Happy Latin: Caesar’s Battles快乐拉丁语：凯撒的战役Hour 24 · Defeat at Gergovia · DBG 7.36–53第 24 课 · 格尔戈维亚的失利 · DBG 7.36–53

Hour 24 — Defeat at Gergovia · DBG 7.36–53第 24 课 —— 格尔戈维亚的失利 · DBG 7.36–53

Note on sources.关于来源的说明。 The source course-design document specifies Hour 24 = Gergovia (Caesar's only major defeat in课程设计文档把第 24 课定为格尔戈维亚（凯撒在 DBG) = Wheelock Ch. 23. Latin from PerseusDL canonical-latinLit (Holmes 1914), lightly smoothed; English from McDevitte & Bohn (1869), adapted; grammar from Wheelock 6th edn. revised (LaFleur 2005), Ch. 23.中唯一的重大败仗）= Wheelock 第 23 章。拉丁文取自 PerseusDL canonical-latinLit（Holmes 1914），略作平顺处理；英译取自 McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），有改编；语法取自 Wheelock 第 6 版修订本（LaFleur 2005）第 23 章。

Briefing

Caesar's only defeat — Gergovia凯撒唯一的败仗 —— 格尔戈维亚

Hour 23 ended with Vercingetorix slipping away from the smoking ruin of Avaricum. Hour 24 follows him to his next stand:第 23 课以维钦托利从阿瓦里库姆冒烟的废墟中脱身告终。第 24 课跟随他来到下一处据守地： Gergovia, the native fortress-town of the Arverni, perched on a steep volcanic plateau in modern Auvergne (about 6 km south of present-day Clermont-Ferrand). It is the only major action in，阿尔维尼人的本族要塞城镇，坐落在今奥弗涅一处陡峭的火山高地上（在今克莱蒙费朗以南约 6 公里）。这是 De Bello Gallico where Caesar acknowledges a setback. The narrative of Book 7 chapters 36–53 is unusually candid: Caesar describes his own miscalculation, his soldiers' disobedience, the death of forty-six centurions, and the loss of about seven hundred men.中唯一一场凯撒承认受挫的重大行动。第七卷第 36–53 章的叙事异常坦率：凯撒描述了自己的误判、士兵的抗命、四十六名百夫长的阵亡，以及约七百人的损失。

The strategic setting matters. After Avaricum, Caesar split his forces: he marched on Gergovia with six legions; Labienus took four north against the Senones and Parisii. Vercingetorix had learned the Avaricum lesson — do not let a fortified city sit and absorb Roman siegecraft. He chose Gergovia precisely because its terrain neutralized Roman engineering: it sits on a cliff plateau, and Caesar could not build an战略背景很重要。阿瓦里库姆以后，凯撒分兵：他率六个军团进攻格尔戈维亚；拉比埃努斯带四个军团北上对付塞农人和帕里西人。维钦托利已经吸取了阿瓦里库姆的教训 —— 不要让一座设防城市坐等罗马的攻城术消耗。他能够选格尔戈维亚，正因为那里的地形抵消了罗马的工程优势：它坐落在一块崖顶高地上，凯撒无法把 agger up to it.一直筑到城下。

Caesar's plan was elegant. He pretended to weaken his main camp, then sent three legions secretly into a valley to assault three minor Gallic outposts simultaneously. The plan worked — the outposts fell. But then the soldiers, drunk on success and confused by the appearance of friendly Aedui (whom they mistook for enemies) cresting another part of the slope, ignored the recall trumpet and tried to scale the walls of Gergovia itself.凯撒的计划很巧妙。他假装削弱主营，然后秘密派三个军团进入一处谷地，同时袭击三个次要的高卢据点。计划奏效 —— 据点被攻下。但随后士兵们因胜利而忘形，又因看到友军埃杜伊人（他们误以为是敌人）登上斜坡的另一处而困惑，他们无视收兵号，试图强攀格尔戈维亚本城的城墙。 Forty-six centurions were killed, around seven hundred legionaries lost.四十六名百夫长阵亡，约七百名军团兵损失。 Caesar broke off the engagement and withdrew his army back across the Allier river, marching to rejoin Labienus.凯撒中止交战，把军队撤回阿利埃河对岸，行军去与拉比埃努斯会合。

Hour 24: Defeat at Gergovia — Source: DBG 7.36–53第 24 课：格尔戈维亚的失利 —— 出处：DBG 7.36–53

Vercingetorix, with Avaricum lost, saw to it that Gergovia, the native town of the Arverni, should be fortified. Caesar, with the enemy plans learned, hastened to Gergovia. Gergovia, set on a high hill, was fortified by narrow and difficult approaches. Caesar set up two camps, prepared, on the lower hills. Through many days Caesar increased the siege-works that had been built up. But Vercingetorix, watching the works, kept his forces on the fortified hill. Caesar formed a new plan: with smaller camps simulated, he led part of the army, hidden, down into the valley below, having the Aedui as companions. With the signal given, the legionaries from three valleys suddenly burst forth: they overcame the first Gallic outposts that were keeping watch, and attacked three enemy camps that had to be captured. With three camps captured, our soldiers, lifted up by victory, did not hear the signal given for retreat: they decided to immediately attack the town of Gergovia itself, surrounded by walls. The Aedui meanwhile, from another part of the mountain, armed and displaying their insignia, approached the walls of Gergovia. The Roman soldiers, thinking the Aedui to be enemies, rushed forward with a great shout. The enemy, briefly thrown into confusion, soon collected themselves: from the walls they hurled rocks and weapons against the Romans climbing up. The centurion Lucius Fabius, about to be the first to scale the wall, was killed on top of the wall by the Gauls. Many cast down from the walls fell. Caesar, with the danger seen, about to send the tenth legion as relief, drew up the line on the hill. But the soldiers, obeying Caesar urging them to retreat, withdrew with great loss. About seven hundred of the soldiers were lost: forty-six centurions slain. This was one day in the whole Gallic War on which Caesar experienced adverse fortune. On the next day Caesar called his men together, and rebuking them kindly, warned: that valor must be moderated, audacity restrained, orders observed. Soon he withdrew from the town, leading Vercingetorix toward the final conflict to be summoned.

Connection to Wheelock与 Wheelock 教材的衔接

This hour pairs with本课配合 Wheelock Chapter 23 — ParticiplesWheelock 第 23 章 —— 分词. This is Year 1's biggest single grammatical chapter. Latin has。这是第一年里最大的一个语法章。拉丁语有 four participles:

• Present active (laudāns, laudantis) "praising" — 3rd-declension）“正在赞美” —— 第三变格 -nt- stem
• Perfect passive (laudātus, -a, -um) "having been praised" — 1st/2nd-declension; the 4th principal part）“已被赞美” —— 第一／第二变格；第四主要形式
• Future active (laudātūrus, -a, -um) "about to praise" — built from the 4th principal part with）“将要赞美” —— 由第四主要形式加 -ūrus
• Future passive / gerundive将来被动／动形词 (laudandus, -a, -um) "to be praised, needing to be praised"）“将被赞美，需要被赞美”

All four decline as adjectives. The perfect passive is the全都按形容词变格。完成被动即 fourth principal part — already met in Hours 18–22. The present active and future active are introduced here for the first time. The gerundive will be developed in Hour 25 (Wheelock Ch. 24).—— 已在第 18–22 课见过。现在主动和将来主动在此首次引入。动形词将在第 25 课（Wheelock 第 24 章）展开。

Today's Task今日任务

Identify all verbs (finite + infinitives + participles) AND identify all找出所有动词（限定形式 + 不定式 + 分词），并找出段落中所有 participle forms in the passage — the four types, distinguished. The Gergovia narrative is unusually dense in participles because Caesar's storytelling here relies on the ablative absolute (perf. pass. participle) and circumstantial qualifiers (pres. act. participle). The passage contains ~40 participles across all four types.—— 分清四种类型。格尔戈维亚的叙事在分词上异常密集，因为凯撒在这里的讲述倚重夺格独立结构（完成被动分词）和情状修饰语（现在主动分词）。本段含约 40 个分词，遍及全部四种类型。

Grammar Target — Participles (all four)语法目标 —— 分词（全部四种）

The four Latin participles at a glance四种拉丁分词一览

Latin has four participles. All four decline as adjectives.拉丁语有四种分词。四种都按形容词变格。

Present active participle — 3rd-declension stem in现在主动分词 —— 第三变格词干以…结尾 -nt-

Note the i-stem flavor:注意 i 干的特征： gen. pl.属格复数 -ium, neut. nom./acc. pl.，中性主格／宾格复数 -ia. The ablative singular is单数夺格是 -ī when the participle modifies a noun (adjectival use),（当分词修饰名词、作形容词用时），是 -e when used in an ablative absolute or substantively.（当用于夺格独立结构或作名词时）。

Conjugation-by-conjugation formation逐变位的构成

The future active participle is built by replacing the的构成方式是：把第四主要形式（动名状 supine）的 -um of the fourth principal part (supine) with替换为 -ūrus, -ūra, -ūrum. It is comparatively rare in Latin prose but signals intention or imminent action:。它在拉丁散文中相对罕见，但表示意图或即将发生的动作： moritūrī tē salūtant "those about to die salute you."“那些即将赴死的人向你致敬。”

The Ablative Absolute — Caesar's signature construction夺格独立结构 —— 凯撒的标志性结构

Already met in Hours 18–22 (rule #4 of the codebook). The construction is:已在第 18–22 课见过（编码规则 #4）。其结构是： a noun in the ablative + a participle in the ablative一个夺格名词 + 一个夺格分词, syntactically independent of the main clause. The participle is usually perfect passive, sometimes present active, occasionally future active.，在句法上独立于主句。分词通常是完成被动，有时是现在主动，偶尔是将来主动。

Translation possibilities — pick what English wants:翻译的可能性 —— 按英文需要选择：

• aggere perfectō, mīlitēs prōrumpērunt → "With the mound completed, the soldiers burst forth." (literal)→ “土台筑成后，士兵冲了出来。”（直译）
• "After the mound was completed, the soldiers burst forth." (temporal)“土台筑成以后，士兵冲了出来。”（表时间）
• "Once the mound was completed, the soldiers burst forth." (sequential)“一旦土台筑成，士兵就冲了出来。”（表先后）
• "Because the mound was completed, the soldiers burst forth." (causal)“因为土台筑成了，士兵冲了出来。”（表原因）

Translating participles in context在语境中翻译分词

• Present active: contemporaneous with the main verb.：与主动词同时。 mīlitēs clāmantēs prōrumpunt "the soldiers, shouting, burst forth" (= "as they shout").“士兵们一边呼喊一边冲出来”（= “在他们呼喊的时”）。
• Perfect passive: prior in time and passive.：时间在先，且为被动。 mīlitēs vulnerātī recēdunt "the soldiers, wounded, withdraw" (= "having been wounded").“士兵们受伤后撤退”（= “已被打伤”）。
• Future active: subsequent and intentional.：时间在后，且表意图。 Caesar pugnātūrus aciem īnstrūxit "Caesar, about to fight, drew up the line."“凯撒正要作战，便摆开战列。”
• Gerundive / future passive动形词／将来被动: necessity.：表必要。 oppidum capiendum est "the town must be captured." (Wheelock Ch. 24 will develop this fully.)“这座城必须被攻取。”（Wheelock 第 24 章会充分展开。）

Three warning signs三个警示点

1. Present active participle laudāns looks like a 3rd-decl. noun in -ns在你给它变格以前，看起来像一个以 -ns 结尾的第三变格名词 until you decline it — its genitive—— 直到你给它变格 —— 它的属格 -antis reveals the verbal stem (laudā- + -nt-).揭示出动词词干（laudā- + -nt-）。
2. Perfect passive laudātus looks identical to a 1st/2nd-declension adjective.看起来与一个第一／第二变格形容词一模一样。 Context tells you it's verbal. If it agrees with a noun in the ablative and there's no main verb yet, suspect an靠上下文判断它是动词性的。如果它与一个夺格名词一致，且尚无主动词，就要怀疑是 ablative absolute.
3. Future active laudātūrus is built from the fourth principal part由第四主要形式构成, not the present stem. If the supine is irregular (e.g.，而非现在词干。如果动名状不规则（例如 cap-iō, capere, cēpī, captum), the future active will reflect that (），将来主动会反映这一点（captūrus, not *，而不是 *capiēns-ūrus).

Vocabulary

(130 entries — see HTML for full badge-tagged table.（130 条 —— 完整的带标签表格见 HTML。 New badge:新标签： PARTIC (purple) marks participle forms across all four types. Carried badges: 5TH DECL (coral), 4TH DECL (umber), 3RD CONJ, i-stem, pronoun, numerals.)

Tagging rules in effect this Hour本课生效的标注规则

Carried from previous hours (ten cumulative codebook rules).沿用前几课的规则（累计十条编码规则）。 New focus this hour:本课新增重点： the Battle Task's secondary toggle isolates战斗任务的第二个开关单独标出 participle forms (rendered in purple italic), spanning all four types — perfect passive, present active, future active, gerundive.（以紫色斜体显示），涵盖全部四种类型 —— 完成被动、现在主动、将来主动、动形词。

Battle Task — Identify all verbs, and the participle forms战斗任务 —— 找出所有动词，以及分词形式

Hour 24 Passage on the Defeat at Gergovia第 24 课关于格尔戈维亚失利的段落

(Participle targets in（分词目标用 bold粗体, other verb targets in，其他动词目标用 italics斜体. Brackets [...] mark ablative-absolute boundaries.)。方括号 [...] 标出夺格独立结构的边界。）

1. Vercingetorix, [Avaricō āmissō], Gergoviam, oppidum Arvernōrum nātīvum, mūniendam cūrāvit. Caesar, [cōnsiliīs hostium cognitīs], ad Gergoviam contendit.
2. Gergovia in colle altō posita erat: angustīs aditibus et difficilibus mūnīta. Caesar castra duō, [comparāta], in collibus īnferiōribus posuit.
3. Per multōs diēs Caesar opera obsidiōnis exstrūcta augēbat. Sed Vercingetorix, [opera observāns], cōpiās suās in colle mūnītō continēbat.
4. Caesar cōnsilium novum cēpit: [simulātīs castrīs minōribus], partem exercitūs occultam in vallem subiectam dēdūxit, [Aeduōs comitēs habēns].
5. [Signō datō], legiōnāriī tribūs subitō ē vallibus prōrumpunt: prīmās Gallōrum statiōnēs vigilantēs superant, et trīna castra hostium capienda aggrediuntur.
6. [Captīs castrīs tribus], mīlitēs nostrī, [victōriā ēlātī], signum receptūī datum nōn audiunt: ipsum oppidum Gergoviam, [moenibus circumdatum], statim oppugnāre cōnstituunt.
7. Aeduī interim ex alterā parte montis, [armātī et īnsignibus suīs ostentantēs], ad mūrōs Gergoviae appropinquant. Mīlitēs Rōmānī, [Aeduōs hostēs putantēs], magnō cum clāmōre incurrunt.
8. Hostēs, [paulisper cōnsternātī], mox sēsē collēgērunt: ē mūrīs saxa et tēla in Rōmānōs scandentēs iēcērunt.
9. Centurio Lūcius Fabius, [prīmus mūrum ascēnsūrus], super mūrum ā Gallīs interfectus est. Multī [ē mūrīs prōiectī] cecidērunt.
10. Caesar, [perīculō vīsō], legiōnem decimam in subsidium missūrus, aciem in colle īnstrūxit. Sed mīlitēs, [recipere sē cōgentī Caesarī parentēs], magnō cum dētrīmentō cessērunt.
11. Septingentī ferē mīlitum āmissī sunt: quadrāgintā sex centuriōnēs occīsī. Hīc ūnus erat diēs in tōtō bellō Gallicō in quō Caesar adversam fortūnam expertus est.
12. Posterō diē Caesar suōs convocāvit, et [castīgāns benignē] monuit: virtūtem moderandam, audāciam tegendam, imperia observanda esse. Mox ab oppidō recessit, [Vercingetorigem ad fīnālem cōnflictum vocandum dūcēns].

Answer Key — Participle Targets (40)答案 —— 分词目标（40 处）

Distribution by type: perf. pass. ~22 · pres. act. ~9 · fut. act. ~2 · gerundive ~6 · plus deponent按类型分布：完成被动约 22 · 现在主动约 9 · 将来主动约 2 · 动形词约 6 · 外加异相动词 expertus (passive form, active sense).（被动形式，主动意义）。

Questions on the Narrative关于叙述的问题

1. Sentence 4: Caesar's plan begins with第 4 句：凯撒的计划始于 simulātīs castrīs minōribus "with smaller camps simulated." What does this tactical deception tell you about Caesar's military style? Compare to Hour 5 (Sabis) and Hour 10 (Usipetes/Tencteri).“假装把营地缩小”。这一战术欺骗透露出凯撒怎样的军事风格？请与第 5 课（萨比斯）和第 10 课（乌西佩特斯／滕克特里）相比较。
2. Sentence 6:第 6 句： signum receptūī datum nōn audiunt "they do not hear the signal given for retreat." Translate the litotes. Did they really not hear it, or did they choose not to? What is Caesar's diplomatic framing doing?“他们没有听见为撤退而发出的信号。”请翻译这一曲言（litotes）。他们是真的没听见，还是选择不听？凯撒这种委婉的框定在做什么？
3. Sentence 7's catastrophic miscommunication — the Romans take the friendly Aedui for enemies. Compare with similar friendly-fire incidents in military history. What does the moment tell you about distinguishing "us" from "them" on a chaotic battlefield?第 7 句灾难性的误判 —— 罗马人把友军埃杜伊人当成敌人。请与军事史上类似的误击事件相比较。这一时刻能告诉你在混乱的战场上如何区分“我方”与“敌方”？
4. Sentence 9: Lucius Fabius is named — a rare honor for a centurion in第 9 句：卢基乌斯·法比乌斯被点名 —— 这在《高卢战记》中对百夫长是罕见的殊荣 DBG. Why does Caesar name him? Read alongside other named-centurion moments (Pullo and Vorenus in Hour 17,。凯撒为什么点他的名？请与其他点名百夫长的时刻一并阅读（第 17 课的普洛与沃雷努斯， DBG 5.44).
5. Sentence 12's three gerundives —第 12 句的三个动形词 —— virtūtem moderandam, audāciam tegendam, imperia observanda esse. What is the relationship between virtūs (courage) and（勇气）与 moderātiō (self-restraint) in Roman military ethics? Is this Caesar speaking, or Stoic philosophy speaking through Caesar?（自我节制）是什么关系？这是凯撒在说话，还是斯多亚哲学借凯撒的口在说话？

Further Questions — Translation延伸问题 —— 翻译

Translate sentences 1, 9, and 12 into idiomatic English. Pay attention to: -把第 1、9、12 句译成地道的英文。请注意： - cūrāvit + acc. + gerundivecūrāvit + 宾格 + 动形词 (s. 1) — the active-causative construction. -（第 1 句）—— 主动使役结构。 - prīmus mūrum ascēnsūrus (s. 9) — the future active participle, with the predicative（第 9 句）—— 将来主动分词，带表语 prīmus. - The three gerundives in s. 12 — periphrastic indirect statement after。 - 第 12 句的三个动形词 —— 跟在下词以后的迂回式间接引语。 monuit.

Screening

Proposed clip:建议片段： Black Hawk Down (2001, Ridley Scott) for the failed-storm dynamic;（2001，雷德利·斯科特）呈现强攻失败的态势； Master and Commander (2003) for the discipline-vs.-initiative tension; aerial drone footage of the actual Gergovia plateau (Plateau de Gergovie, near Clermont-Ferrand) for Roman-Gallic geography.（2003）呈现纪律与主动性的间的张力；还有格尔戈维亚高地实景（格尔戈维高地，靠近克莱蒙费朗）的航拍无人机镜头，展现罗马—高卢的地理。 Subject to instructor confirmation.有待教师确认。

Discussion讨论

1. Caesar's soldiers, drunk on the success of taking three minor camps, ignore the trumpet recall and storm the walls of Gergovia.凯撒的士兵因攻下三个次要营地而忘形，无视收兵号，强攻格尔戈维亚的城墙。 Whose fault is the disaster — the soldiers' indiscipline, or Caesar's failure to anticipate that an ambiguous tactical situation would tempt them?这场灾难是谁的过错 —— 士兵的不守纪律，还是凯撒没有预见到一个含糊的战术局面会诱惑他们？ Compare with Custer at Little Bighorn (1876) and the British charge at the Somme (1916).请与小大角河的役的卡斯特（1876）和索姆河的英军冲锋（1916）相比较。

2. The Aedui were Rome's oldest Gallic allies, recognized as埃杜伊人是罗马最古老的高卢盟友，被罗马元老院承认为 frātrēs cōnsanguineīque ("blood-brothers") by the Roman senate. At Gergovia, the Romans mistake friendly Aedui for enemies and attack them.（“血亲兄弟”）。在格尔戈维亚，罗马人把友军埃杜伊人误当敌人加以攻击。 What does this mistake reveal about Roman ability to distinguish "civilized" from "barbarian"?这一错误揭示了罗马人区分“文明”与“蛮族”的能力如何？ Discuss in light of Hours 21–22 (the ethnographic excurses).请结合第 21–22 课（民族志离题叙述）加以讨论。

3. Sentence 12: Caesar reproves his men "kindly" (第 12 句：凯撒“和气地”（benignē) and teaches them:）责备士兵，并教导他们： virtūtem moderandam, audāciam tegendam, imperia observanda esse. Translate. What is the relationship between请翻译。在罗马军事伦理中， virtūs and moderātiō in Roman military ethics? Is this Caesar speaking, or Stoic philosophy speaking through Caesar?

4. Casualties: Caesar reports ~700 soldiers + 46 centurions killed (s. 11).伤亡：凯撒报告约 700 名士兵 + 46 名百夫长阵亡（第 11 句）。 The high centurion-to-soldier ratio (1:15) is striking百夫长与士兵的比的高（1:15）很惊人 — in a normal Roman engagement, centurions died at perhaps 1:100. What does this tell you about how the battle actually went, and how Caesar wants us to read it?—— 在一场正常的罗马交战中，百夫长的阵亡比例也许是 1:100。这能告诉你这场战斗实际打成什么样、以及凯撒希望我们怎样解读它？

5. Caesar admits a defeat.凯撒承认了一场失败。 Throughout纵观整部《高卢战记》 De Bello Gallico this is virtually unique. Why does he do it here? Three hypotheses to discuss: (a) The defeat was too well-known to suppress; (b) Caesar is using it for narrative architecture — setting up the eventual victory at Alesia; (c) Caesar is using it as a rhetorical demonstration of senatorial fitness — "I can lose and still command." Which hypothesis fits the text best?，这几乎是独一无二的。他为什么在这里这样做？三种可作讨论的假说：（a）这场失败太众所周知，无法隐瞒；（b）凯撒在用它做叙事架构 —— 为最终在阿莱西亚的胜利做铺垫；（c）凯撒在用它作为元老院适任性的修辞示范 ——“我可以打败仗，仍然能统军”。哪一种假说最契合文本？

Intermission间歇

Break before休息，随后进入 Hour 25 (the Aeduan revolt and the road to Alesia — Wheelock Ch. 24, Gerunds and Gerundives).（埃杜伊人的反叛与通往阿莱西亚的路 —— Wheelock 第 24 章，动名词与动形词）。

Sources

• Latin text: De Bello Gallico 7.36–53, from PerseusDL canonical-latinLit corpus (phi0448), with light morphological smoothing.7.36–53，取自 PerseusDL canonical-latinLit 语料库（phi0448），略作形态平顺处理。
• English translation英文翻译: McDevitte & Bohn (1869), adapted.：McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），有改编。
• Grammar: Wheelock 6th edn. revised (LaFleur 2005), Ch. 23.：Wheelock 第 6 版修订本（LaFleur 2005）第 23 章。
• Course design课程设计: 0 Caesar's Latin Course Structure and Task 1-2 .docx.
• The Gergovia campaign — military analysis格尔戈维亚战役 —— 军事分析: M. Reddé, Alésia: L'archéologie face à l'imaginaire (2003), with the relevant chapters on the 52 BC year; M. Goudineau,（2003），含论公元前 52 年那一年的相关各章；M. Goudineau， César et la Gaule (1990).
• Caesar's only-defeat narrative as rhetoric凯撒“唯一败仗”叙事作为修辞: K. Welch & A. Powell (eds.), Julius Caesar as Artful Reporter (1998), essays on Book 7's literary architecture; A. M. Riggsby,（1998），论第七卷文学架构的文章；A. M. Riggsby， Caesar in Gaul and Rome: War in Words (2006), ch. 5 on Caesar's framing of setbacks.（2006），第 5 章论凯撒对挫折的框定。
• The Aedui as Roman埃杜伊人作为罗马的 frātrēs cōnsanguineīque: D. Braund, Rome and the Friendly King (1984), with the diplomatic-status discussion.（1984），含外交地位的讨论。
• Lucius Fabius and the named-centurion tradition卢基乌斯·法比乌斯与点名百夫长的传统: N. Goldsworthy, The Roman Army at War, 100 BC – AD 200 (1996), ch. 7 on centurions; J. P. Brennan,（1996），第 7 章论百夫长；J. P. Brennan， The Roman Centurion (forthcoming dissertation), §3.（待刊博士论文），第 3 节。
• Plateau de Gergovie — modern archaeology格尔戈维高地 —— 现代考古: P. Soubeyran et al., Gergovie: une ville arverne (Clermont-Ferrand, 2010 onward, ongoing excavations).（克莱蒙费朗，2010 年起，发掘仍在进行）。
• Virtūs and moderātiō in Roman military ethics罗马军事伦理中的 Virtūs 与 moderātiō: M. McDonnell, Roman Manliness: Virtus and the Roman Republic (2006); on the philosophical Stoic background, A. Erskine,（2006）；关于斯多亚哲学背景，见 A. Erskine， The Hellenistic Stoa: Political Thought and Action (1990).