Happy Latin: Caesar’s Battles快乐拉丁语：凯撒的战役Hour 22 · Ethnography of the Germani · DBG 6.21–23第 22 课 · 日耳曼人的民族志 · DBG 6.21–23

Hour 22 — Ethnography of the Germani · DBG 6.21–23第 22 课 —— 日耳曼人的民族志 · DBG 6.21–23

Note on sources.关于来源的说明。 The source course-design document specifies Hour 22 = Ethnography of the Germanic people = Wheelock Ch. 21. Latin from PerseusDL canonical-latinLit (Holmes 1914), lightly smoothed; English from McDevitte & Bohn (1869), adapted; grammar from Wheelock 6th edn. revised (LaFleur 2005), Ch. 21.课程设计文档把第 22 课定为日耳曼民族的民族志 = Wheelock 第 21 章。拉丁文取自 PerseusDL canonical-latinLit（Holmes 1914），略作平顺处理；英译取自 McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），有改编；语法取自 Wheelock 第 6 版修订本（LaFleur 2005）第 21 章。

Briefing

The Germani — Caesar's mirror-image of the Gauls日耳曼人 —— 凯撒为高卢人所设的镜像

Hour 21 read Caesar's portrait of Gallic society — Druids, Knights, and a near-slave plebs. Hour 22 reads its第 21 课读的是凯撒笔下的高卢社会 —— 德鲁伊、骑士，以及近乎奴隶的平民。第 22 课读的则是它的 structural mirror结构性镜像: Caesar's portrait of the Germanic peoples (：凯撒对日耳曼诸民族的描绘（DBG 6.21–28). The two excursus are deliberately paired. Almost every feature Caesar attributes to the Gauls has its inverse in the Germans. The Gauls have Druids;6.21–28）。这两段离题叙述是有意成对写就的。凯撒赋予高卢人的几乎每一项特征，在日耳曼人身上都有其反面。高卢人有德鲁伊； the Germans have no Druids and no public sacrifices日耳曼人没有德鲁伊，也没有公共献祭. The Gauls have a settled territorial elite;。高卢人有定居的领地精英阶层； the Germans rotate land each year日耳曼人每年轮换土地. The Gauls have a structured judicial system;。高卢人有一套结构化的司法制度； the Germans have no magistrates of peacetime日耳曼人没有和平时期的官员. The Gauls value learning;。高卢人重视学问； the Germans value endurance, hunger, cold, and warlike physical training日耳曼人崇尚坚忍、忍饥、耐寒和尚武的身体训练.

This is a Roman fantasy. Caesar's ethnographic eye is selective; the Germans serve as a foil. The passage is dense with这是一种罗马式的想象。凯撒的民族志视角是有选择的；日耳曼人充当的是一面陪衬。这段文字密布着 passive forms in the present system现在时系统中的被动形式 — Caesar's grammar enacts a society described from the outside, where things happen but agents are not always named.—— 凯撒的语法本身就在演绎一个从外部加以描述的社会：事情在发生，但施动者并不总是被点名。

Hour 22: Ethnography of the Germani — Source: DBG 6.21–23第 22 课：日耳曼人的民族志 —— 出处：DBG 6.21–23

The Germans differ much from the custom of the Gauls. For they neither have Druids to preside over religious matters, nor are they devoted to sacrifices. They consider as gods only those whom they see and by whose powers they are openly aided: the Sun, Vulcan, and the Moon; the rest they have not even heard of by report. Their whole life consists in hunting and in pursuits of military matters: from their earliest youth they are devoted to toil and hardship. It is not permitted that anyone hold a fixed measure of land; but the magistrates and chiefs each year assign, to the clans and kindreds of the people, as much land and in whatever place as seems good. They give these reasons for this practice: lest, captivated by continuous study of agriculture, they desert the study of war; lest they should aim to acquire broad fields, and the more powerful drive out the more humble from their possessions; lest they build with too much care against the cold and the heat; lest a craving for money arise, from which factions and dissensions are born; in order that they may restrain the common people with calmness of spirit, when each man sees his own resources made equal with those of the most powerful. It is the greatest glory to states to have, as widely as possible around themselves, expanses of devastated borders, deserted. They think this characteristic of valor: that their neighbors, driven from their lands, withdraw, and that no one dares to settle near them. When a state either defends against a brought-on war or wages it, magistrates are chosen to preside over that war and to have the power of life and death. In peace there is no common magistrate, but the chiefs of regions and districts administer justice among their own and lessen disputes. Robberies have no infamy when they happen beyond the borders of one's own state, and they declare that these happen for the sake of training the youth and reducing idleness.

Connection to Wheelock与 Wheelock 教材的衔接

This hour pairs with本课配合 Wheelock Chapter 21 — Third and Fourth Conjugations: Passive Voice of the Present System; Ablative of Agent (continued)Wheelock 第 21 章 —— 第三、第四变位：现在时系统的被动语态；施动者夺格（续）. Hour 18 introduced the passive of 1st and 2nd conjugations. This hour extends the passive to 3rd, 3rd-iō, and 4th:。第 18 课介绍了第一、第二变位的被动；本课把被动扩展到第三、第三 -iō 和第四变位：

• 3rd conjugation第三变位: regō → regor, regī "to be ruled"“被统治”
• 3rd-iō conjugation第三 -iō 变位: capiō → capior, capī "to be captured"“被俘获”
• 4th conjugation第四变位: audiō → audior, audīrī "to be heard"“被听见”

Today's Task今日任务

Identify all the verbs所有动词 (finite + infinitives) AND（限定形式 + 不定式）以及 all 3rd/3rd-iō/4th-conjugation passive forms所有第三、第三 -iō、第四变位的被动形式 in the present system.（均在现在时系统中）。

Grammar Target — 3rd / 4th-Conjugation Passive (Present System)语法目标 —— 第三 / 第四变位被动（现在时系统）

regō, regere (3rd) — present passive（第三变位）—— 现在时被动

Present passive infinitive: regī (just -ī).（只是 -ī）。

capiō, capere (3rd-iō) — present passive（第三 -iō 变位）—— 现在时被动

Present passive infinitive: capī.

audiō, audīre (4th) — present passive（第四变位）—— 现在时被动

Present passive infinitive: audīrī (-īrī).

Passive infinitive across all four conjugations四种变位的被动不定式

Three warning signs三个警示点

1. 2 sg. pres. pass. of 3rd / 3rd-iō uses -eris第三 / 第三 -iō 变位的现在时被动第二人称单数用 -eris (short e — not -ēris). Future is -ēris (long ē). Macrons disambiguate.（短 e —— 不是 -ēris）。将来时是 -ēris（长 ē）。长音符可用来区分。
2. 3rd-conj. passive infinitive is just -ī第三变位的被动不定式就只是 -ī: regī, capī, dūcī, mittī.
3. Impersonal passives无人称被动: pugnātur "there is fighting";“有人在战斗”； vincī potest "it is possible to be conquered."“可以被征服。”

Vocabulary

(129 entries — see HTML for full badge-tagged table.（129 条 —— 完整的带标签表格见 HTML。 New badge:新标签： 3/4-PASS marks 3rd/3rd-iō/4th-conjugation passive forms.)

Tagging rules in effect this Hour本课生效的标注规则

Carried from previous hours.沿用前几课的规则。 New focus this hour:本课新增重点： the Battle Task's second toggle isolates战斗任务的第二个开关单独标出 3rd/4th-conjugation passive forms第三、第四变位的被动形式.

Battle Task — Identify all verbs, and the 3rd/4th-conj. passive forms战斗任务 —— 找出所有动词，以及第三、第四变位的被动形式

Hour 22 Passage on the Ethnography of the Germani第 22 课关于日耳曼人民族志的段落

(3rd/4th-conj. passive targets in（第三、第四变位的被动目标用 bold粗体, other verb targets in，其他动词目标用 italics斜体.)

1. Germānī multum ab Gallōrum cōnsuētūdine differunt. Nam neque druidēs habent quī rēbus dīvīnīs praesint, neque sacrificiīs studēnt.
2. Deōrum numerō eōs sōlōs dūcunt, quōs cernunt et quōrum opibus aperte iuvantur: Sōlem et Vulcānum et Lūnam; reliquōs nē fāmā quidem accēpērunt.
3. Vīta omnis in vēnātiōnibus atque studiīs reī mīlitāris cōnsistit: ab parvulīs labōrī ac duritiae student.
4. Agrī modum nēminem certum habēre licet, sed magistrātūs ac prīncipēs in annōs singulōs gentibus cōgnātiōnibusque hominum quantum et quō locō vīsum est agrī, attribuunt.
5. Eius reī causās hās afferunt: nē, agrīcultūrae assiduā studiō capiantur, bellōrum studium dēserant;
6. nē studeant lātos fīnēs parāre potentiōrēsque humiliōrēs possessiōnibus expellantur; nē accūrātius ad frīgora atque aestūs vītandōs aedificent;
7. nē pecūniae cupiditās oriātur, ex quā factiōnēs et dissensiōnēs nāscuntur; ut animī aequitāte plēbem contineant, cum suās quisque opēs cum potentissimīs aequārī videat.
8. Cīvitātibus maxima laus est quam lātissimē circum sē vāstātīs fīnibus sōlitūdinēs habēre.
9. Hoc proprium virtūtis exīstimant, expulsōs agrīs fīnitimōs cēdere, neque quemquam audēre propē sē cōnsīstere.
10. Cum bellum cīvitās aut illātum dēfendit aut īnfert, magistrātūs quī eī bellō praesint et vītae necisque habeant potestātem dēliguntur.
11. In pāce nūllus est commūnis magistrātus, sed prīncipēs regiōnum atque pagōrum inter suōs iūs dīcunt controversiāsque minuunt.
12. Latrōcinia nūllam habent īnfāmiam quae extrā fīnēs cuiusque cīvitātis fīunt, atque ea iuventūtis exercendae ac dēsidiae minuendae causā fierī praedicant.

Answer Key — 3rd/4th-Conj. Passive Targets (5)答案 —— 第三 / 第四变位被动目标（5 处）

Questions on the Narrative关于叙述的问题

1. Caesar opens by saying the Germans differ凯撒开篇说日耳曼人与高卢习俗有 multum "much" from Gallic custom. In what specific structural ways? Make a list from ss. 1–11.“很大”的不同。具体在哪些结构性方面？请据第 1–11 句列一份清单。
2. Sentence 4:第 4 句： Agrī modum nēminem certum habēre licet. Translate. What's the impersonal construction doing?。请翻译。这里的无人称结构起什么作用？
3. Sentence 5's第 5 句的 capiantur — "lest they be captured by agriculture." Translate the metaphor. What does the verb-choice tell you?—— “唯恐他们被农业俘获”。请翻译这个比喻。动词的选择告诉了你什么？
4. Sentence 8 — the famous claim about devastated borders. Reread in the light of Hour 18 (Caesar's destruction of the Eburones). What is uncomfortable about Caesar's account here?第 8 句 —— 关于被夷平的边境那句著名论断。请结合第 18 课（凯撒对厄布隆尼人的毁灭）重读。凯撒这里的叙述有什么令人不安的地方？
5. Sentence 12: Germans "declare" (第 12 句：日耳曼人“声称”（praedicant) that raiding is for training youth and reducing idleness. Is this Caesar's editorial voice, or the Germans' self-justification reported neutrally?）劫掠是为了训练青年、减少懒惰。这是凯撒本人的评判口吻，还是对日耳曼人自我辩解的中立转述？

Further Questions — Translation延伸问题 —— 翻译

Translate sentences 4, 5, and 8 into idiomatic English.把第 4、5、8 句译成地道的英文。

Screening

Proposed clip:建议片段： Netflix'sNetflix 的 Barbarians (2020). The Vikings (1958) for the stateless-warrior stereotype.（1958）呈现了无国家武士的刻板印象。 Subject to instructor confirmation.有待教师确认。

Discussion讨论

1. The Galli-Germani ethnographies form a pair.高卢人与日耳曼人的民族志构成一对。 Is one society the inverse of the other in reality, or does Caesar's rhetoric require that they be?一个社会在现实中真是另一个的反面，还是凯撒的修辞要求它们必须如此？

2. The Germans reject agriculture lest they "be captured" by it (日耳曼人拒斥农业，唯恐被它“俘获”（capiantur). In what sense?）。在什么意义上？

3. Sentence 8 — devastated borders as glory. Compare to Hour 18 (Caesar against the Eburones). What's uncomfortable here?第 8 句 —— 把被夷平的边境视为荣耀。请与第 18 课（凯撒对厄布隆尼人的战）比较。这里有什么令人不安的地方？

4. Dēliguntur, fīunt — passive voice masking agency. Is this Caesar's ethnographic distancing, or accurate reporting of an agentless society?—— 用被动语态掩盖了施动者。这是凯撒民族志式的拉开距离，还是对一个无施动者社会的如实记述？

Intermission间歇

Break before休息，随后进入 Hour 23第 23 课 (Siege of Avaricum — the great pan-Gallic uprising begins; Wheelock Ch. 22).（阿瓦里库姆围城 —— 全高卢大起义就此开始；Wheelock 第 22 章）。

Sources

• Latin text: De Bello Gallico 6.21–23, from PerseusDL canonical-latinLit corpus (phi0448), with light morphological smoothing.6.21–23，取自 PerseusDL canonical-latinLit 语料库（phi0448），略作形态平顺处理。
• English translation英文翻译: McDevitte & Bohn (1869), adapted.：McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），有改编。
• Grammar: Wheelock 6th edn. revised (LaFleur 2005), Ch. 21.：Wheelock 第 6 版修订本（LaFleur 2005）第 21 章。
• Course design课程设计: 0 Caesar's Latin Course Structure and Task 1-2 .docx.
• The Galli-Germani comparison高卢人与日耳曼人的对比: J. B. Rives, Tacitus, Germania (1999), Introduction; A. M. Riggsby, Caesar in Gaul and Rome (2006), ch. 4 on Caesar's ethnographic method.（2006），第 4 章，论凯撒的民族志方法。
• Roman views of stateless societies罗马人对无国家社会的看法: Greg Woolf, Tales of the Barbarians: Ethnography and Empire in the Roman West (2011), ch. 2.（2011），第 2 章。
• Modern archaeology vs. Caesar's portrait现代考古学与凯撒的描绘相对照: Peter S. Wells, The Barbarians Speak: How the Conquered Peoples Shaped Roman Europe (1999) — argues that the historical Germans had more sophisticated political structures than Caesar's ethnography allows.（1999）—— 主张历史上的日耳曼人拥有比凯撒民族志所允许的更为复杂的政治结构。