Happy Latin: Caesar’s Battles快乐拉丁语：凯撒的战役Hour 9 · Crassus's Aquitanian Campaign · DBG 3.20–21第 9 课 · 克拉苏的阿基坦尼亚战役 · DBG 3.20–21

Hour 9 — Crassus's Aquitanian Campaign · DBG 3.20–21第 9 课 —— 克拉苏的阿基坦尼亚战役 · DBG 3.20–21

Note on sources.关于来源的说明。 Hour 9 covers the opening of Publius Crassus's southwestern campaign — the third simultaneous front of 56 BC. The young commander (about 28 years old, elder son of the triumvir) leads ~12 cohorts and auxiliaries into Aquitania, where the第 9 课讲述普布利乌斯·克拉苏西南战役的开端 —— 公元前 56 年同时展开的第三条战线。这位年轻统帅（约 28 岁，三巨头的其中一项的长子）率约 12 个步兵队和辅助部队进入阿基坦尼亚，在那里 Sotiates mount a cavalry-then-infantry double-line ambush. Pairs with Wheelock Ch. 9 (布下骑兵接步兵的双线伏击。配合 Wheelock 第 9 章（Demonstratives hic, ille, iste). Latin from PerseusDL canonical-latinLit (Holmes 1914), lightly smoothed; English from McDevitte & Bohn (1869), adapted; grammar from Wheelock 6th edn. revised (LaFleur 2005), Ch. 9.）。拉丁文取自 PerseusDL canonical-latinLit（Holmes 1914），略作平顺处理；英译取自 McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），有改编；语法取自 Wheelock 第 6 版修订本（LaFleur 2005）第 9 章。

Briefing

From Hour 8 to Hour 9 — a third front in the same campaigning year从第 8 课到第 9 课 —— 同一征战年里的第三条战线

Hour 8 took us to the Atlantic and the destruction of the Venetic fleet. The third campaigning year (56 BC) is, in Caesar's narrative, a war on第 8 课把我们带到大西洋、带到维内蒂舰队的覆灭。在凯撒的叙事里，第三个征战年（公元前 56 年）是一场 three simultaneous fronts三线同时展开: Caesar himself versus the Veneti and Morini on the Channel coast; the lieutenant的战争：凯撒本人在海峡沿岸对付维内蒂人和莫里尼人；副将 Sabinus萨比努斯 versus the Unelli on the Norman coast (在诺曼底海岸对付乌内利人（DBG 3.17–19); and, simultaneously, the young3.17–19）；与此同时，年轻的 Publius Crassus versus all of对付整个 Aquitania — the southwestern third of Gaul that runs from the Garonne river to the Pyrenees. Caesar sends Crassus south specifically to—— 高卢西南三分的其中一项、从加龙河一直延伸到比利牛斯山的地区。凯撒派克拉苏南下，专为 prevent the Aquitanians from sending aid to the Gallic resistance阻止阿基坦尼亚人向高卢抵抗力量提供援助; what unfolds becomes one of the most decisive single-summer campaigns of the war.；随的展开的，成了这场战争中最具决定性的单夏战役的其中一项。

Publius Crassus is around 28 years old, the elder son of the triumvir Marcus Crassus, an ambitious young officer who has already distinguished himself the previous year against the Veneti on land. Caesar gives him普布利乌斯·克拉苏约 28 岁，是三巨头马尔库斯·克拉苏的长子，一位雄心勃勃的年轻军官，前一年已在陆战中对维内蒂人崭露头角。凯撒给他 12 cohorts and a large cavalry force — about a legion in strength — plus auxiliaries levied from the Province (Tolosa, Carcasso, Narbo). Crassus is keenly aware of the risks: a few years before, a Roman lieutenant和一支庞大的骑兵 —— 约一个军团的兵力 —— 外加从行省（托洛萨、卡尔卡索、纳尔波）征召的辅助部队。克拉苏对风险心知肚明：几年前，一位罗马副将 Lucius Valerius Praeconinus had been killed and his army routed in this exact region; the proconsul曾正是在这一带阵亡、其军队溃败；同执政官衔的 Lucius Manlius had been forced to flee with his baggage lost. Aquitania is not friendly ground.被迫弃辎重逃走。阿基坦尼亚不是友好的地方。

Crassus enters the territory of the克拉苏进入 Sotiātēs, the largest Aquitanian people, on the upper Garonne. The Sotiates respond by gathering their forces and laying an ambush: they will engage the Roman column with cavalry, then — when the Romans pursue the cavalry retreat — reveal a hidden infantry force in a hollow valley (—— 阿基坦尼亚最大的部族，位于加龙河上游 —— 的领地。索蒂阿特斯人的回应是集结兵力、设下埋伏：他们将用骑兵袭击罗马纵队，然后 —— 当罗马人追击撤退的骑兵时 —— 亮出藏在一道凹谷（convallis). This is the moment Hour 9 narrates: the cavalry engagement that opens the campaign, the Sotiates' double-line tactic, and the disjointed first day of fighting in which Crassus's young legion must prove what an inexperienced commander with no Caesar at his elbow can do.）里的步兵。第 9 课叙述的正是这一刻：开启战役的骑兵交战、索蒂阿特斯人的双线战术，以及断断续续的第一天战斗 —— 克拉苏年轻的军团必须证明，一位身边没有凯撒的没经验统帅能做到什么。

Hour 9: Crassus's Aquitanian Campaign — Source: DBG 3.20–21第 9 课：克拉苏的阿基坦尼亚战役 —— 出处：DBG 3.20–21

Around the same time, when Publius Crassus had arrived in Aquitania — which, by the extent of its regions and the population of its people, makes up a third part of Gaul — and when he understood that war would have to be waged by him in those places, where a few years before the legate Lucius Valerius Praeconinus had been killed, his army routed, and from which rout the proconsul Lucius Manlius had fled, his baggage lost, he realized that no ordinary diligence would have to be applied by him. And so, with the grain supply secured, auxiliaries and cavalry assembled, and many brave men summoned by name from Tolosa, Carcasso, and Narbo (cities of the Roman Province that lie near these regions), he led his army into the territory of the Sotiates. His arrival having become known, the Sotiates, after gathering large forces — and cavalry, in which they were strongest — attacked our column on the march and first joined a cavalry engagement, then, their cavalry having been routed and our men in pursuit, they suddenly showed their infantry forces, which they had placed in a valley as an ambush. These men (the Sotiates), having attacked our scattered men, renewed the battle. The fighting was long and fierce, since the Sotiates, relying on earlier victories, believed that the safety of all Aquitania rested in their own valor, while our men, on the other side, were eager to have it seen what they could achieve without their commander-in-chief and the rest of the legions, under a youthful general. Finally, exhausted by wounds, the enemy turned their backs.

Connection to Wheelock与 Wheelock 教材的衔接

This hour pairs with本课配合 Wheelock Chapter 9 — DemonstrativesWheelock 第 9 章 —— 指示词: the three demonstrative pronouns/adjectives：三个指示代词／形容词 hic, haec, hoc ("this"),（“这”）、 ille, illa, illud ("that"), and（“那”）和 iste, ista, istud ("that of yours / that there"). All three follow a similar pattern: irregular nominative singular, then largely first-and-second-declension endings with a distinctive consonant insertion in some forms. The chapter also covers — by family resemblance — the unstressed third-person pronoun / weak demonstrative（“你那个／那边那个”）。三者都遵循相似的模式：主格单数不规则，其余多用第一、第二变格词尾，某些形式里插入一个独特的辅音。本章还顺带（因家族相似）讲到非重读的第三人称代词／弱指示词 is, ea, id ("he/she/it; this/that, the aforementioned"), already in service since Hour 1.（“他／她／它；这／那、前述者”），它从第 1 课起就一直在用。

Today's Task找出段落中所有动词，并作为本章重点，找出所有

Identify all the verbs in the passage AND, as the chapter focus, all the（ demonstratives (any form of的任何形式 hic, ille, iste, is). The 3rd-decl. ★ from Hour 7 continues.）。来自第 7 课的第三变格 ★ 继续标注。

Grammar Target — Demonstratives (语法目标 —— 指示词（hic, ille, iste)

What demonstratives do指示词的作用

Demonstratives point. They can stand alone (as pronouns: "this man" / "that thing") or modify nouns (as adjectives: "this town" / "that fleet"). Latin has three deictic axes:。它们既可独立使用（作代词：“这个人”／“那个东西”），也可修饰名词（作形容词：“这座城”／“那支舰队”）。拉丁语有三条指示轴：

• hic, haec, hoc — "this" (near the speaker). Compare French—— “这”（靠近说话者）。比较法语 ce…ci, English "、英语“this here."（this）在此处”。
• ille, illa, illud — "that" (away from both speakers, often referring back to a remote subject). Romance descendants give French—— “那”（远离双方，常回指一个较远的主体）。其罗曼语后裔给出法语 il, Spanish、西班牙语 él, Italian egli、意大利语.
• iste, ista, istud — "that of yours / that [near you]" (near the addressee). Often takes on a—— “你那个／你身边那个”（靠近受话者）。在西塞罗笔下常带 pejorative贬义 nuance in Cicero ("色彩（“that wretched fellow of yours").可怜的家伙”）。

For continuity: the unstressed demonstrative/pronoun为保持连贯：非重读的指示词／代词 is, ea, id ("he/she/it; this/that, the aforementioned") has been used throughout Hours 1–8 and is also tested today.（“他／她／它；这／那、前述者”）在第 1–8 课通篇使用，今天也一并考查。

Paradigm — hic, haec, hoc ("this")

Paradigm — ille, illa, illud ("that") — same endings as iste, ista, istud

Three warning signs to memorize三个需要记住的警示点

1. Genitive sg. ends in单数属格以 -īus, dative sg. ends in结尾，单数与格以…结尾 -ī, for ALL THREE genders.，三个性都如此。 This is the same pattern as这与 ūnus, sōlus, tōtus — the "UNUS NAUTA" mnemonic of Wheelock Ch. 9. Memorize:相同 —— 即 Wheelock 第 9 章的“UNUS NAUTA”口诀。请记住： huius / huic; illīus / illī; istīus / istī; eius / eī.
2. Neuter sg. for…的中性单数 ille and iste ends in -ud, not，而不是 -um: illud, istud (NOT（不是 illum, istum — those are masc. accusatives!).—— 那些是阳性宾格！）。
3. Hic has its own surprise有自己的意外的地方: hic / haec / hoc in the singular nom., then hī / hae / haec in the plural nom. — the same form haec serves as fem.sg.nom. AND neut.pl.nom./acc. Context disambiguates.既作阴性单数主格，又作中性复数主格／宾格。靠上下文区分。

Notes for translation翻译要点

• When a demonstrative appears当指示词 alone, treat it as a pronoun:时，把它当代词： haec dīxit = "she said these things" (haec = N./Ac.p.n.).= “她说了这些事”（haec = 中性复数主格／宾格）。
• When followed by a matching noun, treat as adjective:当后接一个相配的名词时，当形容词： hīs regiōnibus = "in these regions."= “在这些地区”。
• Hī nostrōs disiectōs adortī (s. 9): "these men (= the Sotiates) having attacked（= 索蒂阿特斯人）袭击了 our men scattered" — nostrōs disiectōs is a noun-adj phrase used substantively;是一个作名词用的名词—形容词短语； Hī stands alone as a pronoun.则作代词独立存在。

Codebook rules carried, no new color activation沿用的编码规则，本课无新颜色启用

Demonstratives are not given a distinct codebook color this hour (rule #3, "yellow connective," will eventually attach to certain demonstrative uses — Hour 17). The Battle Task adds a本课不给指示词专设编码颜色（规则 #3“黄色连接词”最终会附到某些指示词用法上 —— 第 17 课）。战斗任务增加了一个 secondary toggle — "demonstrative only" — so students can isolate the chapter's grammar focus.——“仅指示词”—— 好让学生单独隔出本章的语法重点。

Vocabulary

(see HTML for the full table. Demonstratives flagged（完整表格见 HTML。指示词已标注 DEM, 3rd-conj. verbs 3RD CONJ, 3rd-decl. nouns 3RD DECL, 3rd-decl. adjectives 3RD ADJ. Core new headwords this hour:)

• īdem, eadem, idem dem. pron./adj. [DEM] — the same指示代词／形容词［指示］—— 同一个
• ferē adv. — almost, nearly副词 —— 几乎，将近
• tempus, temporis n. [3RD DECL] — time, occasion中性［第三变格］—— 时间，时机
• Pūblius Crassus m. — Publius Crassus (elder son of the triumvir)阳性 —— 普布利乌斯·克拉苏（三巨头的长子）
• Aquītānia, -ae f. — Aquitania (SW Gaul)阴性 —— 阿基坦尼亚（高卢西南部）
• perveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventum — to arrive—— 抵达
• regiō, regiōnis f. [3RD DECL] — region阴性［第三变格］—— 地区
• lātitūdō, -inis f. [3RD DECL] — width, extent阴性［第三变格］—— 宽度，幅员
• multitūdō, -inis f. [3RD DECL] — multitude阴性［第三变格］—— 大量
• homō, hominis m./f. [3RD DECL] — person阳／阴性［第三变格］—— 人
• tertius, -a, -um — third—— 第三
• obtineō, -ēre, -uī, -tentum — to occupy, make up—— 占据，构成
• intellegō, -ere, -lēxī, -lēctum [3RD CONJ] — to understand［第三变位］—— 理解
• gerō, -ere, gessī, gestum [3RD CONJ] — to wage, carry on［第三变位］—— 进行，开展
• gerendum, -ī n. (gerundive) — must be waged中性（动形词）—— 必须进行
• paucī, -ae, -a — few—— 少数
• ante prep. + acc. / adv. — before介词 + 宾格／副词 —— 以前
• annus, -ī m. — year阳性 —— 年
• lēgātus, -ī m. — legate, lieutenant阳性 —— 副将，使节
• exercitus, -ūs m. — army阳性 —— 军队
• pellō, -ere, pepulī, pulsum [3RD CONJ] — to drive, rout［第三变位］—— 驱逐，击溃
• interficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum [3RD CONJ, 3rd-iō] — to kill［第三变位，第三 -iō］—— 杀死
• fuga, -ae f. — flight, rout阴性 —— 逃跑，溃败
• prōcōnsul, -is m. [3RD DECL] — proconsul阳性［第三变格］—— 同执政官衔总督
• impedīmenta, -ōrum n. pl. — baggage, baggage-train中性复数 —— 辎重，辎重队
• āmittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum [3RD CONJ] — to lose, send away［第三变位］—— 失去，遣走
• profugiō, -ere, -fūgī [3RD CONJ, 3rd-iō] — to flee away［第三变位，第三 -iō］—— 逃离
• mediocris, -e [3RD ADJ] — ordinary, middling［第三变格形容词］—— 普通，中等
• dīligentia, -ae f. — diligence, care阴性 —— 勤勉，用心
• adhibeō, -ēre, -uī, -itum — to apply, employ—— 施加，运用
• rēs frūmentāria f. phrase — grain supply阴性短语 —— 粮食供应
• prōvideō, -ēre, -vīdī, -vīsum — to provide for—— 筹办，预备
• auxilium, -ī n. — help; (pl.) auxiliary troops中性 —— 帮助；（复数）辅助部队
• equitātus, -ūs m. — cavalry阳性 —— 骑兵
• comparō, -āre — to prepare, assemble—— 准备，集结
• praeter prep. + acc. — besides, in addition to介词 + 宾格 —— 除…以外，另加
• vir, virī m. — man阳性 —— 男人
• fortis, -e [3RD ADJ] — strong, brave［第三变格形容词］—— 强壮，勇敢
• Tolōsa, -ae f. — Tolosa (modern Toulouse)阴性 —— 托洛萨（今图卢此）
• Carcassō, -ōnis m. — Carcasso (modern Carcassonne)阳性 —— 卡尔卡索（今卡尔卡松）
• Narbō, -ōnis m. — Narbo (modern Narbonne)阳性 —— 纳尔波（今纳博讷）
• cīvitās, -ātis f. [3RD DECL] — state, community阴性［第三变格］—— 国家，共同体
• prōvincia, -ae f. — province阴性 —— 行省
• fīnitimus, -a, -um — neighboring—— 邻近的
• nōminātim adv. — by name副词 —— 点名地
• ēvocō, -āre — to summon—— 召集
• Sotiātēs, -ium m. pl. [3RD DECL, i-stem] — the Sotiates阳性复数［第三变格，i 干］—— 索蒂阿特斯人
• fīnēs, -ium m. pl. [3RD DECL, i-stem] — territory阳性复数［第三变格，i 干］—— 领地
• introdūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductum [3RD CONJ] — to lead in［第三变位］—— 引入
• adventus, -ūs m. — arrival阳性 —— 到来
• cognōscō, -ere, -nōvī, -nitum [3RD CONJ] — to learn, know［第三变位］—— 得知，知晓
• cōpiae, -ārum f. pl. — forces阴性复数 —— 兵力
• cōgō, -ere, coēgī, coāctum [3RD CONJ] — to drive together, force［第三变位］—— 集结，迫使
• valeō, -ēre, -uī — to be strong, prevail—— 强大，占优
• iter, itineris n. [3RD DECL] — journey, march中性［第三变格］—— 旅程，行军
• agmen, agminis n. [3RD DECL] — column (of troops)中性［第三变格］—— （部队的）行军纵队
• adorior, -orīrī, -ortus sum — to attack (deponent)—— 进攻（异相）
• equester, -tris, -tre [3RD ADJ] — equestrian, cavalry-related［第三变格形容词］—— 骑兵的
• proelium, -ī n. — battle中性 —— 战斗
• committō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum [3RD CONJ] — to join (battle)［第三变位］—— 开始（交战）
• deinde adv. — then, next副词 —— 然后，接着
• īnsequor, -sequī, -secūtus sum — to pursue (deponent)—— 追击（异相）
• subitō adv. — suddenly副词 —— 突然
• pedester, -tris, -tre [3RD ADJ] — on foot, infantry［第三变格形容词］—— 步行的，步兵的
• convallis, -is f. [3RD DECL, i-stem] — hollow valley阴性［第三变格，i 干］—— 凹谷
• īnsidiae, -ārum f. pl. — ambush阴性复数 —— 埋伏
• collocō, -āre — to place, station—— 安置，部署
• ostendō, -ere, -tendī, -tentum [3RD CONJ] — to show, reveal［第三变位］—— 显示，亮出
• disiciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum [3RD CONJ, 3rd-iō] — to scatter［第三变位，第三 -iō］—— 冲散
• renovō, -āre — to renew—— 重新发起
• pugnō, -āre — to fight—— 战斗
• diū adv. — for a long time副词 —— 长时间地
• ācriter adv. — fiercely副词 —— 猛烈地
• superior, -ius — earlier, higher (comp., Ch. 27)—— 较早的，较高的（比较级，第 27 章）
• victōria, -ae f. — victory阴性 —— 胜利
• frētus, -a, -um (+ abl.) — relying on（+ 夺格）—— 依仗
• virtūs, -ūtis f. [3RD DECL] — courage, virtue阴性［第三变格］—— 勇气，德性
• salūs, salūtis f. [3RD DECL] — safety阴性［第三变格］—— 安危
• pōnō, -ere, posuī, positum [3RD CONJ] — to place［第三变位］—— 放置
• putō, -āre — to think, suppose—— 认为，以为
• imperātor, -ōris m. [3RD DECL] — commander-in-chief阳性［第三变格］—— 总司令
• adulēscentulus, -ī m. — youth (dim. of阳性 —— 年轻人（…的指小词 adulēscēns)
• dux, ducis m. [3RD DECL] — leader阳性［第三变格］—— 首领
• efficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum [3RD CONJ, 3rd-iō] — to accomplish［第三变位，第三 -iō］—— 完成，做到
• perspiciō, -ere, -spexī, -spectum [3RD CONJ, 3rd-iō] — to see clearly［第三变位，第三 -iō］—— 看清
• cupiō, -ere, -īvī, -ītum [3RD CONJ, 3rd-iō] — to desire［第三变位，第三 -iō］—— 渴望
• tandem adv. — finally副词 —— 终于
• cōnficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum [3RD CONJ, 3rd-iō] — to exhaust, complete［第三变位，第三 -iō］—— 使精疲力竭，完成
• vulnus, -eris n. [3RD DECL] — wound中性［第三变格］—— 创伤
• tergum, -ī n. — back, rear中性 —— 背，后方
• vertō, -ere, vertī, versum [3RD CONJ] — to turn［第三变位］—— 转，掉转

Tagging rules in effect this Hour本课生效的标注规则

Carried from Hours 1–8.沿用第 1–8 课的规则。 No new color firing this hour本课无新颜色启用, but the Battle Task adds a secondary toggle isolating，但战斗任务增加了一个第二开关，单独隔出 demonstratives — the chapter's morphological focus. (Rule #3, "yellow connective relative," will eventually attach to certain demonstrative uses — Hour 17.)—— 本章的形态重点。（规则 #3“黄色连接关系词”最终会附到某些指示词用法上 —— 第 17 课。）

Battle Task — Identify all verbs and all demonstratives战斗任务 —— 找出所有动词和所有指示词

Hour 9 Passage on the Sotiates' Ambush第 9 课关于索蒂阿特斯人伏击的段落

(3rd-decl. nouns marked ★; finite verbs in（第三变格名词标 ★；限定动词用 bold; infinitives in bold-italic不定式用粗斜体; ablative absolutes in [...]; demonstratives in bold-italic-underline.)用粗斜体加下划线。）

1. Eōdem ferē tempore Pūblius Crassus, cum in Aquītāniam pervēnisset, quae pars regiōnum latitūdine et multitūdine ★Abl.s. hominum ★G.p. tertiam partem ★Ac.s. Galliae obtinet,
2. cum intellegeret in iīs locīs sibi bellum gerendum,
3. ubi paucīs ante annīs L. Valerius Praeconīnus lēgātus [exercitū pulsō] interfectus esset atque ex quā fugā L. Mānlius prōcōnsul [impedīmentīs āmissīs] profūgisset,
4. nōn mediocrem sibi dīligentiam ★Ac.s. adhibendam intellegēbat.
5. Itaque, [rē frūmentāriā prōvīsā], [auxiliīs equitātūque comparātō], multīs praetereā virīs fortibus Tolōsā et Carcassōne et Narbōne, quae sunt cīvitātēs Galliae prōvinciae fīnitimae hīs regiōnibus, nōminātim [ēvocātīs],
6. in Sotiātium fīnēs ★Ac.p. exercitum intrōdūxit.
7. Cūius ★G.s. adventū cognitō Sotiātēs magnīs cōpiīs [coāctīs] equitātūque, quō plūrimum valēbant, in itinere agmen nostrum [adortī], prīmum equestre proelium ★Ac.s. commīsērunt,
8. deinde equitātū suō [pulsō] atque īnsequentibus nostrīs subitō pedestrēs cōpiās, quās in convalle in īnsidiīs collocāverant, ostendērunt.
9. Hī nostrōs disiectōs [adortī] proelium ★Ac.s. renovārunt.
10. Pugnātum est diū atque ācriter, cum Sotiātēs superiōribus victōriīs frētī in suā virtūte tōtīus Aquītāniae ★G.s. salūtem ★Ac.s. positam putārent,
11. nostrī autem, quid sine imperātōre et sine reliquīs legiōnibus adulēscentulō duce efficere possent perspicī cuperent. Tandem cōnfectī vulneribus hostēs ★N.p. terga vertērunt.

Answer Key — 3 Demonstratives in This Passage答案 —— 本段中的 3 个指示词

Answer Key — Verbs by Tense and Mood答案 —— 按时态和语气排列的动词

A note on the Sotiates' double-line ambush关于索蒂阿特斯人双线伏击的说明

Caesar's prose here imitates the very structure of the ambush. Sentences 7–9 are paratactically chained:凯撒在这里的文笔模仿了伏击本身的结构。第 7–9 句以并列方式串接：

(7) the cavalry engagement opens,骑兵交战开始， (8) the cavalry feigns retreat and the hidden infantry is revealed,骑兵佯退，藏起来的步兵亮出， (9) "Hī" — these men — attack our scattered men and renew the fight.”—— 这些人 —— 袭击我方被冲散的士兵，重新发起战斗。

The single demonstrative句首位置的那个单一指示词 Hī at sentence-initial position is doing real grammatical work: it gathers the previously mentioned infantry (正在做实在的语法工作：它把先前提到的步兵（pedestrēs cōpiās in s. 8) and makes them the immediate subject of the new action.在第 8 句）聚拢起来，使他们成为新动作的直接主语。 This is exactly the deictic-anaphoric function Wheelock Ch. 9 is teaching.这正是 Wheelock 第 9 章在讲的指示—回指功能。

Screening

Proposed clip:建议片段： The Last Legion (2007) — for a sense of a Roman force operating without its commander-in-chief; the young Aurelius is a Hollywood echo of how Caesar might have wanted Crassus to be remembered. Alternative: HBO's（2007）—— 用来体会一支罗马部队在没有总司令时的运作；年轻的奥勒利乌斯是好莱坞对凯撒或许希望克拉苏被铭记的样子的一种回声。另一选择：HBO 的 Rome Season 1, Episode 2 ("How Titus Pullo Brought Down the Republic") for the texture of a Roman cavalry-infantry mixed engagement. Drone or aerial footage of the upper Garonne valley (Aquitaine, near modern Sos / Eauze) for the topography that made the Sotiates' valley-ambush possible.第一季第二集（《提图斯·普洛如何搞垮共和国》），呈现罗马骑兵—步兵混合交战的质感。还有加龙河上游谷地（今阿基坦，靠近索斯／厄奥此）的无人机或航拍镜头，展现使索蒂阿特斯人的谷地伏击成为可能的地形。 Subject to instructor confirmation.有待教师确认。

🗡 Field hour野战课时 (cavalry-and-infantry combat). Top scorer earns the（骑兵与步兵作战）。最高分者获得 Corona Aurea (the gold crown awarded to a soldier of valor in field battle). Bonus 6 XP this hour.（在野战中授予勇武士兵的金冠）。本课奖励 6 点 XP。

Discussion讨论

1. Caesar opens with a narrative parenthesis凯撒以一段叙事插语开篇: "Aquitania makes up a third part of Gaul." Why insert this geographic gloss at the moment the story begins? Is it for the Roman reader who has forgotten the opening of Book 1? For Crassus's own due diligence? For the rhetorical scale-setting of what his young commander is about to undertake?：“阿基坦尼亚构成高卢的三分的其中一项。”为什么在因此事开始的际插入这条地理注释？是为忘了第一卷开头的罗马读者？为克拉苏自己的尽职准备？还是为他年轻的统帅即将承担的事作修辞性的规模设定？

2. Crassus's first move is extensive preparation克拉苏的第一步是大量准备 (rē frūmentāriā prōvīsā… auxiliīs equitātūque comparātō… virīs fortibus nōminātim ēvocātīs). Compare this with Caesar's own approach to a new theater of war — does Crassus over-prepare? Is there a hint that his caution reflects his）。请与凯撒本人开辟新战场的做法相比较 —— 克拉苏是否准备过度？是否有迹象表明他的谨慎反映出他的 youth, or his，或他对 memory of Praeconinus and Manlius普莱科尼努斯和曼利乌斯的记忆?

3. Sentence 11 contains one of the most psychologically rich sentences in the Aquitanian narrative第 11 句含有阿基坦尼亚叙事中心理最丰富的一句: "our men, on the other side, were eager to have it seen what they could achieve：“我方士兵则另一方面急于让人看到他们能做到什么 without the imperator and without the rest of the legions, under a youthful general—— 在没有总司令、没有其余军团、由一位年轻将领统率的情况下." This is Caesar voicing his soldiers' competitive ambition to outshine the absent leader.。”这是凯撒在为士兵们一较高下、要盖过缺席统帅的好胜心发声。 Whose rhetorical purpose does this serve — Caesar's, Crassus's, or the soldiers'?这服务于谁的修辞目的 —— 凯撒的、克拉苏的，还是士兵的？

Intermission间歇

Break before休息，随后进入 Hour 10第 10 课 (Massacre of the Usipetes and Tencteri — Wheelock Ch. 10, 3rd-Conjugation i-stem; Caesar's controversial decision against the German invaders crossing the Rhine).（乌西佩特斯人与滕克特里人的屠杀 —— Wheelock 第 10 章，第三变位 i 干；凯撒对渡过莱茵河的日耳曼入侵者所作的有争议决定）。

Sources

• Latin text: De Bello Gallico 3.20–21, from PerseusDL canonical-latinLit corpus (phi0448), with macrons restored from Perseus.3.20–21，取自 PerseusDL canonical-latinLit 语料库（phi0448），长音符据 Perseus 恢复。
• English translation英文翻译: McDevitte & Bohn (1869), adapted.：McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），有改编。
• Grammar: Wheelock 6th edn. revised (LaFleur 2005), Ch. 9.：Wheelock 第 6 版修订本（LaFleur 2005）第 9 章。
• Course design课程设计: 0 Caesar's Latin Course Structure and Task 1-2 .docx (details only Hours 1–2; Hour 9 chunking, vocabulary, and questions constructed in the same paradigm).（只详述第 1–2 课；第 9 课的切分、词汇和问题按同一范式构建）。
• Publius Crassus and his Aquitanian campaign普布利乌斯·克拉苏及其阿基坦尼亚战役: F. Münzer, Römische Adelsparteien und Adelsfamilien (1920, reprinted), the prosopography of the Crassi; A. M. Ward,（1920，重印），克拉苏家族的人物谱系；A. M. Ward， Marcus Crassus and the Late Roman Republic (1977) for the family context; T. Holmes,（1977）论家族背景；T. Holmes， Caesar's Conquest of Gaul (2nd edn. 1911), the chapter on Book 3.（第 2 版 1911），论第三卷的一章。
• Aquitania — geographical and ethnographic context阿基坦尼亚 —— 地理与民族志背景: P. Galliou, Les Aquitains: l'Aquitaine antique (1996, rev. 2007); R. Étienne,（1996，2007 年修订）；R. Étienne， Bordeaux antique (1962) for the Province context.（1962）论行省背景。
• Praeconinus and Manlius — earlier Roman defeats in Aquitania普莱科尼努斯与曼利乌斯 —— 早先罗马在阿基坦尼亚的败仗: F. Münzer (cited); E. Badian,（前引）；E. Badian， Foreign Clientelae (1958), for the politics of pre-Caesarian Aquitanian operations.（1958），论前凯撒时代阿基坦尼亚军事行动的政治。
• The Sotiates and their oppida索蒂阿特斯人及其城邦: the tribal site is debated; A. Coupry,：其部族遗址尚有争议；A. Coupry， Recherches sur les Sotiates (1948) and more recently the archaeological survey of the（1948），以及更近的对 Lot-et-Garonne department.省的考古调查。
• Wheelock Ch. 9 — demonstratives in pedagogical literatureWheelock 第 9 章 —— 教学文献中的指示词: F. Sommer, Handbuch der lateinischen Laut- und Formenlehre, 2nd–3rd edn., §§ on the deictic and anaphoric systems; A. M. Devine & L. D. Stephens,，第 2–3 版，关于指示与回指系统的节；A. M. Devine 与 L. D. Stephens， Latin Word Order: Structured Meaning and Information (2006), §§ on the discourse function of demonstratives.（2006），关于指示词话语功能的节。
• Cavalry-feigned-retreat tactics in ancient warfare古代战争中的骑兵佯退战术: P. Sabin, Lost Battles (2007); R. Gaebel,（2007）；R. Gaebel， Cavalry Operations in the Ancient Greek World (2002), with the comparative pattern (Persians, Numidians, Parthians) of the feigned-retreat-then-ambush.（2002），含佯退后伏击的比较模式（波斯人、努米底亚人、帕提亚人）。
• The "absent commander" rhetorical move in Roman military narrative罗马军事叙事中“缺席统帅”的修辞手法: K. Welch & A. Powell (eds.), Julius Caesar as Artful Reporter: The War Commentaries as Political Instruments (1998), the chapter on legate-narratives; A. M. Riggsby,（1998），论副将叙事的一章；A. M. Riggsby， Caesar in Gaul and Rome: War in Words (2006), §§ on how Caesar voices the ambition of officers serving in his absence.（2006），关于凯撒如何为在他缺席时任职的军官的抱负发声的节。