acc. sg., modifying（第 10 句，阳性宾格单数，修饰 numerum)
• Prīmōs (s. 12, masc. acc. pl., substantive — "the first ones")（第 12 句，阳性宾格复数，名词用法 —— “最前的那些人”）
• optimum (s. 14, neut. acc. sg., superlative of（第 14 句，中性宾格单数，下词的最高级 bonus)
• Magnam (s. 15, fem. acc. sg., modifying（第 15 句，阴性宾格单数，修饰 multitūdinem)
• ūllō (s. 16, neut. abl. sg., modifying（第 16 句，中性夺格单数，修饰 perīculō)
• tantam (s. 16, fem. acc. sg., modifying（第 16 句，阴性宾格单数，修饰 multitūdinem)

Vocabulary

(73 entries — see HTML for the full table. Type 1 adjectives flagged（73 条 —— 完整表格见 HTML。第一型形容词已标注 TYPE 1. Core new headwords this hour:)

• palūs, palūdis f. — marsh, swamp阴性 —— 沼泽，湿地
• sum, esse, fuī, futūrus — to be—— 是
• magnus, -a, -um [TYPE 1] — great, large［第一型］—— 大的，巨大的
• noster, -tra, -trum [TYPE 1] — our; (subst.) our men［第一型］—— 我们的；（名词用法）我方士兵
• hostis, hostis m./f. — enemy (often pl.)阳／阴性 —— 敌人（常用复数）
• exercitus, -ūs m. — army阳性 —— 军队
• parātus, -a, -um [TYPE 1] — prepared, ready［第一型］—— 准备好的，就绪的
• arma, -ōrum n. pl. — arms, weapons中性复数 —— 武器，兵器
• proelium, -ī n. — battle中性 —— 战斗
• equester, -tris, -tre — equestrian, cavalry-related—— 骑兵的，与骑兵相关的
• duo, duae, duo — two—— 二
• aciēs, -ēī f. — battle line阴性 —— 战列，阵线
• contendō, -ere, -tendī, -tentum — to stretch, fight, hasten—— 伸展；交战；急行
• castra, -ōrum n. pl. — camp中性复数 —— 营地
• redūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductum — to lead back, withdraw—— 带回，撤回
• flūmen, flūminis n. — river中性 —— 河流
• Axona, -ae m. — the Axona river (modern Aisne)阳性 —— 阿克索纳河（今埃纳河）
• vadum, -ī n. — ford, shallow place中性 —— 浅滩，渡口
• reperiō, -īre, repperī, repertum — to find, discover—— 找到，发现
• cōpia, -ae f. — (pl.) forces, troops阴性 ——（复数）兵力，部队
• trādūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductum — to lead across—— 带领渡过
• cōnor, -ārī, -ātus sum — to try (deponent)—— 尝试（异相动词）
• equitātus, -ūs m. — cavalry阳性 —— 骑兵
• pōns, pontis m. — bridge阳性 —— 桥
• impediō, -īre — to hinder, encumber—— 阻碍，拖累
• adgredior, -gredī, -gressus sum — to attack (deponent)—— 进攻（异相动词）
• numerus, -ī m. — number阳性 —— 数目
• occīdō, -ere, -cīdī, -cīsum — to cut down, kill—— 砍倒，杀死
• reliquus, -a, -um [TYPE 1] — remaining, the rest［第一型］—— 剩下的，其余的
• audāx, audācis — bold, daring—— 大胆的，勇猛的
• multitūdō, -dinis f. — multitude, great number阴性 —— 大量，众多
• tēlum, -ī n. — javelin, missile中性 —— 标枪，投射武器
• repellō, -ere, reppulī, repulsum — to drive back—— 击退
• prīmus, -a, -um [TYPE 1] — first, foremost［第一型］—— 最前的，首要的
• circumveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventum — to surround—— 包围
• interficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum — to kill—— 杀死
• spēs, speī f. — hope阴性 —— 希望
• fallō, -ere, fefellī, falsum — to deceive—— 欺骗
• intellegō, -ere, -lēxī, -lēctum — to understand, realize—— 理解，意识到
• cōnstituō, -ere, -uī, -ūtum — to decide, set up—— 决定，设立
• optimus, -a, -um [TYPE 1] — best (superl. of［第一型］—— 最好的（下词的最高级 bonus)
• domus, -ūs f. — house, home阴性 —— 房屋，家
• quisque, quaeque, quodque — each (one)—— 每一个
• revertor, -vertī, reversus sum — to return (deponent)—— 返回（异相动词）
• fugiō, -ere, fūgī, fugitūrus — to flee—— 逃跑
• concīdō, -ere, -cīdī, -cīsum — to cut down
• ūllus, -a, -um [TYPE 1] — any［第一型］—— 任何
• perīculum, -ī n. — danger中性 —— 危险
• tantus, -a, -um [TYPE 1] — so great, so large［第一型］—— 如此大的

Tagging rules in effect this Hour本课生效的标注规则

Carried from Hours 1–3 plus the沿用第 1–3 课的规则，外加 new firing of rule #7 (noun-adjective phrase, underlined)规则 #7（名词—形容词短语，加下划线）的新启用 on noun + Type-1-adjective pairings. This is the chapter that introduces phrasal underlining for the agreement system.用于名词 + 第一型形容词搭配。本章正是引入一致关系短语下划线的一章。

Battle Task — Identify all Type 1 adjectives and all verbs战斗任务 —— 找出所有第一型形容词和所有动词

Hour 4 Passage on the Battle of the Axona第 4 课关于阿克索纳的战的段落

(Type 1 adjectives in（第一型形容词用 italics斜体; verb forms in；动词形式用 bold.)

1. Palūs erat nōn magna inter nostrum atque hostium exercitum.
2. Hanc sī nostrī trānsīrent, hostēs exspectābant.
3. Nostrī, sī ab illīs initium trānseundī fieret, parātī in armīs erant.
4. Proeliō equestrī inter duās aciēs contendēbātur.
5. Caesar suōs in castra redūxit.
6. Hostēs ad flūmen Axonam contendērunt.
7. Vadīs repertīs partem suārum cōpiārum trādūcere cōnātī sunt.
8. Caesar omnem equitātum pontem trādūcit atque ad eōs contendit.
9. Ācriter in eō locō pugnātum est.
10. Hostēs impedītōs nostrī in flūmine adgressī magnum eōrum numerum occīdērunt.
11. Reliquōs audācissimē trānsīre cōnantēs multitūdine tēlōrum reppulērunt.
12. Prīmōs, quī trānsierant, equitātū circumventōs interfēcērunt.
13. Hostēs spem sē fefellisse intellēxērunt.
14. Cōnstituērunt optimum esse domum suam quemque revertī.
15. Magnam multitūdinem eōrum fugientium concīdērunt.
16. Ita sine ūllō perīculō tantam multitūdinem nostrī interfēcērunt.

Answer Key — 10 Type 1 Adjective Forms (by sentence)答案 —— 10 个第一型形容词形式（按句）

Answer Key — 17 Finite Verbs (by sentence)答案 —— 17 个限定动词（按句）

Questions on the Narrative关于叙述的问题

1. What was between Caesar's army and the Belgic enemy, and what did each side wait for?凯撒的军队与贝尔盖敌军的间隔着什么？双方各自在等待什么？ Answer: A not-large marsh (一片不大的沼泽（palūs nōn magna). Each side waited for the other to cross first, intending to strike them while encumbered.）。双方都在等对方先渡过，想趁其受阻时发起攻击。

2. When the marsh standoff failed, where did the Belgae try to cross, and what three objectives did they pursue?沼泽对峙僵持后，贝尔盖人试图从哪里渡河？他们追求哪三个目标？ Answer: At the fords (在阿克索纳河的浅滩（vada) of the Axona, behind Caesar's camp. Aims: storm Titurius's fort, break the bridge, or — failing that — plunder Remi land and cut Caesar's supply line.），即凯撒营地后方。目标：攻占提图里乌斯的堡垒、毁掉桥梁，若不成则劫掠雷米人的土地、切断凯撒的补给线。

3. Whom did Caesar lead across the bridge to engage the fording Belgae?凯撒带领谁渡桥迎击正在涉渡的贝尔盖人？ Answer: All his cavalry plus light-armed Numidians, slingers, and archers — a mixed mobile force.他全部的骑兵，外加轻装的努米底亚人、投石手和弓箭手 —— 一支混合机动部队。

4. What two practical reasons did the Belgae give for abandoning the campaign?贝尔盖人放弃这场战役给出了哪两个现实理由？ Answer: (1) Their hopes of taking the town and crossing the river had failed; (2) provisions were beginning to fail.（1）他们攻城与渡河的希望都已落空；（2）粮草开始短缺。

5. What was the Belgae's plan for future defense?贝尔盖人对今后防御有什么打算？ Answer: Each people would return home; then all would muster to defend whichever territory the Romans entered first — fighting in their own land, using home supplies.各族先各自回家；待罗马人首先进入哪片领地，全体便集结起来保卫那里 —— 在自己的土地上作战，依托本地补给。

Further Questions — Translation延伸问题 —— 翻译

Translate each English sentence into Latin (suggested versions in parentheses):把下列每个英文句子译成拉丁文（括号内为参考译法）：

1. There was a not-great marsh between our army and the enemy's. →我们的军队与敌军的间有一片不大的沼泽。→ Palūs erat nōn magna inter nostrum atque hostium exercitum.
2. Our men were ready in arms. →我方士兵已全副武装待命。→ Nostrī parātī in armīs erant.
3. Caesar led his men back into camp. →凯撒把他的士兵带回营地。→ Caesar suōs in castra redūxit.
4. The enemy hastened to the river. →敌人急奔向河边。→ Hostēs ad flūmen contendērunt.
5. Caesar leads all his cavalry over the bridge. →凯撒带着全部骑兵渡桥。→ Caesar omnem equitātum pontem trādūcit.
6. The fighting was fierce in that place. →那个地方的战斗很激烈。→ Ācriter in eō locō pugnātum est.
7. Our men slew a great number of them. →我方士兵杀死了他们中的一大批。→ Nostrī magnum eōrum numerum occīdērunt.
8. They drove back the rest with a multitude of javelins. →他们用大量标枪击退了其余的人。→ Reliquōs multitūdine tēlōrum reppulērunt.
9. They killed the first ones who had crossed. →他们杀掉了最先渡过来的人。→ Prīmōs quī trānsierant interfēcērunt.
10. They resolved that it was best to return home. →他们断定最好的办法是各自回家。→ Cōnstituērunt optimum esse domum suam revertī.
11. Our men killed so great a multitude without any danger. →我方士兵毫无危险地杀死了如此众多的敌人。→ Sine ūllō perīculō tantam multitūdinem nostrī interfēcērunt.
12. A cavalry battle was being fought between the two lines. →两条战列的间正进行着一场骑兵战。→ Proeliō equestrī inter duās aciēs contendēbātur.

Screening

Proposed clip:建议片段： HBO Rome (2005), Season 1, river-crossing skirmish scenes.（2005），第一季，渡河遭遇战的场景。 Subject to instructor confirmation; the source course-design document does not specify a clip for Hour 4.有待教师确认；课程设计文档没有为第 4 课指定片段。

Discussion讨论

1. Caesar declined to advance into "a more disadvantageous place for the purpose of fighting" (凯撒拒绝推进到“更不利于作战的地点”（locum inīquiōrem). Compare with Bibracte (Hour 2) and Vosges (Hour 3): in each case Caesar chose the ground.）。请与比布拉克特（第 2 课）和维奥日（第 3 课）比较：每一次凯撒都选择了战场。 What pattern emerges?由此浮现出什么模式？

2. Caesar's caution before pursuing the Belgic withdrawal — fearing an ambush — shows a disciplined commander.凯撒在追击贝尔盖撤军前的谨慎 —— 因担心埋伏 —— 显示出一位有纪律的指挥官。 What does this caution add to the rhetorical portrait Caesar builds of himself?这份谨慎为凯撒为自己塑造的修辞形象增添了什么？

3. Notice注意 magnam multitūdinem / tantam multitūdinem (ss. 15, 16) —（第 15、16 句）—— repeated noun-adjective phrases重复的名词—形容词短语 for accumulated rhetorical effect. How does the agreement system enable this phrasal repetition? Could English do the same work as compactly?用于累积修辞效果。一致关系体系如何使这种短语重复成为可能？英文能否同样紧凑地做到这一点？

Intermission间歇

Break before休息，随后进入 Hour 5第 5 课 (Battle of the Sabis / Sambre — Wheelock Ch. 5, Future & Imperfect).（萨比斯／桑布尔河的战 —— Wheelock 第 5 章，将来时与未完成时）。

Sources

• Latin text: De Bello Gallico 2.9–10, from PerseusDL canonical-latinLit corpus (phi0448), with light morphological smoothing.2.9–10，取自 PerseusDL canonical-latinLit 语料库（phi0448），略作形态平顺处理。
• English translation英文翻译: McDevitte & Bohn (1869), adapted.：McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），有改编。
• Grammar: Wheelock 6th edn. revised (LaFleur 2005), Ch. 4.：Wheelock 第 6 版修订本（LaFleur 2005）第 4 章。
• Course design课程设计: 0 Caesar's Latin Course Structure and Task 1-2 .docx (details only Hours 1–2; Hour 4 chunking, vocabulary, and questions constructed in the same paradigm).（只详述第 1–2 课；第 4 课的切分、词汇和问题按同一范式构建）。
• The Belgic campaign of 57 BC — overview公元前 57 年贝尔盖战役 —— 概览: T. Holmes, Caesar's Conquest of Gaul (2nd edn. 1911), with the chapter on Book 2; M. Goudineau,（第 2 版 1911），含论第二卷的一章；M. Goudineau， César et la Gaule (1990); E. M. Wightman,（1990）；E. M. Wightman， Gallia Belgica (1985).
• The Axona / Aisne river and Caesar's camp site阿克索纳／埃纳河与凯撒的营地位置: J. Harmand, L'armée et le soldat à Rome de 107 à 50 avant notre ère (1967) on the topography of Caesar's camps; field archaeology of the Aisne sector has been ongoing since the 19th century.（1967），论凯撒营地的地形；自 19 世纪以来，埃纳河一带的田野考古一直在进行。
• The Remi as Caesar's allies作为凯撒盟友的雷米人: D. Braund, Rome and the Friendly King (1984), with the（1984），论 amicus populī Rōmānī relationship; the Remi remained loyal throughout the Gallic War (and again in 52 BC during the great revolt).的关系；雷米人在整个高卢战争期间始终忠诚（公元前 52 年大起义时亦然）。
• Wheelock Ch. 4 — Type 1 adjectives in pedagogical literatureWheelock 第 4 章 —— 教学文献中的第一型形容词: F. Sommer, Handbuch der lateinischen Laut- und Formenlehre, 2nd–3rd edn., §§ on the 1st/2nd-declension adjective paradigm; A. M. Devine & L. D. Stephens,，第 2–3 版，关于第一／第二变格形容词范式的节；A. M. Devine 与 L. D. Stephens， Latin Word Order (2006), §§ on noun-adjective agreement and its rhetorical exploitation.（2006），关于名词—形容词一致及其修辞运用的节。