Happy Latin: Caesar’s Battles快乐拉丁语：凯撒的战役Hour 26 · Siege of Alesia · DBG 7.68–89第 26 课 · 阿莱西亚围城 · DBG 7.68–89

Hour 26 — Siege of Alesia · DBG 7.68–89第 26 课 —— 阿莱西亚围城 · DBG 7.68–89

Note on sources.关于来源的说明。 Hour 26 covers the climactic siege of Alesia and Vercingetorix's surrender — the action that ends the Gallic War. Pairs with Wheelock Ch. 25 (Infinitives & Indirect Statement). Latin from PerseusDL canonical-latinLit (Holmes 1914), lightly smoothed; English from McDevitte & Bohn (1869), adapted; grammar from Wheelock 6th edn. revised (LaFleur 2005), Ch. 25.第 26 课讲述阿莱西亚高潮般的围城以及维钦托利的投降 —— 这一役结束了高卢战争。配合 Wheelock 第 25 章（不定式与间接引语）。拉丁文取自 PerseusDL canonical-latinLit（Holmes 1914），略作平顺处理；英译取自 McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），有改编；语法取自 Wheelock 第 6 版修订本（LaFleur 2005）第 25 章。

Briefing

Alesia — Caesar's masterpiece阿莱西亚 —— 凯撒的杰作

Hour 25 ended with Vercingetorix penned into Alesia, the hilltop oppidum of the Mandubii in modern Burgundy (the archaeological site is the第 25 课以维钦托利被困阿莱西亚告终，那是曼杜比人位于今勃艮第的山顶城邦（考古遗址即 Plateau d'Alise-Sainte-Reine阿利此—圣雷讷高地, on Mont Auxois). Hour 26 covers the siege itself:，在奥克苏瓦山上）。第 26 课讲述围城本身： September–October 52 BC公元前 52 年九月至十月, six weeks of the most remarkable military engineering in antiquity, ending in Vercingetorix's surrender — the famous scene of the Arvernian chieftain laying his arms at Caesar's feet.，那是古代最不寻常的军事工程持续的六周，以维钦托利的投降告终 —— 即阿尔维尼酋长把武器放在凯撒脚下的那一著名场景。

The strategic situation is unique in ancient warfare. Vercingetorix has perhaps这一战略态势在古代战争中独一无二。维钦托利在阿莱西亚或许有 80,000 troops八万兵力 in Alesia. Caesar, with about 50,000 legionaries plus auxiliaries, must (a) prevent breakout, and (b) defeat the inevitable Gallic。凯撒手下约有五万军团兵外加辅助部队，必须（a）阻止突围，并（b）击败势必到来的高卢 relief army. His solution is to build。他的办法是修筑 two concentric fortifications: an inner ring (：一道朝向城镇的内环（circumvallātiō, ~11 Roman miles / 16 km) facing the town, and an outer ring (，约 11 罗马里／16 公里），以及一道朝外、对付援军的外环（contrāvallātiō, ~13 miles / 21 km) facing outward against the relief. Between the rings the legions camp. In front of each wall, three lines of pit-traps:，约 13 里／21 公里）。两环的间是军团的营地。每道墙前都有三排陷坑： lilia (lily-pits — concealed sharpened stakes),（百合坑 —— 暗藏的削尖木桩）， cippi (rows of pointed stakes),（成排的尖桩）， stimulī (iron spurs in the ground). The works are constructed in roughly（埋在地里的铁刺）。这些工事大约在 three weeks三周.

The Gallic relief army arrives in early October: ancient sources give wildly inflated numbers (Caesar says 250,000, modern estimates put it nearer 80–100,000), under内建成。高卢援军于十月初抵达：古代史料给出夸张得离谱的数字（凯撒说二十五万，现代估计约八到十万），统帅是 Commius the Atrebatian阿特雷巴特人科米乌斯 and Vercassivellaunus the Arvernian. They attack the outer ring for three days. On the third day, in the climactic action,，阿尔维尼人。他们连攻外环三天。第三天，在那场高潮性的行动中， Labienus leads a German-cavalry flanking maneuver around the rear拉比埃努斯率领日耳曼骑兵从援军后方实施侧翼包抄 of the relief force, which then collapses. Vercingetorix watches from Alesia's walls, then surrenders the next day. He is taken to Rome in chains, paraded in Caesar's，援军随的崩溃。维钦托利从阿莱西亚的城墙上观望，次日投降。他被戴上锁链押往罗马，在凯撒的 triumphus six years later (46 BC), and ritually strangled.中示众（六年以后，公元前 46 年），并被按仪轨绞死。 Gaul is Roman.高卢成了罗马的。

Hour 26: Siege of Alesia — Source: DBG 7.68–89第 26 课：阿莱西亚围城 —— 出处：DBG 7.68–89

Caesar, having seen Alesia, said that the town could not be taken by storm, but could be conquered only by siege: he thought, therefore, that the works of the circumvallation must be built. For he knew that Vercingetorix was awaiting the help of all Gaul, with his army kept inside the town, until he should be relieved. Therefore he formed a plan to show the enemy that all things would be lost, with the town surrounded by a double ring. The structure of the work was this: a rampart twelve feet high, a double trench drawn against the town; many towers raised on the rampart; the spaces packed with cippi and stimuli. Two concentric circumvallations were completed: the inner, eleven miles, facing the town; the outer, fourteen miles, facing the hoped-for Gallic relief. Vercingetorix, with his army enclosed, understood that his forces could not stand longer: therefore he ordered the Mandubian inhabitants to be expelled. The Mandubii, ejected by Vercingetorix, wandered between the walls and the ditches: Caesar denied that he had wished to receive them, lest he himself be pressed by famine. At last, a great force having been brought up, a Gallic auxiliary army appeared beneath the walls of Alesia, with Commius and Vercassivellaunus as commanders, and they were shouting that Caesar would be defeated in a short time. A very fierce battle arose: our men, standing on the rampart, were hoping that they themselves would crush the enemy. They fought three days continuously: at last Labienus, about to lead our cavalry with the Germans around from the rear, won a great victory. The next day Vercingetorix, with a council having been called, said that he was a partner of fortune: he preferred either to give himself to death or, with his arms surrendered, to consult Caesar's will. Vercingetorix, dressed in equestrian array, came forth into Caesar's presence: he set down his arms, having been prostrated at Caesar's feet. Caesar denied that the enemy could safely be kept in custody, but resolved that he, handed over into chains, must be led in triumph at Rome.

Connection to Wheelock与 Wheelock 教材的衔接

This hour pairs with本课配合 Wheelock Chapter 25 — All Infinitives, Active and Passive; Indirect StatementWheelock 第 25 章 —— 全部不定式，主动与被动；间接引语. Latin has。拉丁语有 six infinitives (three tenses × two voices) and the construction they serve —（三个时态 × 两个语态），而它们所服务的结构 —— indirect statement — is the most consequential single piece of Latin syntax in this Year-1 course.—— 是这门第一年课程中后果最重大的一项拉丁句法。

Today's Task今日任务

Identify all verbs (finite + participles + gerunds) AND identify all找出所有动词（限定形式 + 分词 + 动名词），并找出段落中所有 infinitive forms in the passage. The Alesia narrative is unusually dense in indirect statement — Caesar is constantly reporting what he, Vercingetorix, the Gauls, and the relief commanders said, thought, hoped, feared.。阿莱西亚叙事在间接引语上异常密集 —— 凯撒不断转述他自己、维钦托利、高卢人和援军统帅说了什么、想了什么、希望什么、害怕什么。 22 infinitive forms, spanning all six tense/voice combinations.22 个不定式形式，涵盖全部六种时态／语态组合。

Grammar Target — All 6 Infinitives + Indirect Statement语法目标 —— 全部 6 种不定式 + 间接引语

The six infinitives of Latin拉丁语的六种不定式

Latin has six infinitives — three tenses (present, perfect, future) × two voices (active, passive). All are formed predictably from the four principal parts.拉丁语有六种不定式 —— 三个时态（现在、完成、将来）× 两个语态（主动、被动）。全都可由四个主要形式有规律地构成。

The perfect passive and future active are完成被动和将来主动是 periphrastic — combining a participle (which agrees with the subject) and the infinitive—— 由一个分词（与主语一致）加上不定式 esse. The future passive uses the supine +构成。将来被动用动名状（supine）加上 īrī (the present passive infinitive of（…的现在被动不定式， eō "go"), and is extremely rare in Caesar.“去”），在凯撒文中极为罕见。

Formation by conjugation按变位构成

Watch the 3rd-conjugation passive注意第三变位的被动: regī, capī, dīcī — just—— 只是 -ī, no extra syllable.，没有多余的音节。

Indirect Statement — Caesar's engine of reported speech间接引语 —— 凯撒转述话语的引擎

After a verb of在一个表示 saying, thinking, knowing, perceiving, hoping, denying说、想、知道、察觉、希望、否认, Latin uses an的动词以后，拉丁语用一个 accusative + infinitive construction rather than a结构，而不是一个 that-clause.从句。

Head verbs that trigger indirect statement触发间接引语的主导动词

• Saying说类: dīcō, negō, affirmō, respondeō, fateor
• Thinking想类: putō, cōgitō, cēnseō, exīstimō, arbitror, intellegō, sciō
• Perceiving感知类: videō, audiō, sentiō, animadvertō
• Feeling感受类: spērō, timeō, vereor, gaudeō, doleō
• Showing表明类: dēmonstrō, ostendō, doceō, persuādeō

Tense in indirect statement — RELATIVE not absolute间接引语中的时态 —— 相对而非绝对

The tense of the infinitive expresses time不定式的时态表达的是 relative to the main verb相对于主动词, not absolute time.的时间，而非绝对时间。

• Present infinitive现在不定式 = simultaneous with main verb.= 与主动词同时。
• Perfect infinitive完成不定式 = before the main verb. (= 在主动词以前。（dīxit sē voluisse = "he said he had wanted.")= “他说他曾想要”。）
• Future infinitive将来不定式 = after the main verb.= 在主动词以后。

The accusative subject — and the reflexive trap宾格主语 —— 以及反身代词的陷阱

The subject of the infinitive is in the不定式的主语用 accusative. When that subject is the same as the main-clause subject, use the reflexive:。当这个主语与主句主语相同时，用反身代词： sē.

• Caesar dīxit sē hostem oppressūrum esse — "Caesar said that HE [Caesar himself]他 [即凯撒本人] would crush the enemy."
• Caesar dīxit eum hostem oppressūrum esse — "Caesar said that HE [someone else]他 [另有其人] would crush the enemy."

Three warning signs三个警示点

1. No quod / quia / ut in indirect statement.于间接引语。 Translate from English "I think THAT he is fleeing": you must NOT translate "that" with a Latin word. The accusative + infinitive does all the work.把英文“I think THAT he is fleeing”译过来时：你绝不能用一个拉丁词去译“that”。宾格 + 不定式承担全部职责。
2. Periphrastic infinitives DECLINE.迂回式不定式会变格。 The participle in其中的分词 laudātūrus esse, laudātus esse agrees in case (always accusative), gender, and number with the indirect-statement subject.在格（永远是宾格）、性、数上与间接引语的主语一致。 Dīxit sē perventūrum esse (m.s.) vs.（阳性单数）对比 dīxit lēgātōs perventūrōs esse (m.p.).
3. Watch for ellipsis of（阳性复数） esse. Caesar often omits the凯撒常省略迂回式不定式中的 esse in periphrastic infinitives:（…）： dīxit hostem oppressūrum = dīxit hostem oppressūrum esse（即.

Vocabulary

(108 entries — see HTML for full badge-tagged table.（108 条 —— 完整的带标签表格见 HTML。 New badge:新标签： INF (blue) marks infinitive forms across all six tense/voice combinations. Carried badges: GER (gerund/gerundive), PARTIC, 5TH DECL, 4TH DECL, etc.)

Tagging rules in effect this Hour本课生效的标注规则

Carried from previous hours (ten cumulative codebook rules).沿用前几课的规则（累计十条编码规则）。 New focus this hour:本课新增重点： the Battle Task's secondary toggle isolates战斗任务的第二个开关单独标出 infinitive forms (rendered in blue italic).（以蓝色斜体显示）。

Battle Task — Identify all verbs, and the infinitive forms战斗任务 —— 找出所有动词，以及不定式形式

Hour 26 Passage on the Siege of Alesia第 26 课关于阿莱西亚围城的段落

(Infinitive targets in（不定式目标用 bold粗体, other verb targets in，其他动词目标用 italics斜体. Brackets [...] mark ablative-absolute boundaries.)。方括号 [...] 标出夺格独立结构的边界。）

1. Caesar, [Alesiā vīsā], dīxit oppidum capī nōn posse, sed obsidiōne tantum vincī posse: itaque opera circumvallātiōnis facienda esse cēnsēbat.
2. Sciēbat enim Vercingetorīgem auxilium expectāre tōtīus Galliae, [exercitū intrā oppidum servātō], dōnec relēvārētur.
3. Cōnsilium ergō cēpit hostī ostendere omnia perdita futūra esse, [oppidō duplicī corōnā cīnctō].
4. Operis structūra haec erat: vāllum altum duodecim pedum, fossa duplex contrā oppidum dūcta; multae turrēs in vāllō ēditae; loca trūsa cippīs et stimulīs.
5. Duplicēs circumvallātiōnēs perfectae sunt: interior, mīliāria ūndecim, contrā oppidum; exterior, mīliāria quattuordecim, contrā subsidium Gallōrum spērātum.
6. Vercingetorix, [exercitū inclūsō], cōpiās suās diūtius nōn posse stāre intellēxit: itaque Mandubiōs incolās expellī iussit.
7. Mandubiī, [ā Vercingetorīge ēiectī], inter mūrōs et fossās errāvērunt: Caesar negāvit sē eōs recipere voluisse, nē ipse fame premerētur.
8. Tandem [magnā ductā cōpiā] auxiliāria Gallōrum sub mūrīs Alesiae appāruit: [Commiō et Vercassivellaunō ducibus] clāmābantque Caesarem brevī tempore victum īrī.
9. Acerrimum proelium ortum est: nostrī, [in vāllō stantēs], sē hostem oppressūrōs esse spērābant.
10. Trēs diēs continuōs pugnātum est: tandem Labienus, [equitēs nōstrōs cum Germānicīs ē tergō circumductūrus], magnam victōriam reportāvit.
11. Postrīdiē Vercingetorix, [cōnsiliō convocātō], dīxit sē fortūnae socium esse: vel mortī sē trādere vel armīs trāditīs Caesarī cōnsulere mālle.
12. Vercingetorix, [equestrī cultū ōrnātus], in Caesaris cōnspectum prōdiit: arma dēposuit, [pedibus Caesaris prōvolūtus]. Caesar negāvit hostem servārī temere posse, sed [eum in vincula trāditum] in triumphum Rōmae trāhendum esse statuit.

Answer Key — Infinitive Targets (22)答案 —— 不定式目标（22 处）

Distribution by type:按类型分布： 7 pres. act. + 4 pres. pass. + 4 with7 个现在主动 + 4 个现在被动 + 另有 4 个与下词连用 posse/mālle + 1 perf. act. (+ 1 个完成主动（voluisse — relative-tense effect!) + 1 fut. act. periphrastic (—— 相对时态的效果！）+ 1 个将来主动迂回式（oppressūrōs esse) + 1 fut. act. (）+ 1 个将来主动（futūra esse) + 2 fut. pass. periphrastic (）+ 2 个将来被动迂回式（facienda esse, trāhendum esse) + 1 canonical fut. pass. (）+ 1 个标准将来被动（victum īrī). All six tense/voice combinations represented.六种时态／语态组合全部齐备。

Questions on the Narrative关于叙述的问题

1. Sentence 1 — Caesar's strategic statement (in indirect statement) that Alesia第 1 句 —— 凯撒（以间接引语）作出的战略论断：阿莱西亚 could not be taken by storm, only by siege无法强攻夺取，只能靠围困攻克. Why does Caesar use indirect statement to record his own decision? What does this rhetorical move do to the reader?。凯撒为什么用间接引语来记录自己的决定？这一修辞手法对读者起到什么作用？
2. Sentences 4–5 — the technical specifications of the double ring. Caesar gives exact numbers (12 ft rampart, 11 + 14 mile rings). Why? Compare with similar engineering specs in Hour 23 (Avaricum's 80-ft agger).第 4–5 句 —— 双环的技术规格。凯撒给出精确数字（12 尺壁垒，11 + 14 里两环）。为什么？请与第 23 课（阿瓦里库姆 80 尺土台）类似的工程数据相比较。
3. Sentence 7 — Caesar第 7 句 —— 凯撒 denied that he had wished to receive the Mandubii (曼杜比人（negāvit sē... voluisse). The perfect infinitive matters here. What does it indicate about Caesar's framing of the moral question?）。这里的完成不定式很关键。它透露出凯撒如何为这道道德难题定调？
4. Sentence 8 — the Gauls第 8 句 —— 高卢人 were shouting that Caesar would be conquered in a short time高喊凯撒将在短时间内被击败 (Caesarem brevī tempore victum īrī). The rare canonical future passive. Caesar gets to record the prophecy precisely because it didn't come true. Discuss.）。这是罕见的标准将来被动。凯撒能够能精确记下这则预言，正因为它没有应验。请讨论。
5. Sentence 12 — Vercingetorix's surrender. Caesar describes it with unusual visual detail (第 12 句 —— 维钦托利的投降。凯撒以不寻常的视觉细节加以描写（equestrī cultū ōrnātus, pedibus Caesaris prōvolūtus). Why? What is this scene doing in the larger narrative?）。为什么？这一场景在更大的叙事里起什么作用？

Further Questions — Translation延伸问题 —— 翻译

Translate sentences 1, 7, and 12 into idiomatic English. Pay attention to: - The double indirect statement in s. 1 (把第 1、7、12 句译成地道的英文。请注意： —— 第 1 句里的双重间接引语（capī nōn posse, vincī posse, facienda esse). - The perfect-vs.-present infinitive contrast in s. 7 (）。 —— 第 7 句里完成与现在不定式的对比（recipere voluisse). - The participle/gerundive cascade in s. 12 (）。 —— 第 12 句里分词／动形词的层叠（ōrnātus, prōvolūtus, servārī, trāhendum esse).

Screening

Proposed clip:建议片段： Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) — siege of Minas Tirith, "the wall must hold while help is sought";（2003）—— 米那斯提力斯的围城，“在求援的际城墙必须守住”； Spartacus (1960, Kubrick) — final scene of the slave army before Crassus, the cinematic vocabulary of mass-submission;（1960，库布里克）—— 奴隶大军在克拉苏面前的最后一幕，集体屈服的影像词汇； MuséoParc Alésia阿莱西亚博物园（MuséoParc Alésia） reconstruction footage of Caesar's double ring (publicly available).凯撒双环工事的复原影像（公开可得）。 Subject to instructor confirmation.有待教师确认。

Discussion讨论

1. The Mandubii expulsion曼杜比人的驱逐 (s. 6-7): V. expels the civilian inhabitants of Alesia so that Roman supplies will not feed them. Caesar refuses to take them as captives. They starve between the walls. Who is morally responsible for the Mandubii's fate? Discuss in light of similar civilian-as-bargaining-chip moments in WWII (Stalingrad, Leningrad) and contemporary sieges.（第 6–7 句）：维钦托利把阿莱西亚的平民居民赶出去，好让罗马的补给养不到他们。凯撒拒绝把他们收为俘虏。他们在城墙与壕沟的间饿死。曼杜比人的命运在道德上由谁负责？请结合二战中类似的“以平民为筹码”的时刻（斯大林格勒、列宁格勒）以及当代的围城加以讨论。

2. Caesar's engineering at Alesia凯撒在阿莱西亚的工程: two concentric fortifications totalling ~25 miles, built in ~3 weeks by ~50,000 men, with three lines of pit-traps. Modern engineers estimate this at ~1.5 million person-days of labor. What does this tell you about the Roman army as an institution? Compare with the Han Great Wall, the Persian royal road, or the Inca road system.：两道同心工事总长约 25 里，由约五万人在约三周内建成，外加三排陷坑。现代工程师估计这相当于约一百五十万人日的劳动。这说明罗马军队作为一种制度有何特点？请与汉长城、波斯御道或印加道路系统相比较。

3. The Critognatus speech克里托格纳图斯的演说 (DBG 7.77, not in our passage) — V.'s lieutenant proposes that, if necessary, the besieged Gauls should eat their own non-combatants rather than surrender. Caesar reports this speech in（DBG 7.77，不在我们的段落里）—— 维钦托利的副手提议：必要时，被围的高卢人应当吃掉本方的非战斗人员，而不投降。凯撒以 direct discourse (rare for him). Why? What rhetorical work does the speech do in the larger narrative?引语转述这篇演说（这对他来说很罕见）。为什么？这篇演说在更大的叙事里起什么修辞作用？

4. The surrender scene投降场景 (s. 12): V. dressed in（第 12 句）：维钦托利身着 equestrī cultū, riding into Caesar's presence, dismounting, prostrating himself. Caesar describes the moment in unusually visual detail. What does the visual rhetoric do here? Compare with the surrender of Lee at Appomattox (1865), or the Japanese surrender on the USS Missouri (1945). What is being symbolically transferred?，骑马来到凯撒面前、下马、伏地。凯撒以不寻常的视觉细节描写这一刻。这里的视觉修辞起什么作用？请与阿波马托克斯李将军的投降（1865）或密苏里号上日本的投降（1945）相比较。什么在被象征性地移交？

5. Indirect statement allows Caesar to report without endorsing.间接引语让凯撒可以转述而不表态。 When the Gauls shout that Caesar will be defeated (s. 8:当高卢人高喊凯撒将被击败（第 8 句： Caesarem brevī tempore victum īrī), Caesar records this prophecy precisely because it didn't happen. How does indirect statement shape historical narrative? Can you write a "truthful" history that doesn't use this construction?），凯撒能够记下这则预言，正因为它没有发生。间接引语如何塑造历史叙事？你能写出一部不使用这一结构的“真实”历史吗？

Intermission间歇

Break before休息，随后进入 Hour 27第 27 课 (Aftermath — the surrender of Uxellodunum and the close of the Gallic war; Wheelock Ch. 26).（余波 —— 乌克塞洛杜努姆的投降与高卢战争的落幕；Wheelock 第 26 章）。

Sources

• Latin text: De Bello Gallico 7.68–89, from PerseusDL canonical-latinLit corpus (phi0448), with light morphological smoothing.7.68–89，取自 PerseusDL canonical-latinLit 语料库（phi0448），略作形态平顺处理。
• English translation英文翻译: McDevitte & Bohn (1869), adapted.：McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），有改编。
• Grammar: Wheelock 6th edn. revised (LaFleur 2005), Ch. 25.：Wheelock 第 6 版修订本（LaFleur 2005）第 25 章。
• Course design课程设计: 0 Caesar's Latin Course Structure and Task 1-2 .docx.
• Alesia — modern archaeology阿莱西亚 —— 现代考古: M. Reddé, Alésia: L'archéologie face à l'imaginaire (2003), the definitive modern treatment of the site; J. Le Gall,（2003），该遗址权威的现代研究；J. Le Gall， Alésia: archéologie et histoire (1980), with extensive coverage of Napoleon III's 19th-century excavations; M. Reddé and S. von Schnurbein (eds.),（1980），详述拿破仑三世 19 世纪的发掘；M. Reddé 与 S. von Schnurbein（编）， Alésia et la bataille du Téoulon (2001, French-German collaborative excavation report).（2001，法德合作发掘报告）。
• The Roman siege at Alesia — engineering阿莱西亚的罗马围城 —— 工程: J. Harmand, L'armée et le soldat à Rome de 107 à 50 avant notre ère (1967); P. Connolly,（1967）；P. Connolly， Greece and Rome at War (1981, reissued 2006), with the reconstructions of the（1981，2006 年再版），含对各类陷坑工事（ lilia, cippi, and stimulī.
• Vercingetorix's surrender as Roman political theater维钦托利的投降作为罗马的政治剧场: M. Beard, The Roman Triumph (2007), ch. 5 on the（2007），第 5 章论 triumphus and its captives; D. C. Earl,及其俘虏；D. C. Earl， The Political Thought of Sallust (1961), with the rhetoric of（1961），论 imperium visualized.如何被视觉化呈现的修辞。
• The end of independent Gaul独立高卢的终结: B. Levick, The Government of the Roman Empire: A Sourcebook (2nd edn. 2000); E. M. Wightman,（第 2 版 2000）；E. M. Wightman， Gallia Belgica (1985).
• Wheelock Ch. 25 — indirect statement in pedagogical literatureWheelock 第 25 章 —— 教学文献中的间接引语: G. Calboli, "Indirect Statement and Latin Word Order," in J. Adams & R. G. Mayer (eds.), Aspects of the Language语言 of Latin Poetry (1999); H. Pinkster,（1999）；H. Pinkster， Oxford Latin Syntax I: The Simple Clause (2015), §§ on AcI construction.（2015），关于 AcI 结构的节。
• The "future passive"“将来被动” -um īrī construction: K. K. Smith, The Use of Indicative and Subjunctive in Old Latin Indirect Discourse (1908); F. Sommer,（1908）；F. Sommer， Handbuch der lateinischen Laut- und Formenlehre, §§ on the supine and its compounds.，关于动名状（supine）及其复合形式的节。