TRIAL · 诉讼
Ligarius · appeal to Caesar利加里乌斯 · 向凯撒求情
46 BCE公元前46年Advocate for clemency求情人Release / clemency解除指控／宽赦
Q. Ligarius利加里乌斯 · C. Iulius Caesar凯撒
How to assess this result如何评估此结果 magalia’s description本站描述
Cicero frames his appeal as mercy. Plutarch reports Caesar releasing Ligarius: a favourable result in a distinct decision setting.西塞罗以求宽恕组织演说。普鲁塔克记凯撒解除指控；结果有利，但决断机制不同。
Caesar decided the case himself; Plutarch’s account of his emotions is a later report.此案由凯撒亲自裁断；普鲁塔克所述凯撒情绪是后世报告。
What this establishes about precedent判例问题：证据能说明什么
No adopted general rule established by the assembled evidence.现有证据未能确立法庭采纳了一般规则。
Evidence and its surroundings证据及其上下文
Asking Caesar for mercy向凯撒请求宽恕
Before the selection选段之前
The speech has challenged the accuser Tubero’s position. Cicero now makes the nature of his appeal explicit.前文质疑控方图贝罗的立场，至此西塞罗明白说明其请求的性质。
Read the preceding original context阅读前文原文 (1)
28quid? cum ista res nihil commovisset eius animum ad quem veneratis, languidiore, credo, studio in causa fuistis; tantum modo in praesidiis eratis, animi vero a causa abhorrebant: an, ut fit in civilibus bellis—nec in vobis magis quam in reliquis; omnes enim vincendi studio tenebamur. pacis equidem semper auctor fui, sed tum sero; erat enim amentis, cum aciem videres, pacem cogitare. omnes, inquam, vincere volebamus; tu certe praecipue, qui in eum locum venisses ubi tibi esset pereundum, nisi vicisses. quamquam, ut nunc se res habet, non dubito quin hanc salutem anteponas illi victoriae.Edition notes (6)版本注记（6）
- cum iniuria γ
- post bellis lacunam statuit Madvig: anacoluthian ex parenthesi ortam defendit Rau
- neque Cα
- praecipue om. α
- veneras β
- tibi om. α
Selected original passage所选原文
29haec ego non dicerem, Tubero, si aut vos constantiae vestrae aut Caesarem benefici sui paeniteret. nunc quaero utrum vestras iniurias an rei publicae persequamini. si rei publicae, quid de vestra in illa causa perseverantia respondebitis? si vestras, videte ne erretis qui Caesarem vestris inimicis iratum fore putetis, cum ignoverit suis. itaque num tibi videor in causa Ligari esse occupatus, num de eius facto dicere? quicquid dixi, ad unam summam referri volo vel humanitatis vel clementiae vel misericordiae.Edition notes (1)版本注记（1）
- misericordiae β, Zielinski: misericordiae tuae αγ
30causas, Caesar, egi multas equidem tecum, dum te in foro tenuit ratio honorum tuorum, certe numquam hoc modo: ignoscite, iudices; erravit, lapsus est, non putavit; si umquam posthac. ad parentem sic agi solet, ad iudices: non fecit, non cogitavit; falsi testes, fictum crimen. dic te, Caesar, de facto Ligari iudicem esse; quibus in praesidiis fuerit quaere: taceo, ne haec quidem conligo, quae fortasse valerent etiam apud iudicem: legatus ante bellum profectus, relictus in pace, bello oppressus, in eo ipso non acerbus, totus animo et studio tuus. ad iudicem sic, sed ego apud parentem loquor: erravi, temere feci, paenitet; ad clementiam tuam confugio, delicti veniam peto, ut ignoscatur oro. si nemo impetravit, adroganter: si plurimi, tu idem fer opem qui spem dedisti.Edition notes (9)版本注记（9）
- equidem Aah: et quidem HVDβm
- quaere βh: quaerere αam
- acerbus fuit γ
- totus animo αa: tametsi totus hm: tametsi totus animo β: iam est totus animo Madvig
- ac studio β
- sic αh: sic agi solet βa
- apud β: ad αγ
- erravit... fecit γ
- ignoscas γ
Also in · 亦见: Cicero's orations · 西塞罗演说集 text · 原文
Editorial summary编辑摘要
Cicero explicitly directs his plea toward humanity, clemency and mercy, contrasting a plea to a parent with denial of the facts before jurors.西塞罗明言将请求归于人情、宽大与怜悯，区分向父亲认错求情与向陪审者否认事实。
After the selection选段之后
In 31 Cicero says Caesar considers the grounds of those who petition and the justice of their grief, rather than merely their closeness to him. For the reported result, consult Plutarch separately.第31节说凯撒考察求情者的理由及哀痛是否正当，并非仅看他们与自己的亲疏。案件结果须另查普鲁塔克。
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31an sperandi de Ligario causa non erit, cum mihi apud te locus sit etiam pro altero deprecandi? quamquam nec in hac oratione spes est posita causae nec in eorum studiis qui a te pro Ligario petunt tui necessarii. vidi enim et cognovi quid maxime spectares, cum pro alicuius salute multi laborarent: causas apud te rogantium gratiosiores esse quam voltus, neque te spectare quam tuus esset necessarius is qui te oraret, sed quam illius pro quo laboraret. itaque tribuis tu quidem tuis ita multa ut mihi beatiores illi videantur interdum qui tua liberalitate fruantur quam tu ipse qui illis tam multa concedas; sed video tamen apud te, ut dixi, causas valere plus quam preces, ab eisque te moveri maxime quorum iustissimum videas dolorem in petendo.Edition notes (7)版本注记（7）
- de Lig. causa non erit α: Lig. causa non sit βγ
- vultus αγ: preces β
- quam illius αβa: quae (quam m) illius causa hm
- tribuis tu α: tribuisti γ: tribuis β
- esse ante illi add. E, post illi BD, ante beat. γ
- fruantur αa: fruuntur βhm
- ut dixi causas α: causas ut dixi β: ut dixi caus. rogantium γ
A release won by an appeal for mercy is a different kind of result from a jury’s acquittal.因求情而获释，与陪审团开释性质不同。
Edition, reuse and extraction版本、复用与提取
Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University; Cicero. M. Tulli Ciceronis Orationes, Vol. 6. Clark, Albert Curtis, editor. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1918.
Perseus repository · 语料库 · CC BY-SA 4.0
Whitespace normalized; notes separated; deletions ⟦ ⟧ and additions/supplements ⟨ ⟩ marked; gaps explicit; no ancient wording supplied.
The later story of Caesar moved by Cicero西塞罗打动凯撒的后世故事
The Greek text numbers this passage 39.5–6; Perrin’s English translation, linked here, numbers the same account 39.6–7.
Before the selection选段之前
The surrounding chapter describes Cicero’s relationship with Caesar after the civil war. The hearing is presented within that unequal relationship.周围章节叙述内战后西塞罗与凯撒的关系，审讯置于这一不对等关系中。
Read the preceding original context阅读前文原文 (1)
39.4ὁ γὰρ Καῖσαρ, ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὸν πολὺ πρὸ τῶν ἄλλων ἀπαντῶντα, κατέβη καὶ ἠσπάσατο καὶ διαλεγόμενος μόνῳ συχνῶν σταδίων ὁδὸν προῆλθεν. ἐκ δὲ τούτου διετέλει τιμῶν καὶ φιλοφρονούμενος, ὥστε καὶ γράψαντι λόγον ἐγκώμιον Κάτωνος ἀντιγράφων τόν τε λόγον αὐτοῦ καὶ τόν βίον ὡς μάλιστα τῷ Περικλέους ἐοικότα καὶ Θηραμένους ἐπαινεῖν.Source unit XML · 来源单元Selected original passage所选原文
39.5ὁ μὲν οὖν Κικέρωνος λόγος Κάτων, ὁ δὲ Καίσαρος Ἀντικάτων ἐπιγέγραπται. λέγεται δὲ καὶ Κοΐντου Λιγαρίου δίκην φεύγοντος ὅτι τῶν Καίσαρος πολεμίων εἷς ἐγεγόνει, καὶ Κικέρωνος αὐτῷ βοηθοῦντος, εἰπεῖν τόν Καίσαρα πρὸς τοὺς φίλους· τί κωλύει διὰ χρόνου Κικέρωνος ἀκοῦσαι λέγοντος, ἐπεὶ πάλαι κέκριται πονηρὸς ὁ ἀνὴρ καὶ πολέμιος;Edition notes (1)版本注记（1）
- ὁ ἀνὴρ, Bekker, after Schaefer:ἀνήρ.
39.6ἐπεὶ δʼ ἀρξάμενος λέγειν ὁ Κικέρων ὑπερφυῶς ἐκίνει καὶ προὔβαινεν αὐτῷ πάθει τε ποικίλος καὶ χάριτι θαυμαστὸς ὁ λόγος, πολλὰς μὲν ἱέναι χρόας ἐπὶ τοῦ προσώπου τόν Καίσαρα, πάσας δὲ τῆς ψυχῆς τρεπόμενον τροπὰς κατάδηλον εἶναι, τέλος δὲ τῶν κατὰ Φάρσαλον ἁψαμένου τοῦ ῥήτορος ἀγώνων ἐκπαθῆ γενόμενον τιναχθῆναι τῷ σώματι καὶ τῆς χειρὸς ἐκβαλεῖν ἔνια τῶν γραμματείων, τόν γοῦν ἄνθρωπον ἀπέλυσε τῆς αἰτίας βεβιασμένος.Source unit XML · 来源单元Editorial summary编辑摘要
Plutarch introduces a story in which Caesar listens, is moved by the speech, and releases Ligarius from the accusation.普鲁塔克以传说口吻引入凯撒聆听演说、受到感动并解除对利加里乌斯指控的故事。
After the selection选段之后
The next chapter depicts life under monarchy and Cicero’s philosophical activity. The account links rhetorical influence to a changed political order.下一章描述独裁之下的生活与西塞罗哲学活动，使修辞影响力与政治秩序变化相连。
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40.1ἐκ τούτου Κικέρων, εἰς μοναρχίαν τῆς πολιτείας μεθεστώσης, ἀφέμενος τοῦ τὰ κοινὰ πράττειν ἐσχόλαζε τοῖς βουλομένοις φιλοσοφεῖν τῶν νέων, καὶ σχεδὸν ἐκ τῆς πρὸς τούτους συνηθείας, εὐγενεστάτους καὶ πρώτους ὄντας, αὖθις ἴσχυεν ἐν τῇ πόλει μέγιστον.Source unit XML · 来源单元This is later biographical storytelling, explicitly introduced as a report. Caesar’s emotions are not independently established.这是后世传记且明示为传闻；凯撒的情绪未获独立证明。
Edition, reuse and extraction版本、复用与提取
Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University; Plutarch. Plutarch's Lives, Vol. VII. Perrin, Bernadotte, editor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1919.
Perseus repository · 语料库 · CC BY-SA 4.0
Whitespace normalized; notes separated; deletions ⟦ ⟧ and additions/supplements ⟨ ⟩ marked; gaps explicit; no ancient wording supplied.
Continue in the builds转入关联读本
Pro Q. Ligario · the speech演说原文The cases Cicero took西塞罗所任讼案Cicero’s life through its sources循史料读西塞罗生平Corpus & Law演说与法律Cicero’s ancient readers西塞罗的古代读者