Happy Latin: Caesar’s Battles快乐拉丁语：凯撒的战役Hour 25 · Road to Alesia · DBG 7.54–69第 25 课 · 通往阿莱西亚的路 · DBG 7.54–69

Hour 25 — Road to Alesia · DBG 7.54–69第 25 课 —— 通往阿莱西亚的路 · DBG 7.54–69

Note on sources.关于来源的说明。 Hour 25 covers the bridge between Gergovia and Alesia: the Aeduan revolt, Caesar's strategic withdrawal to Labienus, and the decisive cavalry battle that forces Vercingetorix into the Alesia siege. Pairs with Wheelock Ch. 24 (Gerunds and Gerundives). Latin from PerseusDL canonical-latinLit (Holmes 1914), lightly smoothed; English from McDevitte & Bohn (1869), adapted; grammar from Wheelock 6th edn. revised (LaFleur 2005), Ch. 24.第 25 课讲述格尔戈维亚与阿莱西亚的间的过渡：埃杜伊人的反叛、凯撒向拉比埃努斯方向的战略撤退，以及把维钦托利逼入阿莱西亚围城的那场决定性骑兵战。配合 Wheelock 第 24 章（动名词与动形词）。拉丁文取自 PerseusDL canonical-latinLit（Holmes 1914），略作平顺处理；英译取自 McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），有改编；语法取自 Wheelock 第 6 版修订本（LaFleur 2005）第 24 章。

Briefing

From defeat to encirclement — the road to Alesia从战败到合围 —— 通往阿莱西亚的路

Hour 24 ended with Caesar withdrawing from Gergovia in the only acknowledged defeat of第 24 课以凯撒从格尔戈维亚撤退告终 —— 那是《高卢战记》中唯一承认的败仗。 De Bello Gallico. Hour 25 traces the next two months:第 25 课追溯接下来的两个月： July–August 52 BC公元前 52 年七月至八月. The withdrawal opens a brief window in which Vercingetorix appears to be winning. The。这次撤退打开了一扇短暂的窗口，其间维钦托利似乎占了上风。 Aedui, Rome's oldest Gallic allies — the，罗马最古老的高卢盟友 —— frātrēs cōnsanguineīque we met in Hours 21 and 24 — finally defect. Their cavalry commander Litaviccus carries them over to the Arverni; the Aeduan town of我们在第 21、24 课见过的那个称号 —— 终于倒戈。他们的骑兵统帅利塔维库斯把他们带向阿尔维尼人；埃杜伊人的城镇 Noviodunum, Caesar's main grain depot in central Gaul, is sacked; Roman traders are killed; the senate of the Aedui formally joins the revolt at the pan-Gallic assembly at Bibracte and confirms，凯撒在中部高卢的主要粮仓，被洗劫；罗马商人被杀；埃杜伊议事会在比布拉克特的全高卢大会上正式加入起义，并确认 Vercingetorix as supreme commander维钦托利为最高统帅.

Caesar's response is one of the most studied chapters of凯撒的应对是《高卢战记》中最受研究的章节的其中一项 DBG. He cannot retreat south through Aeduan country; the Cévennes are impassable in summer. He cannot stay in central Gaul without grain. He marches north at speed, reunites with Labienus (who had just won a brilliant action near。他无法穿过埃杜伊人的领地向南撤退；塞文山脉在夏季无法通行。他若留在中部高卢又没有粮食。他急速北上，与拉比埃努斯会合（后者刚在 Lutetia卢泰提亚 — modern Paris), and turns the army east toward the Sequani — friendly territory where he can resupply before returning to crush the revolt.（今巴黎）附近打了一场漂亮的仗），随后把军队东调向塞夸尼人 —— 那是友好的领地，他可以在那里补给，然后回头镇压起义。

Vercingetorix tries to intercept. Confident from Gergovia, with a swelled coalition army and fresh reinforcements from every tribe of central Gaul, he plans a维钦托利试图拦截。从格尔戈维亚得来的自信、一支壮大的联军，以及来自中部高卢各部族的新援，让他谋划一场 decisive cavalry engagement决定性的骑兵交战 near modern Dijon (DBG 7.66–67). It is the high point of his strategy. But Caesar's Germanic cavalry — the regular German horse he had recruited as auxiliaries — break the Gallic line on the right flank. Vercingetorix's army collapses. He retreats with the remnants to，地点在今第戎附近（DBG 7.66–67）。这是他战略的高峰。但凯撒的日耳曼骑兵 —— 他招募为辅助部队的正规日耳曼骑手 —— 在右翼击溃了高卢战线。维钦托利的军队崩溃。他带着残部退往 Alesia, the hilltop town of the Mandubii in modern Burgundy. Caesar follows immediately.，那是曼杜比人的山顶城镇，位于今勃艮第。凯撒立即跟进。 This is the moment that decides the war.这正是决定战争的时刻。 Vercingetorix's mobile strategy has finally been forced into the one form of warfare he wanted to avoid: a fixed siege. Hour 26 will be Alesia.维钦托利的机动战略最终被逼入他一直想避免的那种作战形式：固定的围城。第 26 课就是阿莱西亚。

Hour 25: Road to Alesia — Source: DBG 7.54–69第 25 课：通往阿莱西亚的路 —— 出处：DBG 7.54–69

Caesar, repulsed from Gergovia, led his forces into the territory of the Aedui: for to prolong the war, the assistance of allies was necessary. The Aedui, having been deceived by Litaviccus, had already deserted the Romans; Noviodunum, a town firm for the transport of grain, they had captured for plundering. Vercingetorix had a plan of blocking Caesar's path: towns to be destroyed, bridges to be cut, fields to be devastated. Caesar, with these matters understood, moved his army with great speed for the purpose of providing for the grain supply, and rejoined Labienus returning. Through many days by making the journey the Romans had now drawn close to the Sequani: it was necessary to advance continually prepared for fighting. Vercingetorix, his army augmented by many new Gallic forces, pitched camp on a hill near Caesar's route: an opportunity for joining a cavalry battle offered itself. Caesar divided the cavalry into three parts: one for attacking the enemy's front, two others for surrounding the flanks of the Gauls. They spent a great part of the day by fighting: the Gauls, packed together in a narrow place, could not bring the use of their numbers into play. Finally our men, by harassing the enemy and attacking his rear, broke the Gallic line: all were turned to flight. Vercingetorix, having collected the remnants of the army, led them to Alesia, the town of the Mandubii: Alesia, set on a lofty hill, was suitable for attempting a new siege. Caesar, pressing upon the fleeing enemy, resolved that Alesia must be besieged: for now was the time of capturing Vercingetorix himself, lest again the opportunity of escaping be given. Here had begun the final course: Alesia, suitable for capturing Gaul, contained the sum of the whole war. The month was September of the year 52 BC.

Connection to Wheelock与 Wheelock 教材的衔接

This hour pairs with本课配合 Wheelock Chapter 24 — Gerunds and Gerundives; the Passive Periphrastic; Dative of AgentWheelock 第 24 章 —— 动名词与动形词；被动迂回式；施动者与格. The gerundive (future passive participle) was introduced in Hour 24 alongside the other three participles. This hour develops it formally and pairs it with its noun-cousin the。动形词（将来被动分词）已在第 24 课与其他三种分词一并引入。本课对它作正式展开，并把它与它的名词表亲 —— gerund (the verbal noun). The two look similar — both end in（动词性名词）配对。两者看起来相似 —— 都以 -ndum, -ndī, -ndō — but they do very different jobs.结尾 —— 但它们承担的职责很不一样。

Today's Task今日任务

Identify all verbs (finite + infinitives + participles) AND identify all找出所有动词（限定形式 + 不定式 + 分词），并找出所有 gerund / gerundive forms in the passage. Caesar's narrative of strategic motion uses these constructions heavily — "for purpose of X-ing", "by X-ing", "things to be X-ed". The passage contains。凯撒关于战略机动的叙事大量使用这些结构 —— “为了做某事”“通过做某事”“需要被做的事”。本段含有 7 pure gerunds + 14 gerundives = 21 targets7 个纯动名词 + 14 个动形词 = 21 个目标.

Grammar Target — Gerunds & Gerundives语法目标 —— 动名词与动形词

The gerund and the gerundive — a tale of two动名词与动形词 —— 两种 -nd- forms

Latin has two formations that both end in拉丁语有两种构形，都以 -nd-. They look almost identical. They do quite different things.结尾。它们看起来几乎一样，做的事却很不同。 Telling them apart is the central syntactic skill of Wheelock Chapter 24.把它们区分开，是 Wheelock 第 24 章的核心句法技能。

The gerund — verbal noun, 2nd-decl. neuter (no nominative)动名词 —— 动词性名词，第二变格中性（无主格）

No nominative无主格: in subject position, Latin uses the infinitive instead.：在主语位置，拉丁语改用不定式。 Laudāre bonum est "to praise is good."“赞美是好的。”

The gerundive — full passive verbal adjective动形词 —— 完整的被动动词性形容词

Plural inflects identically (1st/2nd-decl. plural endings).复数同样变化（用第一／第二变格的复数词尾）。

Constructions of the gerund/gerundive动名词／动形词的各种结构

Both forms appear in four characteristic constructions.两种形式出现在四种典型结构中。 Caesar prefers the gerundive whenever there is a direct object只要有直接宾语，凯撒就偏用动形词 — the so-called—— 即所谓的 "gerundive attraction"“动形词吸引” rule. The gerund persists when there is no object.规则。没有宾语时则保留动名词。

1. Genitive of purpose / quality表目的／性质的属格: cōnsilium capiendī oppidī "a plan of capturing the town" — Caesar would write the gerundive:“攻取这座城的计划” —— 凯撒会写成动形词： cōnsilium oppidī capiendī (same meaning).（意思相同）。
2. Dative of purpose表目的的与格 (rare in Caesar):（在凯撒文中罕见）： locus castrīs ponendīs "a place for pitching camp."“一处扎营的地方。”
3. Accusative with宾格，与下词连用 ad (purpose):（表目的）： ad oppidum capiendum "for the purpose of capturing the town." (Caesar's go-to phrase.)“为了攻取这座城。”（凯撒最常用的短语。）
4. Ablative夺格 (means or manner):（表手段或方式）： oppidō capiendō "by capturing the town" /“通过攻取这座城” ／ capiendō alone = "by capturing."单独使用 = “通过攻取”。

The passive periphrastic — gerundive + form of被动迂回式 —— 动形词 + …的某种形式 sum

Most commonly tested construction. Gerundive +最常被考的结构。动形词 + esse = "must be X-ed":= “必须被做”：

• oppidum capiendum est "the town must be captured"“这座城必须被攻取”
• Carthāgō dēlenda est — Cato's famous slogan — "Carthage must be destroyed"—— 加图那句著名口号 —— “迦太基必须被摧毁”

The agent is in the dative (not（不用 ā/ab + abl.):+ 夺格）： oppidum nōbīs capiendum est "the town must be captured BY US" (literally "the town is to-be-captured for-us").“这座城必须由我们攻取”（字面意思是“这座城是‘待我们攻取的’”）。

The decisive test决定性的检验

Faced with an面对一个 -nd- form, ask:形式时，问： does it agree with a noun?它是否与某个名词一致？

• Yes →是 → gerundive (verbal adjective, passive in meaning).（动词性形容词，意义被动）。
• No →否 → gerund (verbal noun, active in meaning).（动词性名词，意义主动）。

Test on Caesar's Latin:在凯撒的拉丁文上检验： signum pugnandī vs. signum dandum. The first:。前者： pugnandī doesn't agree with不与下词一致 signum (signum is neut.; pugnandī is gen.) → gerund: "signal OF fighting." The second:（signum 是中性；pugnandī 是属格）→ 动名词：“作战的信号（signal OF fighting）”。后者： dandum agrees with与下词一致 signum (both n.s.n.) → gerundive: "signal that-must-be-given."（两者皆中性单数）→ 动形词：“必须被发出的信号”。

Three warning signs三个警示点

1. The gerund has no nominative.动名词没有主格。 If you see如果你看到 -ndus, -nda, -ndum as the subject of a clause, it MUST be a gerundive (with implicit or explicit作为某个分句的主语，它一定是动形词（带隐含或显式的 esse) — the passive periphrastic.）—— 即被动迂回式。
2. Caesar prefers gerundive attraction.凯撒偏好动形词吸引。 Where English says "the plan of capturing the town" (gerund + acc.), Caesar writes "the plan of the town-to-be-captured" (gerundive in agreement). Same meaning — different surface form.英文说“攻取这座城的计划”（动名词 + 宾格）的地方，凯撒写成“这座待攻取的城的计划”（一致的动形词）。意思相同 —— 表层形式不同。
3. Dative of agent施动者与格 with the passive periphrastic. The agent is in the dative, NOT in用于被动迂回式。施动者用与格，而不是 ā/ab + abl. like the regular passive.像普通被动那样。 Caesarī labōrandum erat "Caesar had to work" / "the working-was-necessary FOR Caesar."“凯撒不得不工作” ／ “这工作对凯撒是必须的”。

Vocabulary

(108 entries — see HTML for full badge-tagged table.（108 条 —— 完整的带标签表格见 HTML。 New badge:新标签： GER (green) marks gerund/gerundive forms. Carried badges: PARTIC, 5TH DECL, 4TH DECL, 3RD CONJ, i-stem, pronoun, numerals.)

Tagging rules in effect this Hour本课生效的标注规则

Carried from previous hours (ten cumulative codebook rules).沿用前几课的规则（累计十条编码规则）。 New focus this hour:本课新增重点： the Battle Task's secondary toggle isolates战斗任务的第二个开关单独标出 gerund and gerundive forms动名词与动形词形式 (rendered in green italic).（以绿色斜体显示）。

Battle Task — Identify all verbs, and the gerund / gerundive forms战斗任务 —— 找出所有动词，以及动名词／动形词形式

Hour 25 Passage on the Road to Alesia第 25 课关于通往阿莱西亚的路的段落

(Gerund/gerundive targets in（动名词／动形词目标用 bold粗体, other verb targets in，其他动词目标用 italics斜体. Brackets [...] mark ablative-absolute boundaries.)。方括号 [...] 标出夺格独立结构的边界。）

1. Caesar, [Gergoviā repulsus], in fīnēs Aeduōrum cōpiās dūxit: nam ad bellum perpetuandum operae sociōrum erant necessāriae.
2. Aeduī, [ā Litaviccō dēceptī], Rōmānōs dēseruerant; Noviodūnum, oppidum frūmentī commeandī fīrmum, dīripiendum cēperant.
3. Vercingetorix cōnsilium obstruendī Caesarī habēbat: oppida dēstruenda, pontēs interrumpendī, agrī vāstandī.
4. Caesar, [hīs comprehēnsīs], magnā celeritāte ad rem frūmentāriam prōvidendam exercitum mōvit, atque Labienum, [redeuntem], repperit.
5. Per multōs diēs iter faciundō Rōmānī iam ad Sēquanōs accesserant: necesse erat continenter ad pugnandum parātōs prōcēdere.
6. Vercingetorix, [multīs nōvīs cōpiīs Gallicīs auctus], in colle prope iter Caesaris castra posuit: occāsiō equestris proeliī faciendī sē offerēbat.
7. Caesar equitēs in trēs partēs dīvīsit: ūnam ad hostium frontem invadendam, duās aliās ad latera Gallōrum circumvenienda.
8. Diem magnam partem pugnandō cōnsumpsērunt: Gallī, [in angustīs locīs cōnstipāti], multitūdinis suae ūsum efficere nōn poterant.
9. Tandem nostrī, [hostem vexandō et tergum eius petendō], aciem Gallōrum frēgērunt: omnēs ad fugam versī sunt.
10. Vercingetorix, reliquiās exercitūs collēctās in Alesiam, oppidum Mandubiōrum, dēdūxit: Alesia, [in colle ēditō posita], ad nōvam obsidiōnem temptandam idōnea erat.
11. Caesar, [hostibus fugientibus īnstāns], Alesiam obsidendam cōnstituit: nam tempus erat ipsīus Vercingetorīgis capiendī, nē iterum effugiendī facultās darētur.
12. Hīc inceptus erat ultimus cursus: Alesia, [ad Galliam capiendam idōnea], tōtīus bellī summam continēbat. Mēnsis erat September annī LII ante Chrīstum nātum.

Answer Key — Gerund & Gerundive Targets (21)答案 —— 动名词与动形词目标（21 处）

Distribution by type:按类型分布： 14 gerundives + 7 gerunds. Caesar's preference for gerundive attraction is on full display: notice how each clear-noun-object becomes the gerundive's host (s. 114 个动形词 + 7 个动名词。凯撒对动形词吸引的偏好展露无遗：注意每一个明确的名词宾语如何成为动形词的依附主体（第 1 句 bellum perpetuandum, s. 4 rem prōvidendam, s. 6 proeliī faciendī). Pure gerunds survive in the abstract）。纯动名词则保留在抽象的 by-X-ing“通过做某事” phrases (s. 8短语里（第 8 句 pugnandō, s. 9 vexandō et petendō) where the means itself, not a specific object, is the point.），那里着眼的是手段本身，而非某个具体宾语。

Questions on the Narrative关于叙述的问题

1. Sentence 1 ends with第 1 句以 operae sociōrum erant necessāriae "the assistance of allies was necessary." But Caesar's most powerful allies in central Gaul (the Aedui) have just defected. What is the rhetorical move here?“盟友的协助是必要的”作结。但凯撒在中部高卢最有力的盟友（埃杜伊人）刚刚倒戈。这里的修辞手法是什么？
2. Sentence 3's tricolon:第 3 句的三连式： oppida dēstruenda, pontēs interrumpendī, agrī vāstandī. Translate. What is the effect of three parallel gerundives in indirect statement (with implicit。请翻译。三个平行的动形词置于间接引语中（带隐含的 esse)?
3. Sentence 7: Caesar divides cavalry into第 7 句：凯撒把骑兵分为 trēs partēs with TWO gerundives —，用了两个动形词 —— invadendam (front) and circumvenienda (flanks). Caesar is reusing the diversionary tactic from Gergovia (Hour 24). Why does it work this time?（两翼）。凯撒在重用格尔戈维亚（第 24 课）的佯动战术。这一次为什么奏效？
4. Sentence 11's第 11 句的 nē iterum effugiendī facultās darētur "lest again the opportunity of escaping be given." The word“唯恐再次给出逃脱的机会。” iterum "again" admits Vercingetorix escaped once before — at Avaricum (Hour 23). What does Caesar's word choice reveal about how he's reading the campaign?“再次”这个词承认维钦托利此前逃脱过一次 —— 在阿瓦里库姆（第 23 课）。凯撒的用词揭示了他如何解读这场战局？
5. Sentence 12 closes with the date:第 12 句以日期作结： Mēnsis erat September annī LII ante Chrīstum nātum. Why does Caesar dwell on the date? Compare with Hour 23's closing line.。凯撒为什么要在日期上着墨？请与第 23 课的结尾句相比较。

Further Questions — Translation延伸问题 —— 翻译

Translate sentences 3, 7, and 11 into idiomatic English. Pay attention to: - The three gerundives + implicit把第 3、7、11 句译成地道的英文。请注意： —— 第 3 句里三个动形词 + 隐含的 esse in s. 3 — periphrastic obligation. - The two parallel gerundives in s. 7 —，作迂回式的义务表达。 —— 第 7 句里两个平行的动形词 —— invadendam vs. circumvenienda (singular f. vs. plural n., showing agreement work). - The gerund/gerundive contrast in s. 11 —（阴性单数与中性复数，展示一致关系的作用）。 —— 第 11 句里动名词／动形词的对比 —— capiendī (gerundive in agreement) vs.（一致的动形词）对比 effugiendī (gerund as verbal noun).（作动词性名词的动名词）。

Screening

Proposed clip:建议片段： Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002) — Rohirrim charge at Helm's Deep dawn, the canonical "cavalry breaks the line" cinematic moment;（2002）—— 圣盔谷黎明时洛汗骑兵的冲锋，是“骑兵冲破战线”这一影像的典范时刻； Master and Commander (2003) for the strategic-pivot dynamic ("the chase becomes the trap"); aerial drone footage of Mont Auxois (Alesia) for the geography that made it indefensible once besieged.（2003）呈现战略转折的态势（“追逐变成陷阱”）；还有奥克苏瓦山（阿莱西亚）的航拍无人机镜头，展现一旦被围便无法防守的地势。 Subject to instructor confirmation.有待教师确认。

Discussion讨论

1. After Gergovia, Vercingetorix seemed to have momentum: the Aedui defected, Caesar's grain depot fell, central Gaul was nominally Gallic again.格尔戈维亚以后，维钦托利似乎握有势头：埃杜伊人倒戈、凯撒的粮仓陷落、中部高卢名义上重归高卢人的手。 Why did Vercingetorix choose to risk a decisive cavalry battle near Dijon (DBG 7.66–67) rather than continue the scorched-earth strategy that had worked all year?维钦托利为什么选择在第戎附近冒险打一场决定性骑兵战（DBG 7.66–67），而不继续那套全年奏效的焦土战略？ Was it overconfidence, miscalculation, or political pressure from his new allies?这是过度自信、误判，还是来自新盟友的政治压力？

2. Caesar's response to the Aeduan defection was凯撒对埃杜伊倒戈的回应是 speed, not vengeance速度，而非复仇: he marched away, rejoined Labienus, resupplied, returned. Compare this with Hour 18 (the punitive expedition against the Eburones), where Caesar responded to defection with extermination. What changed?：他撤离、与拉比埃努斯会合、补给、再回头。请与第 18 课（对厄布隆尼人的惩罚性远征）相比较，那里凯撒以灭绝回应倒戈。什么变了？

3. The cavalry battle was won by这场骑兵战的胜利靠的是 Germanic horse — auxiliaries Caesar had recruited from across the Rhine日耳曼骑兵 —— 凯撒从莱茵河对岸招募的辅助部队. Discuss the irony: the Germans Caesar described ethnographically as stateless raiders (Hours 19, 22) are now the decisive Roman force. What does this tell you about Roman military integration?。请讨论其中的反讽：凯撒在民族志里描述为无国家劫掠者的日耳曼人（第 19、22 课），如今成了罗马决定性的力量。这说明罗马的军事整合有何特点？

4. Sentence 12:第 12 句： Hīc inceptus erat ultimus cursus "Here had begun the final course." Caesar uses the pluperfect“最后的进程已在此开始。”凯撒用过去完成时 inceptus erat — implying that by the time he is writing the—— 暗示到他写作 commentāriī (winter 52/51 BC), he already knows what will happen at Alesia.（公元前 52/51 年冬）时，他已经知道阿莱西亚会发生什么。 How does retrospective certainty shape Caesar's prose?这种事后的确定性如何塑造凯撒的文笔？

5. The gerund / gerundive distinction is famously the hardest piece of first-year Latin grammar.动名词／动形词的区分，出了名地是第一年拉丁语语法中最难的一块。 Why is the distinction worth preserving in modern teaching?为什么这一区分在现代教学中值得保留？ Could we just teach it as "all我们能不能干脆教成“所有 -nd- forms mean about the same thing"? What semantic precision would we lose?形式意思都差不多”？那样会失去什么样的语义精度？

Intermission间歇

Break before休息，随后进入 Hour 26 (the great siege of Alesia — Wheelock Ch. 25, Infinitives & Indirect Statement).（阿莱西亚大围城 —— Wheelock 第 25 章，不定式与间接引语）。

Sources

• Latin text: De Bello Gallico 7.54–69, from PerseusDL canonical-latinLit corpus (phi0448), with light morphological smoothing.7.54–69，取自 PerseusDL canonical-latinLit 语料库（phi0448），略作形态平顺处理。
• English translation英文翻译: McDevitte & Bohn (1869), adapted.：McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），有改编。
• Grammar: Wheelock 6th edn. revised (LaFleur 2005), Ch. 24.：Wheelock 第 6 版修订本（LaFleur 2005）第 24 章。
• Course design课程设计: 0 Caesar's Latin Course Structure and Task 1-2 .docx.
• The Aeduan revolt — political analysis埃杜伊人的反叛 —— 政治分析: J. Harmand, Une campagne césarienne: Alésia (1967), with the chapters on the diplomatic context; M. Goudineau,（1967），含论外交背景的各章；M. Goudineau， César et la Gaule (1990).
• The Dijon-area cavalry battle第戎一带的骑兵战: M. Reddé, Alésia: L'archéologie face à l'imaginaire (2003) for the geography of Vercingetorix's last manoeuvre; J. Le Gall,（2003），论维钦托利最后机动的地理；J. Le Gall， Alésia: archéologie et histoire (1980).
• Vercingetorix's strategic decision at this moment维钦托利此刻的战略抉择: P. M. Martin, Vercingétorix: le politique, le stratège (2000), chapters 7–8 on the post-Gergovia phase.（2000），第 7–8 章论格尔戈维亚以后的阶段。
• Caesar's use of Germanic cavalry凯撒对日耳曼骑兵的使用: J. Harmand, L'armée et le soldat à Rome de 107 à 50 avant notre ère (1967), with the chapters on auxiliaries; D. B. Saddington,（1967），含论辅助部队的各章；D. B. Saddington， The Development of the Roman Auxiliary Forces from Caesar to Vespasian (1982).
• Wheelock Ch. 24 — the gerund/gerundive distinction in pedagogical literatureWheelock 第 24 章 —— 教学文献中的动名词／动形词区分: A. M. Devine & L. D. Stephens, Latin Word Order: Structured Meaning and Information (2006), §§ on the gerundive's information-structural role; G. Calboli, "The Gerund and Gerundive in Classical Latin," in F. Pinkster (ed.),（2006），关于动形词在信息结构上的作用的节；G. Calboli，“古典拉丁语中的动名词与动形词”，载 F. Pinkster（编）， Latin Linguistics and Linguistic Theory (1983).
• Carthāgō dēlenda est and the cultural afterlife of the gerundiveCarthāgō dēlenda est 与动形词的文化后世: H. Beck, Karriere und Hierarchie (2005), on Cato's slogan as a rhetorical-political construction.（2005），论加图口号作为一种修辞—政治构造。