reported · verified-report
Herodotus reports—not an independent Egyptian record—that Necho commissioned Phoenician crews to sail from the Red Sea and return through the Pillars of Heracles.
high-textual/medium-historical
Source-bound pilot · 2026-10-10
Read the report. Check the evidence.
Two expedition records with exact source passages, explicit claim types, and limits on what the evidence establishes.
从古代记载进入证据：区分文献所述、现代推论与尚待解决的问题。点击引文可直接阅读对应原文；本页不增加新的路线坐标。
Necho II — reported circumnavigation
selected claims from an existing evidence package; not the complete package
Read the primary passage / 阅读原文reported · verified-report
In Herodotus's account, the crews planted crops during seasonal stops and returned to Egypt in the third year. This projection establishes what the text reports, not independent corroboration of the voyage.
high-textual/low-independent-corroboration
disputed · contested
Herodotus preserves the striking claim that the sun was on the sailors' right, while explicitly withholding his own belief; a modern Southern-Hemisphere interpretation remains an inference, not part of the ancient wording.
high-textual/low-interpretive
reported · verified-report
A separate Herodotean passage associates Necho with an unfinished Nile–Red Sea canal and fleets in both maritime basins.
high-textual/medium-historical
inferred · supported-synthesis
Diodorus and Strabo strengthen the canal tradition, not the voyage tradition; citing them as independent confirmation of the circumnavigation would be a category error.
high
Diodorus 1.33.9 — supports · Strabo 17.1.25 — supports · Herodotus 4.42 — qualifies
disputed · contested
Herodotus reports a completed circumnavigation. Its historicity remains disputed; this finite source comparison does not establish contemporary corroboration.
medium
Limits and next review
- A surviving report is not proof of an event.
- The canal accounts do not independently establish the circumnavigation.
- The solar observation has an ancient expression of doubt and a separate modern interpretation.
- No new date or route coordinates are asserted by this projection.
Scylax of Caryanda — provisional source note
provisional source note; cumulative evidence package still pending
Read the primary passage / 阅读原文reported · provisional-source-note
Herodotus reports that Darius sent trusted men, including Scylax of Caryanda, to discover where the Indus reached the sea.
text-bound; historical and geographical acceptance pending
reported · provisional-source-note
The account names Caspatyrus and Pactyice as the departure region, then describes a river journey to the sea. This note makes no modern identification of the departure point.
text-bound; historical and geographical acceptance pending
reported · provisional-source-note
Herodotus says that, after sailing westward by sea, the party arrived in the thirtieth month at the place from which the Egyptian king had sent Phoenicians to circumnavigate Libya.
text-bound; historical and geographical acceptance pending
inferred · provisional-source-note
The short account does not supply a modern coordinate sequence or an exact calendar year. A reconstructed route or date must be distinguished from Herodotus's wording.
text-bound; historical and geographical acceptance pending
Limits and next review
- This single-source note does not complete an evidence package or establish independent corroboration.
- A full package requires source collation, identity/chronology/route review, and adversarial/provenance reviews.
- The later work commonly called the Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax is not equated with the voyage report here.
Source editions and attribution
- Herodotus, Histories, ed. A. D. Godley (1920–1925), Perseus TEI, urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-grc2.
Perseus Digital Library / Tufts University · urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-grc2 - Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica 1–5, eds. I. Bekker, L. Dindorf, and F. Vogel (1888–1890), Perseus TEI.
Perseus Digital Library / Tufts University · urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.perseus-grc5 - Strabo, Geographica, ed. August Meinecke (1877), Perseus TEI, urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc2.
Perseus Digital Library / Tufts University · urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc2
Bibliographic attribution and original summaries only. Source components retain their own rights; archival licensing of the original notes remains to be confirmed.
Perseus repository licence — the repository states a default CC BY-SA 4.0 licence, with component-specific rights caveats. This page reproduces no source text.