Happy Latin: Caesar’s Battles快乐拉丁语：凯撒的战役Hour 27 · The Brutal Example: Uxellodunum · DBG 8.32–44第 27 课 · 残酷的儆戒：乌克塞洛杜努姆 · DBG 8.32–44

Hour 27 — The Brutal Example: Uxellodunum · DBG 8.32–44第 27 课 —— 残酷的儆戒：乌克塞洛杜努姆 · DBG 8.32–44

Note on sources.关于来源的说明。 Hour 27 covers the aftermath of Alesia and the final military action of the Gallic war: the siege of Uxellodunum in 51 BC, and Caesar's deliberately brutal example — cutting off the hands of every man who had borne arms. Book 8 of第 27 课讲述阿莱西亚以后的余波，以及高卢战争最后一场军事行动：公元前 51 年乌克塞洛杜努姆的围城，以及凯撒蓄意为的的残酷儆戒 —— 砍掉每一个曾持械者的双手。（ De Bello Gallico is by）的第八卷出自 Aulus Hirtius, Caesar's secretary, not Caesar himself. Pairs with Wheelock Ch. 26 (Comparison of Adjectives). Grammar from Wheelock 6th edn. revised (LaFleur 2005), Ch. 26.，凯撒的秘书，而非凯撒本人。配合 Wheelock 第 26 章（形容词的比较）。语法取自 Wheelock 第 6 版修订本（LaFleur 2005）第 26 章。

Briefing

Uxellodunum — the brutal example that ends the war乌克塞洛杜努姆 —— 结束战争的残酷儆戒

Hour 26 ended with the surrender of Vercingetorix at Alesia in October 52 BC. Hour 27 jumps forward a year, to the summer of第 26 课以公元前 52 年十月维钦托利在阿莱西亚投降告终。第 27 课向后跳一年，到 51 BC, and follows the final mopping-up of Gallic resistance. The narrative source is no longer Caesar himself:的夏天，追踪对高卢抵抗的最后清剿。叙事的来源不再是凯撒本人： Book 8 of De Bello Gallico was written by Aulus Hirtius）的第八卷由奥卢斯·希尔提乌斯写成, Caesar's personal secretary, who completed the，凯撒的私人秘书，他在凯撒遇刺以后完成了这部 commentāriī after Caesar's assassination. Hirtius writes deliberately in Caesar's style — same vocabulary, same syntactic preferences — but the editorial voice is recognizably different. He is more openly admiring, more openly brutal.。希尔提乌斯刻意模仿凯撒的文风 —— 同样的词汇、同样的句法偏好 —— 但编者的声音明显不同。他更公开地表达钦佩，也更公开地残酷。

The action centers on行动的中心是 Uxellodunum, a hill-fortress in the territory of the Cadurci in southwestern Gaul (modern southern France, near the Dordogne — the archaeological identification is the，一座位于高卢西南卡杜尔奇人领地的山地堡垒（今法国南部，靠近多尔多涅 —— 考古上认定为 Puy d'Issolud above the Dordogne valley). Two minor Gallic leaders,，在多尔多涅河谷的上）。两位次要的高卢领袖 —— Drappes the Senonian and塞农人，以及 Lucterius the Cadurcan, gather what remains of the resistance and fortify Uxellodunum. The site is geographically extraordinary: a high plateau surrounded on three sides by sheer cliffs, with only one approachable side. Caesar's legate Caninius Rebilus arrives first; Caesar himself joins in late summer.卡杜尔奇人，集结起抵抗的残余力量，加固乌克塞洛杜努姆。该地地理上非同寻常：一片高地，三面是峭壁，只有一面可以接近。凯撒的副将卡尼尼乌斯·雷比卢斯先期抵达；凯撒本人在夏末赶到。

Caesar's response is famously elegant. He does not storm the cliffs. Instead he凯撒的应对以巧妙著称。他不去强攻峭壁，而是 identifies the single spring找出那唯一的水源 that supplies the town with water — a fountain at the base of one cliff face, fed by an underground stream that runs through the rock. He orders his sappers to dig—— 为城镇供水的一眼泉水，泉口在一处崖壁脚下，由一条穿岩而过的地下溪流补给。他命令工兵挖掘 tunnels under the cliff崖下的坑道 to intercept the stream and divert it. The work takes weeks. When the spring suddenly runs dry, the Gauls believe the gods have abandoned them, and surrender within days.去截断溪流、把水引走。工程耗时数周。当泉水突然干涸，高卢人相信神已经抛弃了他们，几天的内便投降。 Caesar's punishment is the most calculated brutality in凯撒的惩罚是《高卢战记》中最有算计的残暴： De Bello Gallico: he does not kill the survivors. He orders the他不杀幸存者。他下令 hands cut off of every man who had borne arms砍掉每一个曾持械者的双手 — and lets them live. They are turned loose to walk back to their villages as living, permanent reminders of what resistance to Rome costs. Hirtius frames the act explicitly as deterrent:—— 然后放他们活命。他们被放走，徒步走回各自的村庄，作为活着的、永久的儆戒，提醒人们抵抗罗马要付出什么代价。希尔提乌斯明确把这一举动框定为威慑： exemplum hostīlitātis perpetuō obversārētur "so that the example of hostility might forever be set before [the rest of Gaul]."“好让敌意的儆戒永远摆在[高卢其余各部]眼前。”

Hour 27: Uxellodunum & Aftermath — Source: DBG 8.32–44 (Hirtius)第 27 课：乌克塞洛杜努姆与余波 —— 出处：DBG 8.32–44（希尔提乌斯）

After Alesia had been captured, Caesar, having advanced into the further territory of the Gauls, decided to subdue the remaining tribes: peace was necessary, and most difficult for the Romans. Drappes and Lucterius, the last Gallic commanders, had seized Uxellodunum, a town strongest by nature: for it was set on a very high cliff, fortified more strongly than other towns. Caesar, having advanced to the town with great speed, planned a siege not fiercer but wiser: to seize, not arms, but the water. Uxellodunum, surrounded on three sides by very high cliffs, had only one water source: this spring drew the water of an underground stream across the hill to the very walls. Caesar, having seen this spring, ordered the largest tunnels to be dug under the hill, so that the water might be diverted: the work was most difficult, but for the Romans not impossible. With the tunnellers working for many days, with the water suddenly diverted, the spring of Uxellodunum became completely dry: the townsmen, deprived of water, saw this as a greater danger than any previous one. For they had thought that the spring itself was a divine sign: for in a longer siege the water had always sufficed: therefore, when they saw the water lost, they said that the Roman gods were stronger than their own gods. Therefore Drappes and Lucterius, struck by such great despair, formed a plan of surrender: they now understood that by no better course could they seek safety. But Caesar, for the sake of a most severe example, did not wish to save all: he ordered the hands of those who had borne arms to be cut off, so that throughout all Gaul the worst example of hostility might forever be set before [the rest]. By much more cruel was this punishment than execution: for with their hands lost they were living, and they bore the sign of infamy every day. Here was the end of the war: with all Gaul subjected to the Romans, Caesar set out for Italy: the fiercest war of seven years, waged with the greatest forces, was concluded in the shortest time and the greatest victory. The month was October of the year 51 BC: Vercingetorix was waiting in prison at Rome, expecting Caesar's coming triumph: Caesar himself, the best general and the cruellest victor, was about to receive himself into Italy.

Connection to Wheelock与 Wheelock 教材的衔接

This hour pairs with本课配合 Wheelock Chapter 26 — Comparison of Adjectives; Declension of Comparatives; Ablative of ComparisonWheelock 第 26 章 —— 形容词的比较；比较级的变格；比较夺格. Latin compares adjectives in three degrees:。拉丁语的形容词有三个比较级别： positive (longus "long"),“长”）， comparative (longior, longius "longer"), and“更长”），以及 superlative (longissimus "longest"). The comparative declines as a 3rd-decl. consonant-stem adjective; the superlative as a 1st/2nd-decl. adjective. Six high-frequency adjectives compare irregularly:“最长”）。比较级按第三变格辅音干形容词变化；最高级按第一／第二变格形容词变化。六个高频形容词的比较不规则：

Hirtius's Uxellodunum narrative leans heavily on comparison — the cliff is "highest", the spring "the only one", the example is "most brutal."希尔提乌斯的乌克塞洛杜努姆叙事大量倚重比较 —— 崖是“最高的”，泉是“唯一的”，儆戒是“最残暴的”。

Today's Task今日任务

Identify all verbs (finite + participles + infinitives + gerunds) AND identify all找出所有动词（限定形式 + 分词 + 不定式 + 动名词），并找出段落中所有 comparative and superlative forms in the passage.（在这段文字中）。 24 chapter-focus targets24 个本章重点目标; all six irregular comparisons appear.；六种不规则比较全部出现。

Grammar Target — Comparison of Adjectives语法目标 —— 形容词的比较

Three degrees of comparison比较的三个级别

Formation:构成法： from the genitive stem of the positive (e.g.从原级的属格词干（例如 long- from long-ī), add），加上 -ior, -ius (comparative) or（比较级）或 -issimus, -a, -um (superlative).（最高级）。

Comparative declension — 3rd-decl. CONSONANT stem (not i-stem!)比较级的变格 —— 第三变格辅音干（不是 i 干！）

Diagnostic:辨别依据： abl. sg.单数夺格 -e (not -ī), neut. nom./acc. pl.（不是 -ī），中性主格／宾格复数 -a (not -ia), gen. pl.（不是 -ia），属格复数 -um (not -ium). True consonant stem.（不是 -ium）。是真正的辅音干。

Superlative declension — like最高级的变格 —— 与下词相同 bonus

The superlative longissimus, -a, -um declines exactly like的变格完全像 bonus, -a, -um (1st/2nd-decl.). No surprises.（第一／第二变格）。没有意外。

Special superlatives特殊最高级

• Adjectives in -er以 -er 结尾的形容词 form their superlatives with -errimus: ācer → ācerrimus, celer → celerrimus, miser → miserrimus.
• Six adjectives in -lis六个以 -lis 结尾的形容词 (facilis, difficilis, similis, dissimilis, gracilis, humilis) form their superlatives with）用…构成最高级 -limus: facilis → facillimus, difficilis → difficillimus.

Two ways to express comparison表达比较的两种方式

"Caesar is wiser“凯撒 than Vercingetorix." Two equivalent constructions:维钦托利更明智。”两种等价的结构：

1. quam + same casequam + 同格: Caesar prudentior quam Vercingetorix (both nominative;（两者皆主格； quam = "than").= “than”，即“比”）。
2. Ablative of comparison比较夺格: Caesar prudentior Vercingetorīge (the second term in the ablative; no（第二项用夺格；不用 quam). Caesar prefers this when the first term is nominative or accusative.

Intensive comparative ("rather X")）。当第一项是主格或宾格时，凯撒偏好这种。

A bare comparative without an explicit comparison often means无明确比较对象的比较级（“相当 X”） "rather X" / "too X"“相当 X”／“太 X”: hostis fortior erat "the enemy was rather strong" / "too strong (for us)."“敌人相当强”／“（对我们而言）太强了”。

Absolute superlative ("very X")无明确比较基准的最高级（“很 X”）

A bare superlative without explicit basis of comparison often means“很 X” "very X": vir fortissimus erat“他是个很勇敢的人。” "he was a very brave man."quam + 最高级 = “尽可能 X”

Quam + superlative = "as X as possible"一个有用的习语。

A useful idiom. quam celerrimē“尽可能快地”； "as quickly as possible"; quam plūrimōs mīlitēs“尽可能多的士兵”。 "as many soldiers as possible."三个警示点

Three warning signs比较级按辅音干变化，不是 i 干。

1. The comparative declines as a consonant stem, NOT an i-stem.单数夺格是 Abl. sg. is -e, gen. pl. -um, neut. nom./acc. pl. -a. This is the only 3rd-decl. adjective family that does this.。这是唯一这样变化的第三变格形容词族。
2. The six irregulars are unpredictable.六个不规则形容词无规律可循。 Memorize them:请记住它们： bonus/melior/optimus, malus/peior/pessimus, magnus/maior/maximus, parvus/minor/minimus, multus/plūs/plūrimus, multī/plūrēs/plūrimī. They derive from different Indo-European roots.。它们源自不同的印欧词根。
3. Ablative of degree of difference差额夺格: multō "by much",“多得多”， paulō "by a little",“一点点”， aliquantō "by somewhat" — these abl. forms modify a comparative to specify HOW MUCH more.“稍微” —— 这些夺格形式修饰比较级，用来说明“多多少”。 Multō fortior "much stronger." Technically a separate construction from the abl. of comparison.“强得多”。严格说，这是与比较夺格不同的另一种结构。

Vocabulary

(107 entries — see HTML for full badge-tagged table.（107 条 —— 完整的带标签表格见 HTML。 New badge:新标签： COMP (amber) marks comparative and superlative forms. Carried: INF, GER, PARTIC, 5TH DECL, 4TH DECL, etc.)

Tagging rules in effect this Hour本课生效的标注规则

Carried from previous hours (ten cumulative codebook rules).沿用前几课的规则（累计十条编码规则）。 New focus this hour:本课新增重点： the Battle Task's secondary toggle isolates战斗任务的第二个开关单独标出 comparative and superlative forms (rendered in amber italic).（以琥珀色斜体显示）。

Battle Task — Identify all verbs, and the comparative / superlative forms战斗任务 —— 找出所有动词，以及比较级／最高级形式

Hour 27 Passage on the Siege of Uxellodunum第 27 课关于乌克塞洛杜努姆围城的段落

(Comparative/superlative targets in（比较级／最高级目标用 bold粗体, other verb targets in，其他动词目标用 italics斜体. Brackets [...] mark ablative-absolute boundaries.)。方括号 [...] 标出夺格独立结构的边界。）

1. Post Alesiam captam, Caesar in fīnēs Gallōrum ulteriōrēs [profectus], reliquās gentēs subigere statuit: pāx erat necessāria et difficillima Rōmānīs.
2. Drappēs et Lucterius, ducēs ultimī Gallōrum, oppidum Uxellodūnum nātūrā firmissimum occupāverant: nam in altissimā rūpe positum erat, fortius mūnītum quam alia oppida.
3. Caesar, [magnā celeritāte ad oppidum profectus], obsidiōnem nōn ferōciōrem sed sapientiōrem statuit: capere nōn arma sed aquam intercipere.
4. Uxellodūnum, [tribus partibus rūpibus altissimīs cīnctum], ūnum aquae fontem habēbat: hic fōns aquam flūviī subterrāneī ad mūrōs ipsōs trāns collem dūcēbat.
5. Caesar, [hōc fōnte vīsō], iussit cunīculōs maximōs sub colle fodī, ut aqua dīverterētur: opus difficillimum erat, sed Rōmānīs nōn impossibile.
6. Multīs diēbus cunīculāriīs labōrantibus, [aquā subitō dīversā], fōns Uxellodūnī siccissimus factus est: oppidānī, [aquā prīvātī], hōc maius perīculum vīdērunt quam ūllum prius.
7. Putāverant enim fontem ipsum esse signum dīvīnum: nam in longiōre obsidiōne semper aqua suffēcerat: itaque, [cum aquam āmissam vidērent], dīxērunt deōs Rōmānōs fortiōrēs deīs suīs esse.
8. Itaque Drappēs et Lucterius, [tantā dēspērātiōne perculsī], cōnsilium dēditiōnis cēpērunt: meliōre nūllō modō salūtem petere iam posse intellegēbant.
9. Sed Caesar, [exemplī gravissimī grātiā], nōn omnēs servāre voluit: manūs eōrum, [quī arma tulerant], amputārī iussit, ut in tōtā Galliā pessimum exemplum hostīlitātis perpetuō obversārī posset.
10. Multō crūdēlius hoc supplicium quam interfectiō: nam manibus āmissīs vīvēbant, et signum īnfāmiae omnibus diēbus portābant.
11. Hīc fīnis bellī erat: [Galliā tōtā Rōmānīs subiectā], Caesar in Italiam profectus est: acerrimum bellum septem annōrum, [cum maximīs cōpiīs gestum], minimō tempore et maximā victōriā concluditur.
12. Mēnsis erat October annī LI ante Chrīstum nātum: Vercingetorix Rōmae in carcere manēbat, [triumphum Caesaris futūrum expectāns]: Caesar ipse, [optimus dux et crūdēlissimus victor], in Italiam sē receptūrus erat.

Answer Key — Comparative & Superlative Targets (24)答案 —— 比较级与最高级目标（24 处）

Distribution by type:按类型分布： 9 regular superlatives + 6 irregular comparisons (covering all six families:9 个规则最高级 + 6 个不规则比较（涵盖全部六族： meliōre, pessimum, maius/maximus-cluster,-族， minimō, optimus) + 5 regular comparatives + 2 special superlatives (）+ 5 个规则比较级 + 2 个特殊最高级（difficillima/-um from -lis,来自 -lis， acerrimum from -er). Plus 1 ablative of comparison (s. 7) and 1 ablative of degree of difference (s. 10).来自 -er）。另有 1 个比较夺格（第 7 句）和 1 个差额夺格（第 10 句）。 All six irregular comparisons appear in a single passage.六种不规则比较出现在同一段文字里。

Questions on the Narrative关于叙述的问题

1. Sentence 1: peace is第 1 句：和平是 difficillima — "most difficult" for the Romans. What does this mean? Why is peace harder than war?—— 对罗马人而言“最难的”。这是什么意思？为什么和平比战争更难？
2. Sentence 3's antithesis:第 3 句的对照： nōn ferōciōrem sed sapientiōrem "not fiercer but wiser." Two comparatives in deliberate opposition. What does the antithesis tell you about Caesar's self-presentation in Hirtius?“不更凶猛，而更明智。”两个刻意对立的比较级。这一对照透露出希尔提乌斯笔下凯撒怎样的自我呈现？
3. Sentence 7: the Gauls' theological framing of defeat (第 7 句：高卢人对失败的神学化框定（deōs Rōmānōs fortiōrēs deīs suīs esse). Is this what the Gauls really said, or what Hirtius wants us to imagine they said?）。这是高卢人真的说过的话，还是希尔提乌斯想让我们设想他们说过的话？
4. Sentence 10:第 10 句： multō crūdēlius hoc supplicium quam interfectiō "this punishment was much more cruel than execution." Hirtius admits the cruelty. Why? What does this tell you about Roman moral economy?“这一惩罚比处死残酷得多。”希尔提乌斯承认了这份残酷。为什么？这透露出罗马怎样的道德算计？
5. Sentence 12 closes with two superlatives describing Caesar:第 12 句以两个描述凯撒的最高级作结： optimus dux et crūdēlissimus victor. Why pair them? What is Hirtius doing rhetorically?。为什么把它们并置？希尔提乌斯在修辞上意图何为？

Further Questions — Translation延伸问题 —— 翻译

Translate sentences 3, 9, and 12 into idiomatic English. Pay attention to: - The antithesis of comparatives in s. 3. - The purpose clause + gerundive structure in s. 9 (把第 3、9、12 句译成地道的英文。请注意： —— 第 3 句中比较级的对照。 —— 第 9 句中目的从句 + 动形词结构（ut... pessimum exemplum... obversārī posset). - The two contrasting superlatives describing Caesar in s. 12.）。 —— 第 12 句中描述凯撒的两个对立最高级。

Screening

Proposed clip:建议片段： Lawrence of Arabia (1962, David Lean) for "calculated atrocity as instrument of governance";（1962，大卫·里恩）呈现“作为治理手段的精心暴行”； The Battle of Algiers (1966, Pontecorvo) for the colonial logic of "the example that must be set"; aerial drone footage of（1966，蓬泰科尔沃）呈现“必须立下儆戒”的殖民逻辑；还有 Puy d'Issolud in the Dordogne for the historical site.（多尔多涅地区）该历史遗址的航拍无人机镜头。 Subject to instructor confirmation.有待教师确认。

Discussion讨论

1. Hirtius frames the hand-cutting as希尔提乌斯把砍手框定为 exemplī gravissimī grātiā "for the sake of a most serious example." Is this deterrence? Cruelty? Or deterrence-by-cruelty? Compare with similar historical "examples" — Roman crucifixion of slaves after Spartacus (71 BC), British "punitive expeditions" in 19th-century India, German atrocities against the Hereros and Namaqua (1904).“为立下最严厉的儆戒”。这是威慑？残忍？还是以残忍来威慑？请与历史上类似的“儆戒”相比较 —— 斯巴达克斯起义后罗马对奴隶的钉刑（公元前 71 年）、19 世纪英国在印度的“惩罚性远征”、德国对赫雷罗人和纳马夸人的暴行（1904 年）。

2. Caesar's solution at Uxellodunum is engineering, not battle凯撒在乌克塞洛杜努姆的解决办法是工程，而非战斗: he diverts the water. Is this a more "civilized" form of siege warfare than direct assault? Or is it more troubling because it targets the conditions of life itself? Discuss in light of modern siege warfare in Sarajevo (1992-96), Aleppo (2012-16), Mariupol (2022).：他把水引走。这是否比正面强攻更“文明”的围城方式？还是说，正因为它针对的是生存本身的条件，所以更令人不安？请结合现代围城战加以讨论：萨拉热窝（1992–96）、阿勒颇（2012–16）、马里乌波尔（2022）。

3. The Gauls' theological framing of defeat高卢人对失败的神学化框定 (s. 7): they said that the Roman gods were stronger than their own gods. Does this language belong to the Gauls (as Hirtius reports), or to Hirtius's imagined Gauls? Compare with Roman。这套说法属于高卢人（如希尔提乌斯所报告），还是属于希尔提乌斯想象中的高卢人？请与罗马的 evocātiō — the formal ritual of calling a defeated city's gods over to Rome's side.—— 把战败城市的神正式召唤到罗马一方的仪式 —— 相比较。

4. Sentence 11's tricolon of superlatives第 11 句最高级的三连式: acerrimum bellum... minimō tempore et maximā victōriā. The superlatives crowd. What is this rhetorical move doing? Compare with the closing rhetoric of other war memoirs — Thucydides 7.87 on Syracuse, Tacitus on Mons Graupius, Churchill on the Battle of Britain.。最高级密集堆叠。这一修辞手法在做什么？请与其他战争回忆录的收尾修辞相比较 —— 修昔底德 7.87 论叙拉古、塔西佗论格劳皮乌斯山、丘吉尔论不列颠的战。

5. Sentence 12 describes Caesar in two superlatives第 12 句用两个最高级描述凯撒: optimus dux et crūdēlissimus victor. Hirtius writes this AFTER Caesar's assassination. Is this praise, lament, or implicit critique? How does Hirtius's position (loyalist secretary, but writing after the assassination) shape what he can and cannot say about his patron?。希尔提乌斯是在凯撒遇刺以后写下这句的。这是赞颂、哀悼，还是含蓄的批评？希尔提乌斯的处境（忠诚的秘书，却在刺杀以后写作）如何塑造了他能说和不能说什么？

Intermission间歇

Break before休息，随后进入 Hour 28第 28 课 (Course capstone — comprehensive review and the Caesarian legacy; Wheelock Ch. 27, Special and Irregular Comparison).（课程总结 —— 全面复习与凯撒的遗产；Wheelock 第 27 章，特殊与不规则比较）。

Sources

• Latin text: De Bello Gallico 8.32–44 (by8.32–44（出自 Hirtius, not Caesar), from PerseusDL canonical-latinLit corpus (phi0448), with light morphological smoothing.，而非凯撒），取自 PerseusDL canonical-latinLit 语料库（phi0448），略作形态平顺处理。
• English translation英文翻译: McDevitte & Bohn (1869), adapted.：McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），有改编。
• Grammar: Wheelock 6th edn. revised (LaFleur 2005), Ch. 26.：Wheelock 第 6 版修订本（LaFleur 2005）第 26 章。
• Course design课程设计: 0 Caesar's Latin Course Structure and Task 1-2 .docx.
• Hirtius as continuator of希尔提乌斯作为续写者，所续的是 DBG: M. Brüggmann, Aulus Hirtius (Königstein, 1980); H. Diehl,（柯尼希施泰因，1980）；H. Diehl， Aulus Hirtius im Senat und im Feldlager (1923); B. Levick,（1923）；B. Levick， The Government of the Roman Empire: A Sourcebook (2nd edn. 2000) on the political setting of Books 8 and the（第 2 版 2000），论第八卷以及 Bellum Alexandrinum.
• Uxellodunum — archaeology and identification乌克塞洛杜努姆 —— 考古与认定: J.-P. Girault, Le Puy d'Issolud (Lot): l'oppidum d'Uxellodunum (2007), the definitive modern treatment; M. Reddé,（2007），该课题权威的现代研究；M. Reddé， Alésia et la guerre des Gaules (2003), with the Uxellodunum chapter; the 19th-century identification controversy is reviewed in A. Holmes,（2003），含乌克塞洛杜努姆一章；19 世纪的认定争议见 A. Holmes， Caesar's Conquest of Gaul (2nd edn. 1911).（第 2 版 1911）。
• The hand-cutting episode in Roman moral economy罗马道德算计中的砍手事件: A. Lintott, Violence in Republican Rome (1968); A. M. Riggsby,（1968）；A. M. Riggsby， Caesar in Gaul and Rome: War in Words (2006), with the closing chapters on Caesar's "ethics of extermination."（2006），含论凯撒“灭绝伦理”的结尾各章。
• The end of the Gallic War高卢战争的终结: B. Cunliffe, Greeks, Romans and Barbarians: Spheres of Interaction (1988); E. M. Wightman,（1988）；E. M. Wightman， Gallia Belgica (1985); G. Woolf,（1985）；G. Woolf， Becoming Roman: The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul (1998).
• Wheelock Ch. 26 — comparison in pedagogical literatureWheelock 第 26 章 —— 教学文献中的比较: A. C. Lyons, Latin Comparatives and Superlatives (Cambridge teaching notes, 2002); H. Pinkster,（剑桥教学讲义，2002）；H. Pinkster， Oxford Latin Syntax II: The Complex Sentence (2021), §§ on degrees of comparison.（2021），关于比较级别的节。
• Caesar's posthumous reputation and the Hirtian editorial voice凯撒的身后名声与希尔提乌斯的编者声音: Z. Yavetz, Julius Caesar and His Public Image (1983); K. Welch and A. Powell (eds.),（1983）；K. Welch 与 A. Powell（编）， Julius Caesar as Artful Reporter (1998), ch. 8 on the continuators.（1998），第 8 章论续作者。