Read prosecutor selection alongside the speech and its evidence. · 将控告者选择与演说、证据并读。
本篇为一场程序之争：谁得起诉维勒斯。争点既在程序，其语汇亦属程序。以下 45 词，皆取其在追赃法庭中之义，各词之下列出原文出处，凡 488 处见于《预审辞》，4853 处见于《维勒斯案》。
词由人择，出处由文定：每一处引证皆自读本原文检出，可以覆按。
Greenidge, A. H. J. 1901. The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 本页程序之说据此。
Crawford, M. H. (ed.) 1996. Roman Statutes I. London: Institute of Classical Studies. 追赃法条文见第一号。
Watson, C. B. (ed.) 2025. Cicero: Divinatio in Q. Caecilium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781108933292.
词 · 在此法庭中的意思 · 出处 term · what it means in this court · where it stands
| 词 / word | 释义 / definition | 出处 / loci |
|---|---|---|
| causa, -ae f.Div. 59× · Verr. 315× | The case at law — the matter in dispute, the pleading of it, and the ground on which a party stands.案件：所争之事、对其之主张，以及一方所据之理由。 | Div. §§ 1–2, 6, 9–12, 14, 17, 19–21, 23–27, 35, 37, 39, 41, 44–45, 47, 50–51, 54–55, 59–65, 71–73 Verr. 1 ×25 · Verr. 2.1 ×59 · Verr. 2.2 ×92 · Verr. 2.3 ×42 · Verr. 2.4 ×23 · Verr. 2.5 ×74 |
| iūdicium, -ī n.Div. 30× · Verr. 285× | A trial before a court, and by extension the whole judicial process; iudicia publica are the criminal trials of the standing courts.法庭上之审判，引申指整个审判程序；iudicia publica 即常设法庭所审之公诉案件。 | Div. §§ 6, 8–9, 11–12, 14, 24–28, 32–33, 35, 43–44, 47–49, 56, 65, 69, 71 Verr. 1 ×47 · Verr. 2.1 ×43 · Verr. 2.2 ×53 · Verr. 2.3 ×74 · Verr. 2.4 ×24 · Verr. 2.5 ×44 |
| prōvincia, -ae f.Div. 20× · Verr. 257× | The sphere of a magistrate's command, and so the province he governs and may be tried for despoiling.官员职权之范围，故指其所治之行省；掠夺行省即为受审之由。 | Div. §§ 2–5, 7, 11, 13–14, 19, 21, 27, 29, 31, 37, 54, 61, 63, 65 Verr. 1 ×9 · Verr. 2.1 ×24 · Verr. 2.2 ×62 · Verr. 2.3 ×78 · Verr. 2.4 ×39 · Verr. 2.5 ×45 |
| lēx, lēgis f.Div. 17× · Verr. 265× | The statute that creates the court, defines the offence and fixes the procedure; a prosecution exists only so far as a lex allows it.创设法庭、界定罪行、规定程序之法律；起诉之权限，唯法律所许者为限。 | Div. §§ 11, 17–19, 21, 27, 34–35, 65, 68, 70 Verr. 1 ×8 · Verr. 2.1 ×52 · Verr. 2.2 ×69 · Verr. 2.3 ×88 · Verr. 2.4 ×18 · Verr. 2.5 ×30 |
法庭之名即罪名之名：de pecuniis repetundis 一语既定所诉之罪，亦定受理之庭。
Greenidge, A. H. J. 1901. The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 本页程序之说据此。
Crawford, M. H. (ed.) 1996. Roman Statutes I. London: Institute of Classical Studies. 追赃法条文见第一号。
Watson, C. B. (ed.) 2025. Cicero: Divinatio in Q. Caecilium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781108933292.
词 · 在此法庭中的意思 · 出处 term · what it means in this court · where it stands
| 词 / word | 释义 / definition | 出处 / loci |
|---|---|---|
| iūs, iūris n.Div. 12× · Verr. 168× | Law as a body of right and the rights it confers; in a procedural sense, the competence or entitlement a party has.法与权利之总体；就程序而言，指当事人所具之资格或权限。 | Div. §§ 11, 17–19, 21, 37, 54, 62, 65, 69 Verr. 1 ×5 · Verr. 2.1 ×44 · Verr. 2.2 ×35 · Verr. 2.3 ×31 · Verr. 2.4 ×13 · Verr. 2.5 ×40 |
| rēs pūblicaDiv. 8× · Verr. 90× | The commonwealth as a legal person: the interest in whose name a public prosecution is brought.作为法律人格之共同体：公诉即以其名义而提起。 | Div. §§ 6–9, 64, 70–71 Verr. 1 ×6 · Verr. 2.1 ×13 · Verr. 2.2 ×15 · Verr. 2.3 ×30 · Verr. 2.4 ×5 · Verr. 2.5 ×21 |
| potestās, -ātis f.Div. 7× · Verr. 71× | Lawful authority or the opportunity the law affords — the power to do a thing as of right.合法之权能，或法律所予之机会：得依权利而为某事。 | Div. §§ 8, 21, 32, 35, 45, 54, 63 Verr. 1 ×10 · Verr. 2.1 ×12 · Verr. 2.2 ×13 · Verr. 2.3 ×11 · Verr. 2.4 ×14 · Verr. 2.5 ×11 |
| pecūniae repetundaeDiv. 4× · Verr. 17× | 'Money to be recovered': the charge of extortion by a magistrate in office, and the name of the court that hears it. The phrase de pecuniis repetundis is the formal designation of both.所谓应追还之款：控告在任官员勒索取财之罪名，亦即受理此罪之法庭名。de pecuniis repetundis 一语兼指罪名与法庭。 | Div. §§ 10–11, 17, 65 Verr. 1 ×6 · Verr. 2.2 ×3 · Verr. 2.3 ×3 · Verr. 2.4 ×3 · Verr. 2.5 ×2 |
法庭之名即罪名之名：de pecuniis repetundis 一语既定所诉之罪，亦定受理之庭。
Greenidge, A. H. J. 1901. The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 本页程序之说据此。
Crawford, M. H. (ed.) 1996. Roman Statutes I. London: Institute of Classical Studies. 追赃法条文见第一号。
Watson, C. B. (ed.) 2025. Cicero: Divinatio in Q. Caecilium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781108933292.
词 · 在此法庭中的意思 · 出处 term · what it means in this court · where it stands
| 词 / word | 释义 / definition | 出处 / loci |
|---|---|---|
| imperium, -ī n.Div. 1× · Verr. 95× | The power of command a magistrate holds, within which his acts are official and for which he answers when it ends.官员所持之统治权；其行止在此权之内为公务，权终则须为之负责。 | Div. §§ 69 Verr. 1 ×3 · Verr. 2.1 ×5 · Verr. 2.2 ×17 · Verr. 2.3 ×18 · Verr. 2.4 ×19 · Verr. 2.5 ×33 |
| iūdicium pūblicumDiv. 1× · Verr. 0× | Public, that is criminal, business: iudicia publica are the trials of the standing courts, opposed to private suits.公之事，即刑事：iudicia publica 指常设法庭所审之案，与私诉相对。 | Div. §§ 1 |
法庭之名即罪名之名：de pecuniis repetundis 一语既定所诉之罪，亦定受理之庭。
Greenidge, A. H. J. 1901. The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 本页程序之说据此。
Crawford, M. H. (ed.) 1996. Roman Statutes I. London: Institute of Classical Studies. 追赃法条文见第一号。
Watson, C. B. (ed.) 2025. Cicero: Divinatio in Q. Caecilium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781108933292.
词 · 在此法庭中的意思 · 出处 term · what it means in this court · where it stands
| 词 / word | 释义 / definition | 出处 / loci |
|---|---|---|
| necessitūdō, -inis f.Div. 7× · Verr. 10× | A binding tie of obligation between persons or communities; the ground on which one man rather than another may claim to prosecute.人与人、邦与邦之间之义务纽带；某人得优先起诉之依据即在于此。 | Div. §§ 6, 14, 46, 59–61, 63 Verr. 1 ×1 · Verr. 2.1 ×3 · Verr. 2.2 ×2 · Verr. 2.4 ×1 · Verr. 2.5 ×3 |
| voluntās, -ātis f.Div. 7× · Verr. 82× | The declared wish of the injured party — whom the Sicilians want as their prosecutor, which the court is asked to weigh.受害方所表明之意愿：西西里人愿以何人为其起诉者，法庭须权衡之。 | Div. §§ 1, 11–12, 16, 24, 27, 34 Verr. 1 ×6 · Verr. 2.1 ×18 · Verr. 2.2 ×23 · Verr. 2.3 ×23 · Verr. 2.4 ×7 · Verr. 2.5 ×5 |
| postulāreDiv. 5× · Verr. 73× | To apply formally to the praetor for something the court must grant — here, for the conduct of the prosecution.向裁判官正式申请须由法庭准许之事；此处即申请担任起诉之人。 | Div. §§ 8, 34, 49, 62, 64 Verr. 1 ×2 · Verr. 2.1 ×8 · Verr. 2.2 ×29 · Verr. 2.3 ×19 · Verr. 2.4 ×7 · Verr. 2.5 ×8 |
预审所争者非罪之有无，而在于谁与受害者有旧谊、谁不至于通谋败讼。
Greenidge, A. H. J. 1901. The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 本页程序之说据此。
Crawford, M. H. (ed.) 1996. Roman Statutes I. London: Institute of Classical Studies. 追赃法条文见第一号。
Watson, C. B. (ed.) 2025. Cicero: Divinatio in Q. Caecilium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781108933292.
词 · 在此法庭中的意思 · 出处 term · what it means in this court · where it stands
| 词 / word | 释义 / definition | 出处 / loci |
|---|---|---|
| iūdex, -icis m.Div. 22× · Verr. 419× | A juror of the panel that decides the case; in address, 'gentlemen of the jury'. Under the lex in force the album was drawn from the senatorial order.陪审团成员，判定案件之人；称呼时即诸位陪审。依当时之法，陪审名册取自元老阶层。 | Div. §§ 1–2, 4–5, 8, 10–11, 14, 16, 21, 23, 27, 37, 42–43, 54, 58, 63, 71, 73 Verr. 1 ×41 · Verr. 2.1 ×47 · Verr. 2.2 ×76 · Verr. 2.3 ×126 · Verr. 2.4 ×61 · Verr. 2.5 ×68 |
| quaestor, -ōris m.Div. 22× · Verr. 52× | The junior magistrate attached to a governor with charge of the provincial treasury; the office creates a tie of duty between him and the province, which is the ground of Cicero's standing here.随总督赴任、掌行省财赋之低阶官员；此职在其与行省之间结成职分之谊，正是西塞罗此处资格之所本。 | Div. §§ 2, 4, 32–33, 46, 55–57, 59–63, 65 Verr. 1 ×2 · Verr. 2.1 ×25 · Verr. 2.2 ×7 · Verr. 2.3 ×8 · Verr. 2.4 ×4 · Verr. 2.5 ×6 |
| āctor, -ōris m.Div. 14× · Verr. 4× | The party who conducts the case in court — here the one of two applicants who will actually plead; the word measures fitness to plead rather than the right to be heard.在庭上实际主张之人；此处指二申请人中将真正出庭者。此词所衡量者为出庭之能，而非受理之权。 | Div. §§ 1, 4, 10–12, 14, 19, 22, 28, 48, 54, 65 Verr. 1 ×1 · Verr. 2.1 ×1 · Verr. 2.4 ×1 · Verr. 2.5 ×1 |
| accūsātor, -ōris m.Div. 8× · Verr. 50× | The prosecutor: the private citizen who lays the charge and conducts the case, there being no public prosecutor at Rome.起诉人：罗马无公设检察官，控告与举证皆由提出控告之私人为之。 | Div. §§ 8, 10, 29, 49, 51, 61 Verr. 1 ×5 · Verr. 2.1 ×12 · Verr. 2.2 ×19 · Verr. 2.3 ×4 · Verr. 2.4 ×7 · Verr. 2.5 ×3 |
各方之名皆有定分：accusator 提控，actor 出庭，reus 受审，iudices 裁断，praetor 主持。
Greenidge, A. H. J. 1901. The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 本页程序之说据此。
Crawford, M. H. (ed.) 1996. Roman Statutes I. London: Institute of Classical Studies. 追赃法条文见第一号。
Watson, C. B. (ed.) 2025. Cicero: Divinatio in Q. Caecilium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781108933292.
词 · 在此法庭中的意思 · 出处 term · what it means in this court · where it stands
| 词 / word | 释义 / definition | 出处 / loci |
|---|---|---|
| praetor, -ōris m.Div. 8× · Verr. 328× | The magistrate who presides over the court, empanels the jury and puts the question; in the provinces, the governor whose conduct such a court judges.主持法庭之长官，负责组成陪审团并交付表决；在行省则指总督，其行止正为此类法庭所审。 | Div. §§ 3, 32–33, 46, 60–62 Verr. 1 ×16 · Verr. 2.1 ×41 · Verr. 2.2 ×64 · Verr. 2.3 ×95 · Verr. 2.4 ×43 · Verr. 2.5 ×69 |
| reus, -ī m.Div. 7× · Verr. 79× | The defendant, the man on trial; a person becomes reus when his name is accepted by the praetor.被告，受审之人；其名一经裁判官受理，即为被告。 | Div. §§ 23, 32, 38, 41, 50–51 Verr. 1 ×15 · Verr. 2.1 ×13 · Verr. 2.2 ×26 · Verr. 2.3 ×4 · Verr. 2.4 ×11 · Verr. 2.5 ×10 |
| cōnsilium, -ī n.Div. 6× · Verr. 99× | The body of advisers sitting with a magistrate, and so the bench; also the deliberate purpose behind a course of action.与长官同坐之谘议团，故指审判席；亦指行事之审慎意图。 | Div. §§ 6, 13, 24, 37, 44, 73 Verr. 1 ×15 · Verr. 2.1 ×18 · Verr. 2.2 ×32 · Verr. 2.3 ×13 · Verr. 2.4 ×3 · Verr. 2.5 ×18 |
| patrōnus, -ī m.Div. 3× · Verr. 33× | The advocate who speaks for a client or a community; provinces had hereditary patroni at Rome, and it is as their patron that Sicily asks Cicero to act.为当事人或城邦发言之辩护人；行省在罗马有世袭的保护人，西西里正是以此身分请西塞罗出面。 | Div. §§ 2, 16, 64 Verr. 1 ×2 · Verr. 2.1 ×10 · Verr. 2.2 ×8 · Verr. 2.3 ×6 · Verr. 2.4 ×6 · Verr. 2.5 ×1 |
各方之名皆有定分：accusator 提控，actor 出庭，reus 受审，iudices 裁断，praetor 主持。
Greenidge, A. H. J. 1901. The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 本页程序之说据此。
Crawford, M. H. (ed.) 1996. Roman Statutes I. London: Institute of Classical Studies. 追赃法条文见第一号。
Watson, C. B. (ed.) 2025. Cicero: Divinatio in Q. Caecilium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781108933292.
词 · 在此法庭中的意思 · 出处 term · what it means in this court · where it stands
| 词 / word | 释义 / definition | 出处 / loci |
|---|---|---|
| accūsāreDiv. 28× · Verr. 42× | To prosecute: to bring and press a criminal charge before a standing court.起诉：在常设法庭提出并推进刑事控告。 | Div. §§ 1, 4–5, 8, 22, 24, 30–32, 54, 60, 62–63, 65, 69–71 Verr. 1 ×1 · Verr. 2.1 ×14 · Verr. 2.2 ×8 · Verr. 2.3 ×10 · Verr. 2.4 ×4 · Verr. 2.5 ×5 |
| petereDiv. 17× · Verr. 61× | To seek a thing at law: to claim, to sue for, and (of a prosecutor) to ask the court for the conduct of a case.依法请求：主张、诉求；就起诉人而言，则为向法庭请求担任控告。 | Div. §§ 4, 6, 11–12, 14–15, 17, 23, 44, 64, 70, 72 Verr. 1 ×3 · Verr. 2.1 ×10 · Verr. 2.2 ×27 · Verr. 2.3 ×12 · Verr. 2.4 ×8 · Verr. 2.5 ×1 |
| nōmen, -inis n.Div. 9× · Verr. 229× | The name laid before the court: to receive a nomen is to admit the charge to trial; to be struck from the register is to end it.呈于法庭之姓名：受理其名即准予开审，除名即案件终结。 | Div. §§ 8, 10, 13, 19, 55–56, 63–64, 69 Verr. 1 ×6 · Verr. 2.1 ×33 · Verr. 2.2 ×65 · Verr. 2.3 ×52 · Verr. 2.4 ×37 · Verr. 2.5 ×36 |
| accūsātiō, -ōnis f.Div. 8× · Verr. 24× | The prosecution as a whole — the case brought, its preparation and its conduct.整个控告：所提之案，及其准备与进行。 | Div. §§ 5, 31, 34–35, 45, 62, 73 Verr. 1 ×7 · Verr. 2.1 ×7 · Verr. 2.2 ×4 · Verr. 2.3 ×3 · Verr. 2.5 ×3 |
案件自指名始：nomen deferre 一举既成，被告乃为被告。
Greenidge, A. H. J. 1901. The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 本页程序之说据此。
Crawford, M. H. (ed.) 1996. Roman Statutes I. London: Institute of Classical Studies. 追赃法条文见第一号。
Watson, C. B. (ed.) 2025. Cicero: Divinatio in Q. Caecilium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781108933292.
词 · 在此法庭中的意思 · 出处 term · what it means in this court · where it stands
| 词 / word | 释义 / definition | 出处 / loci |
|---|---|---|
| dēferre nōmenDiv. 8× · Verr. 51× | To lay an accusation before the praetor by naming the accused (nomen deferre); the formal act that starts a criminal case.向裁判官指名控告（nomen deferre）；刑事案件由此一正式行为而启动。 | Div. §§ 10, 22, 34, 49, 63–64, 67 Verr. 1 ×1 · Verr. 2.1 ×10 · Verr. 2.2 ×18 · Verr. 2.4 ×10 · Verr. 2.5 ×12 |
| dēlātor / dēlātiō nōminisDiv. 2× · Verr. 0× | The layer of the charge, and the act of laying it: the formal step by which a name is put before the praetor.指控者及指控之行为：将某人之名呈于裁判官之正式步骤。 | Div. §§ 49, 64 |
案件自指名始：nomen deferre 一举既成，被告乃为被告。
Greenidge, A. H. J. 1901. The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 本页程序之说据此。
Crawford, M. H. (ed.) 1996. Roman Statutes I. London: Institute of Classical Studies. 追赃法条文见第一号。
Watson, C. B. (ed.) 2025. Cicero: Divinatio in Q. Caecilium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781108933292.
词 · 在此法庭中的意思 · 出处 term · what it means in this court · where it stands
| 词 / word | 释义 / definition | 出处 / loci |
|---|---|---|
| fidēs, -eī f.Div. 9× · Verr. 56× | Credit and trustworthiness — of a witness, of an advocate, of a record; also the good faith a patron owes those who rely on him.信实与可信：证人、辩护人、记录之可信度；亦指保护人对信赖其人者所负之信义。 | Div. §§ 5, 7, 11, 13, 20, 25, 51, 67, 73 Verr. 1 ×5 · Verr. 2.1 ×12 · Verr. 2.2 ×12 · Verr. 2.3 ×6 · Verr. 2.4 ×4 · Verr. 2.5 ×17 |
| probāreDiv. 7× · Verr. 65× | To prove a point to the court, and so to win its approval for it.向法庭证明一事，从而取得其认可。 | Div. §§ 1, 20, 60, 64–65, 72 Verr. 1 ×1 · Verr. 2.1 ×15 · Verr. 2.2 ×11 · Verr. 2.3 ×24 · Verr. 2.4 ×4 · Verr. 2.5 ×10 |
| testis, -is m.Div. 3× · Verr. 129× | A witness; the witnesses are what the divinatio does without and what the trial proper turns upon.证人；预审不传证人，而正案胜负正系于此。 | Div. §§ 13–14 Verr. 1 ×11 · Verr. 2.1 ×32 · Verr. 2.2 ×23 · Verr. 2.3 ×15 · Verr. 2.4 ×15 · Verr. 2.5 ×33 |
预审不传证人、不阅簿册；证人与文书之权衡，留待正案。
Greenidge, A. H. J. 1901. The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 本页程序之说据此。
Crawford, M. H. (ed.) 1996. Roman Statutes I. London: Institute of Classical Studies. 追赃法条文见第一号。
Watson, C. B. (ed.) 2025. Cicero: Divinatio in Q. Caecilium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781108933292.
词 · 在此法庭中的意思 · 出处 term · what it means in this court · where it stands
| 词 / word | 释义 / definition | 出处 / loci |
|---|---|---|
| iniūria, -ae f.Div. 34× · Verr. 165× | A wrong done in breach of law; in the plural, the specific injuries a province lays before the court.违法所加之侵害；用复数时，即行省呈于法庭之各项具体损害。 | Div. §§ 10–12, 29–30, 32, 52–56, 58–60, 62, 64, 66–67 Verr. 1 ×1 · Verr. 2.1 ×30 · Verr. 2.2 ×37 · Verr. 2.3 ×75 · Verr. 2.4 ×17 · Verr. 2.5 ×5 |
| socius, -ī m.Div. 15× · Verr. 165× | The allies — the provincial communities under Rome's protection whose injuries the extortion court exists to redress.同盟者，即受罗马保护之行省诸邦；追赃法庭之设，正为救其所受之害。 | Div. §§ 7, 12, 17–18, 27, 32, 37, 63–65, 67 Verr. 1 ×8 · Verr. 2.1 ×24 · Verr. 2.2 ×40 · Verr. 2.3 ×41 · Verr. 2.4 ×18 · Verr. 2.5 ×34 |
| crīmen, -inis n.Div. 13× · Verr. 149× | The charge — a specific accusation as formulated against the defendant, not guilt itself.控罪：针对被告所构成之具体指控，非谓罪责本身。 | Div. §§ 14, 30–33, 35, 38 Verr. 1 ×9 · Verr. 2.1 ×22 · Verr. 2.2 ×25 · Verr. 2.3 ×35 · Verr. 2.4 ×17 · Verr. 2.5 ×41 |
| avāritia, -ae f.Div. 1× · Verr. 46× | Rapacity as a charge, not merely a vice: the disposition the statute treats as the source of extortion.贪婪：此处非徒为德行之疵，乃法律视为勒索之根源者。 | Div. §§ 3 Verr. 1 ×1 · Verr. 2.1 ×7 · Verr. 2.2 ×4 · Verr. 2.3 ×15 · Verr. 2.4 ×4 · Verr. 2.5 ×15 |
所控者非贪之为德行之疵，而为掠夺盟邦之具体不法。
Greenidge, A. H. J. 1901. The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 本页程序之说据此。
Crawford, M. H. (ed.) 1996. Roman Statutes I. London: Institute of Classical Studies. 追赃法条文见第一号。
Watson, C. B. (ed.) 2025. Cicero: Divinatio in Q. Caecilium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781108933292.
词 · 在此法庭中的意思 · 出处 term · what it means in this court · where it stands
| 词 / word | 释义 / definition | 出处 / loci |
|---|---|---|
| spoliāreDiv. 1× · Verr. 59× | To strip, to plunder — the act the extortion court exists to punish.劫夺、掠取；追赃法庭之设，正为惩此。 | Div. §§ 11 Verr. 1 ×3 · Verr. 2.1 ×10 · Verr. 2.2 ×4 · Verr. 2.3 ×10 · Verr. 2.4 ×19 · Verr. 2.5 ×13 |
所控者非贪之为德行之疵，而为掠夺盟邦之具体不法。
Greenidge, A. H. J. 1901. The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 本页程序之说据此。
Crawford, M. H. (ed.) 1996. Roman Statutes I. London: Institute of Classical Studies. 追赃法条文见第一号。
Watson, C. B. (ed.) 2025. Cicero: Divinatio in Q. Caecilium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781108933292.
词 · 在此法庭中的意思 · 出处 term · what it means in this court · where it stands
| 词 / word | 释义 / definition | 出处 / loci |
|---|---|---|
| perīculum, -ī n.Div. 9× · Verr. 90× | Legal jeopardy: the risk a man runs when he stands trial, and by extension the trial itself.法律上之危殆：受审者所冒之风险，引申即指审判本身。 | Div. §§ 23, 25, 27, 31, 45–46, 59, 62–63 Verr. 1 ×7 · Verr. 2.1 ×15 · Verr. 2.2 ×13 · Verr. 2.3 ×15 · Verr. 2.4 ×7 · Verr. 2.5 ×33 |
| absolvereDiv. 3× · Verr. 42× | To acquit: to release the defendant from the charge.宣告无罪：免被告于所控之罪。 | Div. §§ 23, 45 Verr. 1 ×5 · Verr. 2.1 ×9 · Verr. 2.2 ×15 · Verr. 2.3 ×9 · Verr. 2.4 ×1 · Verr. 2.5 ×3 |
| iūdicāreDiv. 3× · Verr. 115× | To judge: to reach and pronounce the decision of the court.裁判：作成并宣告法庭之决定。 | Div. §§ 8, 15, 56 Verr. 1 ×17 · Verr. 2.1 ×18 · Verr. 2.2 ×32 · Verr. 2.3 ×34 · Verr. 2.4 ×3 · Verr. 2.5 ×11 |
| condemnāreDiv. 2× · Verr. 69× | To convict: to find the defendant guilty and so subject him to the statute's penalty.定罪：判被告有罪，从而依法科其刑罚。 | Div. §§ 30–31 Verr. 1 ×5 · Verr. 2.1 ×13 · Verr. 2.2 ×28 · Verr. 2.3 ×11 · Verr. 2.4 ×5 · Verr. 2.5 ×7 |
定罪之后尚有估算：litis aestimatio 定其应偿之数。
Greenidge, A. H. J. 1901. The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 本页程序之说据此。
Crawford, M. H. (ed.) 1996. Roman Statutes I. London: Institute of Classical Studies. 追赃法条文见第一号。
Watson, C. B. (ed.) 2025. Cicero: Divinatio in Q. Caecilium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781108933292.
词 · 在此法庭中的意思 · 出处 term · what it means in this court · where it stands
| 词 / word | 释义 / definition | 出处 / loci |
|---|---|---|
| supplicium, -ī n.Div. 1× · Verr. 59× | Capital or corporal punishment; in the Verrines the word names the abuses of a governor who inflicted it on Roman citizens.极刑或身体之刑；在《维勒斯案》中，此词正指总督对罗马公民滥施此刑之暴行。 | Div. §§ 3 Verr. 2.1 ×6 · Verr. 2.2 ×2 · Verr. 2.3 ×7 · Verr. 2.4 ×3 · Verr. 2.5 ×41 |
定罪之后尚有估算：litis aestimatio 定其应偿之数。
Greenidge, A. H. J. 1901. The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 本页程序之说据此。
Crawford, M. H. (ed.) 1996. Roman Statutes I. London: Institute of Classical Studies. 追赃法条文见第一号。
Watson, C. B. (ed.) 2025. Cicero: Divinatio in Q. Caecilium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781108933292.
词 · 在此法庭中的意思 · 出处 term · what it means in this court · where it stands
| 词 / word | 释义 / definition | 出处 / loci |
|---|---|---|
| dēfendereDiv. 27× · Verr. 200× | To defend: to speak for the accused, the office Cicero has held all his career and now sets aside.辩护：为被告发言；此乃西塞罗历来所任之职，今则暂舍之。 | Div. §§ 1–5, 11, 20–21, 23, 25, 27, 32–33, 41, 54, 58, 65–67, 70 Verr. 1 ×3 · Verr. 2.1 ×31 · Verr. 2.2 ×49 · Verr. 2.3 ×50 · Verr. 2.4 ×20 · Verr. 2.5 ×47 |
| cognōscereDiv. 9× · Verr. 157× | To take judicial cognisance: to examine a matter and come to know it as a court or a magistrate does.审理：如法庭或长官然，查明一事而知之。 | Div. §§ 1, 11, 20, 27–28, 55–56 Verr. 1 ×7 · Verr. 2.1 ×32 · Verr. 2.2 ×44 · Verr. 2.3 ×38 · Verr. 2.4 ×14 · Verr. 2.5 ×22 |
| officium, -ī n.Div. 5× · Verr. 31× | The duty a relationship imposes — here the obligation of a former quaestor to the province he served.关系所生之职分：此处即前任财务官对其所任行省应尽之义务。 | Div. §§ 4–5, 14, 47, 72 Verr. 1 ×2 · Verr. 2.1 ×3 · Verr. 2.2 ×5 · Verr. 2.3 ×3 · Verr. 2.4 ×5 · Verr. 2.5 ×13 |
| exīstimātiō, -ōnis f.Div. 4× · Verr. 52× | Standing in public opinion — the reputation a court, an advocate or a witness carries, itself an issue in this speech.公论中之声望：法庭、辩护人或证人所负之名誉；本篇正以此为一大关目。 | Div. §§ 48, 57, 71–72 Verr. 1 ×5 · Verr. 2.1 ×7 · Verr. 2.2 ×14 · Verr. 2.3 ×14 · Verr. 2.4 ×7 · Verr. 2.5 ×5 |
辩护人之职分出于关系：officium 与 necessitudo 使人不得不言。
Greenidge, A. H. J. 1901. The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 本页程序之说据此。
Crawford, M. H. (ed.) 1996. Roman Statutes I. London: Institute of Classical Studies. 追赃法条文见第一号。
Watson, C. B. (ed.) 2025. Cicero: Divinatio in Q. Caecilium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781108933292.
词 · 在此法庭中的意思 · 出处 term · what it means in this court · where it stands
| 词 / word | 释义 / definition | 出处 / loci |
|---|---|---|
| mōs māiōrumDiv. 2× · Verr. 5× | Ancestral usage: the unwritten standard by which a magistrate's and an advocate's conduct is measured alongside the statute.祖制：成文法之外，衡量长官与辩护人行止之不成文准则。 | Div. §§ 5, 46 Verr. 2.1 ×2 · Verr. 2.5 ×3 |
辩护人之职分出于关系：officium 与 necessitudo 使人不得不言。
Greenidge, A. H. J. 1901. The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 本页程序之说据此。
Crawford, M. H. (ed.) 1996. Roman Statutes I. London: Institute of Classical Studies. 追赃法条文见第一号。
Watson, C. B. (ed.) 2025. Cicero: Divinatio in Q. Caecilium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781108933292.
词 · 在此法庭中的意思 · 出处 term · what it means in this court · where it stands
| 词 / word | 释义 / definition | 出处 / loci |
|---|---|---|
| quaestiō, -ōnis f.Verr. 9× | The standing court set up by statute to try one class of offence; here the quaestio de pecuniis repetundis, sitting under a praetor with a panel of jurors.依法设立、专审一类罪行的常设法庭；此处即追赃法庭，由裁判官主持，陪审团审理。 | Div. — Verr. 1 ×1 · Verr. 2.1 ×3 · Verr. 2.2 ×4 · Verr. 2.3 ×1 |
| calumnia, -ae f.Verr. 9× | Malicious prosecution: bringing a charge one knows to be false, an offence in its own right.诬告：明知不实而提起控告，其本身即为罪。 | Div. — Verr. 2.2 ×6 · Verr. 2.3 ×2 · Verr. 2.5 ×1 |
| comparāreVerr. 23× | To set two applicants side by side and weigh them against each other, the very operation the divinatio performs.将两造并置而权衡之，正即预审所为之事。 | Div. — Verr. 1 ×4 · Verr. 2.1 ×3 · Verr. 2.2 ×2 · Verr. 2.3 ×3 · Verr. 2.4 ×2 · Verr. 2.5 ×9 |
| dīvīnātiō, -ōnis f.Verr. 0× | The preliminary hearing in which the court chooses between rival applicants for the right to prosecute, decided without witnesses or documents — hence the name, a judgement reached by divining.预审：数人争为起诉者时，法庭于其间择一之程序；此审不传证人、不阅簿册，故名预断。 | Div. — |
《预审辞》不自名其程序：divinatio、quaestio、praevaricatio 三词，全篇不见。
Greenidge, A. H. J. 1901. The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 本页程序之说据此。
Crawford, M. H. (ed.) 1996. Roman Statutes I. London: Institute of Classical Studies. 追赃法条文见第一号。
Watson, C. B. (ed.) 2025. Cicero: Divinatio in Q. Caecilium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781108933292.
词 · 在此法庭中的意思 · 出处 term · what it means in this court · where it stands
| 词 / word | 释义 / definition | 出处 / loci |
|---|---|---|
| praevāricātiō, -ōnis f.Verr. 0× | Collusive prosecution: pressing a charge in order to lose it, the danger the divinatio is meant to forestall.通谋渎职之控告：佯为起诉而实图败之；预审之设，正为防此。 | Div. — |
| iūdicium dareVerr. 1× | For the praetor to grant a trial — the decision that lets a case go forward at all.裁判官准予开审：案件得否进行，系于此一决定。 | Div. — Verr. 2.3 ×1 |
| argūmentum, -ī n.Verr. 19× | A proof drawn by inference rather than from a witness or a document.论证：非由证人或书证，而由推理得出之证明。 | Div. — Verr. 1 ×2 · Verr. 2.2 ×7 · Verr. 2.3 ×2 · Verr. 2.4 ×2 · Verr. 2.5 ×6 |
| iūrātus / iūs iūrandumVerr. 15× | On oath: the sworn condition in which jurors decide and witnesses speak.宣誓：陪审据以裁断、证人据以陈述之誓约状态。 | Div. — Verr. 1 ×1 · Verr. 2.1 ×4 · Verr. 2.2 ×4 · Verr. 2.3 ×1 · Verr. 2.4 ×2 · Verr. 2.5 ×3 |
《预审辞》不自名其程序：divinatio、quaestio、praevaricatio 三词，全篇不见。
Greenidge, A. H. J. 1901. The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 本页程序之说据此。
Crawford, M. H. (ed.) 1996. Roman Statutes I. London: Institute of Classical Studies. 追赃法条文见第一号。
Watson, C. B. (ed.) 2025. Cicero: Divinatio in Q. Caecilium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781108933292.
词 · 在此法庭中的意思 · 出处 term · what it means in this court · where it stands
| 词 / word | 释义 / definition | 出处 / loci |
|---|---|---|
| tabulae, -ārum f.Verr. 111× | The written record — accounts, registers, documents — produced in evidence; with witnesses, the two proofs a court weighs.书证：账簿、登记簿、文书等呈庭之记录；与证人并为法庭所衡之两种证据。 | Div. — Verr. 1 ×2 · Verr. 2.1 ×31 · Verr. 2.2 ×33 · Verr. 2.3 ×11 · Verr. 2.4 ×29 · Verr. 2.5 ×5 |
| damnāreVerr. 80× | To condemn, and in the formula damnas esto to declare a party bound to pay what the judgment fixes.判罪；在 damnas esto 一语中，则宣告一方应给付判决所定之数。 | Div. — Verr. 1 ×11 · Verr. 2.1 ×12 · Verr. 2.2 ×11 · Verr. 2.3 ×20 · Verr. 2.4 ×4 · Verr. 2.5 ×22 |
| lītis aestimātiōVerr. 4× | The assessment of damages after conviction: the court fixes what the convicted man must repay.定罪后之估算：由法庭定其应偿之数。 | Div. — Verr. 2.1 ×2 · Verr. 2.2 ×1 · Verr. 2.5 ×1 |
| poena, -ae f.Verr. 29× | The penalty the statute attaches to the offence, exacted after conviction.法律为该罪所定之罚，定罪后科之。 | Div. — Verr. 2.1 ×6 · Verr. 2.2 ×2 · Verr. 2.3 ×11 · Verr. 2.4 ×5 · Verr. 2.5 ×5 |
《预审辞》不自名其程序：divinatio、quaestio、praevaricatio 三词，全篇不见。
Greenidge, A. H. J. 1901. The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 本页程序之说据此。
Crawford, M. H. (ed.) 1996. Roman Statutes I. London: Institute of Classical Studies. 追赃法条文见第一号。
Watson, C. B. (ed.) 2025. Cicero: Divinatio in Q. Caecilium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781108933292.
词 · 在此法庭中的意思 · 出处 term · what it means in this court · where it stands
| 词 / word | 释义 / definition | 出处 / loci |
|---|---|---|
| dīcere causamVerr. 12× | To plead: causam dicere is to conduct a case in court, whether for the prosecution or the defence.陈述：causam dicere 即在庭上主张一案，控辩皆然。 | Div. — Verr. 1 ×1 · Verr. 2.1 ×4 · Verr. 2.2 ×2 · Verr. 2.4 ×1 · Verr. 2.5 ×4 |
《预审辞》不自名其程序：divinatio、quaestio、praevaricatio 三词，全篇不见。
Greenidge, A. H. J. 1901. The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 本页程序之说据此。
Crawford, M. H. (ed.) 1996. Roman Statutes I. London: Institute of Classical Studies. 追赃法条文见第一号。
Watson, C. B. (ed.) 2025. Cicero: Divinatio in Q. Caecilium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781108933292.
考试所考者，非其字典义，而在于：此词在程序中处于何位，谁得为之，其结果如何。故每词之考核，皆当能答三事：其一，在《预审辞》何节出现；其二，在《维勒斯案》中同词何用；其三，若易以他词，程序有何不同。
全表见 legal-vocabulary.html；表中每词皆列全部出处。
Greenidge, A. H. J. 1901. The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 本页程序之说据此。
Crawford, M. H. (ed.) 1996. Roman Statutes I. London: Institute of Classical Studies. 追赃法条文见第一号。
Watson, C. B. (ed.) 2025. Cicero: Divinatio in Q. Caecilium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781108933292.