Happy Latin: Caesar's Battles — Hour 3: Battle of Vosges (Ochsenfeld)

Hour 3 — Briefing第三课 — 战前简报

From Hour 2 to Hour 3

In Hour 2 you watched Caesar break the Helvetian phalanx at Bibracte with the bent pīla. The Helvetii surrendered. The surviving migrants were ordered home, and Caesar pivoted east: a new and more dangerous opponent had emerged in the form of Ariovistus, king of the Suebi and the dominant German warlord west of the Rhine. Diplomatic negotiations failed (DBG 1.34–46). Caesar marched against him and forced a battle on the plain of Ochsenfeld near modern Mulhouse, in late September of 58 BCE.

Hour 3: Battle of Vosges (Ochsenfeld) — Source: DBG 1.52–53

"Caesar appointed over each legion a lieutenant and a quaestor, that every one might have them as witnesses of his valor. He himself began the battle at the head of the right wing, because he had observed that part of the enemy to be the least strong. Accordingly our men, upon the signal being given, vigorously made an attack upon the enemy, and the enemy so suddenly and rapidly rushed forward that there was no time for casting the javelins at them. Throwing aside their javelins, they fought with swords hand to hand. But the Germans, according to their custom, rapidly forming a phalanx, sustained the attack of our swords. There were found very many of our soldiers who leaped upon the phalanx, and with their hands tore away the shields, and wounded the enemy from above. Although the army of the enemy was routed on the left wing and put to flight, they still pressed heavily on our men from the right wing, by the great number of their troops. On observing which, P. Crassus, a young man, who commanded the cavalry — as he was more disengaged than those who were employed in the fight — sent the third line as a relief to our men who were in distress. Thereupon the engagement was renewed, and all the enemy turned their backs, nor did they cease to flee until they arrived at the river Rhine, about fifty miles from that place."

Connection to Wheelock. This hour pairs with Wheelock Chapter 3 — Second Declension Masculines and Adjectives; Apposition. The 2nd declension is the family of nouns whose nominative singular ends in -us or -er (masculine) or in -um (neuter), and whose stem appears in the genitive singular ending -ī.

Today's task. With the translation and vocabulary provided, identify all the 2nd-declension nouns AND all the verbs in the given passage. Answer the questions about the text. The ★ marker (rule #9) now fires for both 1st-declension nouns (from Hour 2) and 2nd-declension nouns (new this hour).

Source-document note. The course-structure document (0 Caesar's Latin Course Structure and Task 1-2.docx) details only Hours 1 and 2. This hour's specific passage chunking, vocabulary list, narrative questions, and translation prompts have been constructed by following the same paradigm — Latin text drawn from the canonical Perseus edition (Holmes 1914), English from W. A. McDevitte & W. S. Bohn (1869), grammar mapping from Wheelock Ch. 3. Subject to instructor revision.

从第二课到第三课

第二课中，你目睹凯撒在比布拉克特用弯曲的 pīla（标枪）击溃了赫尔维提方阵。赫尔维提人投降。幸存的迁徙者被命令返回故土，凯撒随即东进，一个新的、更危险的对手出现了：阿里奥维斯图斯（Ariovistus），苏维比人（Suebi）的国王，莱茵河以西最强大的日耳曼军阀。外交谈判失败（DBG 1.34–46）。凯撒进军讨伐他，最终在公元前 58 年 9 月底于今穆尔豪斯（Mulhouse）附近的奥森费尔德平原（Ochsenfeld）逼其决战。

第三课：沃日山战役（奥森费尔德）—— 出处：DBG 1.52–53

"凯撒在每个军团之上各任命一名副官（legātus）和一名财务官（quaestor），使每个人都有人见证自己的勇武。他亲自在右翼开战（proelium commīsit），因为他已观察到那部分敌军最不坚固。我方士兵收到号令后猛烈进攻敌人，敌人也极其迅速、出其不意地冲来，以致没有时间投掷标枪。罗马人遂丢弃 pīla，拔剑（gladiī）肉搏。但日耳曼人按其惯例（cōnsuētūdō）迅速组成方阵（phalanx），抵挡了剑的冲击。我方有不少士兵跳上方阵，用手撕开盾牌（scūta），从上方刺伤敌人。虽然敌军左翼已被击溃并陷入逃亡，但右翼仍凭借人数优势对我方阵线施压。年轻的 P. 克拉苏（P. Crassus adulēscēns，指挥骑兵者），由于比正在战斗的人更为机动，将第三阵线（tertia aciēs）作为援军派给陷入困境的我军。如此战局得以恢复，全部敌人转身而逃，直奔距此约 50 罗马里的莱茵河（flūmen Rhēnum）。"

与韦洛克拉丁语的对应。本课与韦洛克拉丁语第三章，第二变格法阳性名词与形容词；同位语（Second Declension Masculines and Adjectives; Apposition）相对应。第二变格法是指主格单数以 -us 或 -er 结尾（阳性）或以 -um 结尾（中性）、且词干出现在属格单数词尾 -ī 中的名词家族。

今日任务。借助所提供的翻译和词汇表，识别给定段落中所有第二变格法名词以及所有动词。回答关于文本的问题。★ 标记（规则 #9）现在同时对第一变格法名词（第二课起）和第二变格法名词（本课新增）启用。

关于来源的说明。课程结构文件（0 Caesar's Latin Course Structure and Task 1-2.docx）仅详细规定了第一课和第二课。本课的具体段落分块、词汇表、叙事问题和翻译题均按照同一范式构建，拉丁文取自佩尔修斯（Perseus）经典版本（Holmes 1914），英文译文取自 W. A. McDevitte 与 W. S. Bohn（1869），语法对照取自韦洛克拉丁语第 3 章。可由教师修订。

Grammar Target — 2nd Declension Nouns语法目标 — 第二变格法名词

Two flavors: masculine and neuter

The 2nd declension comes in two flavors:

Masculine in -us (or -er, -ir): amīcus, -ī "friend"; puer, puerī "boy"; vir, virī "man"; gladius, -ī "sword"; Germānus, -ī "a German"; legātus, -ī "legate".
Neuter in -um: proelium, -ī "battle"; scūtum, -ī "shield"; pīlum, -ī "javelin"; signum, -ī "signal"; tergum, -ī "back"; subsidium, -ī "reinforcement".

2nd declension endings — masculine: amīcus, -ī

Case	Singular	Plural	Function
Nominative	amīcus	amīcī	subject
Genitive	amīcī	amīcōrum	"of X"; possession
Dative	amīcō	amīcīs	"to/for X"; indirect object
Accusative	amīcum	amīcōs	direct object
Ablative	amīcō	amīcīs	"with/by/from X"
Vocative	amīce	amīcī	direct address

2nd declension endings — neuter: scūtum, -ī

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	scūtum	scūta
Genitive	scūtī	scūtōrum
Dative	scūtō	scūtīs
Accusative	scūtum	scūta
Ablative	scūtō	scūtīs

Neuter rule of thumb. In every Latin neuter noun (across all five declensions), the nominative and accusative forms are always identical, and the plural always ends in -a. So scūta can be nominative plural (subject) or accusative plural (direct object) — context decides which.

2nd-declension nouns in this hour's passage

About fourteen 2nd-declension noun forms appear in the 16 sentences of the Vosges passage. The clearest examples:

legātōs (s. 1) — acc. pl. of legātus, -ī m.
proelium (ss. 3, 16) — acc. sg. / nom. sg. of proelium, -ī n.
signō (s. 5) — abl. sg. of signum, -ī n.
spatium (s. 7) — nom. sg. of spatium, -ī n.
pīla, pīlīs (ss. 7, 8) — nom./acc. pl. and abl. pl. of pīlum, -ī n.
gladiīs, gladiōrum (ss. 8, 9) — abl. pl. and gen. pl. of gladius, -ī m.
Germānī (s. 9) — nom. pl. of Germānus, -ī m.
scūta (s. 11) — acc. pl. of scūtum, -ī n.
Crassus (s. 14) — nom. sg. m. proper name in -us.
subsidiō (s. 15) — dat. sg. of subsidium, -ī n. (predicate dative).
terga (s. 16) — acc. pl. of tergum, -ī n.

两种形式：阳性与中性

第二变格法有两种形式：

阳性，主格以 -us（或 -er, -ir）结尾：amīcus, -ī "朋友"；puer, puerī "男孩"；vir, virī "成年男子"；gladius, -ī "剑"；Germānus, -ī "日耳曼人"；legātus, -ī "副官"。
中性，主格以 -um 结尾：proelium, -ī "战斗"；scūtum, -ī "盾"；pīlum, -ī "标枪"；signum, -ī "信号"；tergum, -ī "背"；subsidium, -ī "援军"。

第二变格法词尾，阳性：amīcus, -ī

格	单数	复数	功能
主格 (Nom.)	amīcus	amīcī	主语
属格 (Gen.)	amīcī	amīcōrum	"...的"
与格 (Dat.)	amīcō	amīcīs	"向 / 为..."
宾格 (Acc.)	amīcum	amīcōs	直接宾语
夺格 (Abl.)	amīcō	amīcīs	"用 / 由 / 自..."
呼格 (Voc.)	amīce	amīcī	直接呼唤

第二变格法词尾，中性：scūtum, -ī

格	单数	复数
主格	scūtum	scūta
属格	scūtī	scūtōrum
与格	scūtō	scūtīs
宾格	scūtum	scūta
夺格	scūtō	scūtīs

中性规律提示。在拉丁语中（横跨全部五个变格法），每一个中性名词的主格和宾格形式始终一致，且复数永远以 -a 结尾。因此 scūta 既可以是主格复数（主语），也可以是宾格复数（直接宾语）——由上下文决定。

本段中的第二变格法名词

沃日山段落 16 句中约有 14 个第二变格法名词形式。最清晰的例子：

legātōs（第 1 句）—— legātus, -ī m. 的宾格复数
proelium（第 3、16 句）—— proelium, -ī n. 的宾格 / 主格单数
signō（第 5 句）—— signum, -ī n. 的夺格单数
spatium（第 7 句）—— spatium, -ī n. 的主格单数
pīla, pīlīs（第 7、8 句）—— pīlum, -ī n. 的主/宾格复数及夺格复数
gladiīs, gladiōrum（第 8、9 句）—— gladius, -ī m. 的夺格复数及属格复数
Germānī（第 9 句）—— Germānus, -ī m. 的主格复数
scūta（第 11 句）—— scūtum, -ī n. 的宾格复数
Crassus（第 14 句）—— 以 -us 结尾的阳性专有名词
subsidiō（第 15 句）—— subsidium, -ī n. 的与格单数（谓语与格 predicate dative）
terga（第 16 句）—— tergum, -ī n. 的宾格复数

Hour 3 — Passage: De Bello Gallico 1.52–53 (excerpt)第三课 — 原文段落：《高卢战记》1.52–53（节选）

Scaffolding: Tags:

1 Caesar singulīs legiōnibus singulōs legātōs et quaestōrem praefēcit. 2 Utī eōs testēs suae quisque virtūtis habēret. 3 Ipse ā dextrō cornū proelium commīsit. 4 Eam partem minimē firmam hostium esse animadverterat. 5 Nostrī signō datō ācriter impetum fēcērunt. 6 Hostēs repente celeriterque prōcurrērunt. 7 Spatium pīla in hostēs coniciendī nōn dabātur. 8 Relictīs pīlīs comminus gladiīs pugnātum est. 9 Germānī ex cōnsuētūdine suā phalange factā impetūs gladiōrum excēpērunt. 10 Repertī sunt complūrēs nostrī. 11 Quī in phalanga īnsilīrent et scūta manibus revellerent. 12 Hostium aciēs ā sinistrō cornū in fugam coniecta est. 13 Ā dextrō cornū multitūdine suōrum nostram aciem premēbant. 14 P. Crassus adulēscēns equitātuī praeerat. 15 Tertiam aciem labōrantibus nostrīs subsidiō mīsit. 16 Ita proelium restitūtum est, atque omnēs hostēs terga vertērunt.

Latin text from PerseusDL canonical-latinLit (Holmes 1914 ed., file phi0448.phi001.perseus-lat2.xml), chunked for student readability. English translation adapted from McDevitte & Bohn (1869).

Hour 3 — Vocabulary第三课 — 词汇表

2nd-declension nouns are flagged 2nd DECL. Carry-over 1st-declension forms are noted where they appear.第二变格法名词标记为 2nd DECL。沿用自上课的第一变格法形式在出现时另作说明。

Caesar, Caesaris m.

Caesar凯撒（盖乌斯·尤利乌斯·凯撒）

singulus, -a, -um

individual, one each, single个别的、各自的、单一的

legiō, legiōnis f.

legion军团（罗马最大军事单位）

legātus, -ī m.2nd DECL

legate, deputy commander副官、副指挥官（第二变格法 2nd DECL）

et conj.

and和、以及

quaestor, quaestōris m.

quaestor (Roman financial officer)财务官（罗马财政官员，常驻军中）

praeficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectum + dat.

to put in charge of（加与格）任命...掌管

utī = ut conj.

so that, in order that (+ subjunctive)（连词）以便、为了（接虚拟式）

is, ea, id

he, she, it; that (demonstrative)他、她、它；那（指示代词）

testis, testis m.

witness证人、见证

suus, -a, -um

his/her/its/their own (reflexive)他自己的、她自己的、它自己的、他们自己的（反身）

quisque, quaeque, quidque

each (one)每一个、各自

virtūs, virtūtis f.

virtue, valor, courage美德、勇武、勇气

habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum

to have, hold拥有、持有

ipse, ipsa, ipsum

himself, herself, itself他自己、她自己、它自己

ā / ab + abl.

from, away from; (with persons) by（加夺格）自、从；（与人为伴）由...

dexter, dextra, dextrum

right (side); right-handed右边的；惯用右手的

cornū, cornūs n. (4th)

horn; wing of an army角；军队的翼（第四变格）

proelium, -ī n.2nd DECL

battle战斗（第二变格法 2nd DECL）

committō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missum

to join, begin; (proelium committere) to join battle联合、开始；proelium committere = 开战

pars, partis f.

part, side部分、一边

minimē adv.

least, very little（副词）最少、几乎不

firmus, -a, -um

strong, firm坚固的、强壮的

hostis, hostis m./f.

enemy (often pl., a hostile people)敌人（常用复数指敌方部落）

sum, esse, fuī, futūrus

to be是

animadvertō, -vertere, -vertī, -versum

to notice, observe; turn the mind toward注意到、留意；转心向...

noster, -tra, -trum

our; (nostrī as substantive) our men我们的；（nostrī 名词化）我方士兵

signum, -ī n.2nd DECL

sign, signal; standard, banner信号；军旗（第二变格法 2nd DECL）

dō, dare, dedī, datum

to give; (signō datō) "the signal having been given"给予；（signō datō）"信号已发出"

ācriter adv.

fiercely, sharply, vigorously（副词）猛烈地、锐利地

impetus, -ūs m. (4th)

attack, charge, assault攻击、冲击（第四变格）

faciō, facere, fēcī, factum

to do, make做、造

repente adv.

suddenly（副词）突然

celeriter adv.

swiftly, quickly（副词）迅速地

-que enclitic

and (attached to the following word)（附着词尾）和、与

prōcurrō, -currere, -cucurrī, -cursum

to run forward, rush forward冲向前、跑前

spatium, -ī n.2nd DECL

space, distance, room, interval of time空间、距离、时间间隔（第二变格法 2nd DECL）

pīlum, -ī n.2nd DECL

javelin (heavy Roman throwing spear)标枪、罗马重型投掷武器（第二变格法 2nd DECL）

in + acc.

into, against（加宾格）进入、向...

coniciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectum

to throw, hurl together一同投掷、抛

nōn adv.

not（副词）不

relinquō, -linquere, -līquī, -lictum

to leave, leave behind留下、丢下

comminus adv.

at close quarters, hand-to-hand（副词）在近身、肉搏

gladius, -ī m.2nd DECL

sword剑、短剑（第二变格法 2nd DECL）

pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum

to fight战斗

Germānus, -ī m.2nd DECL

a German (a tribesman from beyond the Rhine)日耳曼人（莱茵河彼岸的部族）（第二变格法 2nd DECL）

ex / ē + abl.

out of, from（加夺格）自、从

cōnsuētūdō, -dinis f.

custom, habit, established practice习惯、惯例、惯例做法

phalanx, phalangis f.

phalanx (dense interlocked formation)方阵（密集联结的步兵阵型）

excipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptum

to receive, withstand, take up接受、抵挡、承担

reperiō, -īre, repperī, repertum

to find, discover; (repertī sunt) "there were found"找到、发现；（repertī sunt）"被发现的有"

complūrēs, complūra

several, very many若干、相当多

quī, quae, quod

who, which (relative pronoun)（关系代词）谁、何者

īnsiliō, -īre, -uī

to leap onto, jump upon跳上、跃入

scūtum, -ī n.2nd DECL

shield盾（第二变格法 2nd DECL）

manus, -ūs f. (4th)

hand; band of men手；一队人（第四变格）

revellō, -vellere, -vellī, -vulsum

to tear away, pluck out, wrench off撕脱、拔出、扯走

aciēs, -ēī f. (5th)

battle line, edge, sharpness战阵、锋刃（第五变格）

sinister, -tra, -trum

left (side); ill-omened, unlucky左边的；不吉的

pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsum

to drive, push, rout驱赶、推动、击溃

fuga, -ae f. (1st)

flight, escape (carry-over from Hour 2)逃跑（第一变格法 1st DECL，来自第二课）

multitūdō, -dinis f.

great number, multitude众多、人数

premō, premere, pressī, pressum

to press, push, oppress压、迫、欺压

P. Crassus proper m. (2nd)2nd DECL

Publius Licinius Crassus (son of the triumvir; later commanded in Aquitania)P. 克拉苏（三巨头之一马库斯·克拉苏之子）（第二变格法 2nd DECL）

adulēscēns, adulēscentis m.

young man青年男子

equitātus, -ūs m. (4th)

cavalry骑兵（第四变格）

praesum, -esse, -fuī + dat.

to be in charge of, command（加与格）统帅、指挥

tertius, -a, -um

third第三

labōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum

to labor; to struggle, be in difficulty劳作；陷入困境

subsidium, -ī n.2nd DECL

support, reinforcement, reserve援助、援军、后备力量（第二变格法 2nd DECL）

mittō, mittere, mīsī, missum

to send派遣、送

ita adv.

thus, so, in this way（副词）如此

restituō, -stituere, -stituī, -stitūtum

to restore, set right again恢复、重新设立

atque / ac conj.

and（连词）和

omnis, -e

all, every所有、每一个

tergum, -ī n.2nd DECL

back; (terga vertere) "to turn one's back" = to flee背；（terga vertere）"转身"= 逃跑（第二变格法 2nd DECL）

vertō, vertere, vertī, versum

to turn转身

Hour 3 — Battle Task第三课 — 战斗任务

The instructor will only give the question paper to the players / let the players turn to the online question page right before the 20-minute countdown starts. 教师将在 20 分钟倒计时开始之前才向学生发放试题 / 开放在线试题页面。

Tagging rules in effect this Hour

Your task is to identify all the 2nd-declension nouns AND all the verbs. Five codebook rules fire in this hour; rule #9 is extended this week to cover 2nd-declension forms (it already covered 1st-decl. from Hour 2). The rest are suppressed.

Rule #1 — Indicative verb (red). Carried. The finite indicative verbs in the passage: praefēcit, commīsit, animadverterat, fēcērunt, prōcurrērunt, dabātur, pugnātum est, excēpērunt, repertī sunt, coniecta est, premēbant, praeerat, mīsit, restitūtum est, vertērunt. Periphrastic forms like pugnātum est and repertī sunt count: the est/sunt is the finite verb, paired with a perfect-passive participle.
Rule #2 — Subjunctive verb (white on black). Three subjunctives appear, all in subordinate clauses: habēret (s. 2, purpose clause after utī), īnsilīrent and revellerent (s. 11, relative clause of characteristic). Subjunctives ARE finite verbs — count them. You will formally study subjunctives in Year 2.
Rule #4 — Infinitive (green). coniciendī (s. 7) is a gerund ("of throwing"), grammatically related to the infinitive system — verb-like but NOT finite. Also esse (s. 4) is the infinitive of sum inside an indirect-statement construction. Do not tag these as verbs in the task.
Rule #5 — Participle (orange). Four participles, several inside ablative absolutes: datō (s. 5, signō datō), Relictīs (s. 8, Relictīs pīlīs), factā (s. 9, phalange factā), labōrantibus (s. 15). NOT finite — don't tag.
Rule #9 — Noun case for attention (★) — EXTENDED this hour. Now fires for BOTH 1st- and 2nd-declension nouns. There are no 1st-declension nouns in this passage; the 2nd-declension targets you must identify: legātōs (s. 1), proelium (ss. 3, 16), signō (s. 5), spatium, pīla (s. 7), pīlīs, gladiīs (s. 8), Germānī, gladiōrum (s. 9), scūta (s. 11), Crassus (s. 14), subsidiō (s. 15), terga (s. 16). After grading, correct ones get the ★ prefix.

Suppressed this hour: rule #3 (yellow connectives — first fires Hour 17), #6 (purple subject phrases — first fires Hour 11), #7 (underlined noun-adj phrases — first fires Hour 4, next week, with Type 1 adjectives), #8 (bracketed ablative absolutes — first fires Hour 26, although the passage clearly contains them in sentences 5, 8, 9, 15), #10 (shaded set phrases — instructor discretion; terga vertere in sentence 16 is a candidate idiom).

本课生效的标注规则

你的任务是识别所有第二变格法名词以及所有动词。本课激活五条标注规则；其中规则 #9 在本课扩展至第二变格法（自第二课起已涵盖第一变格法）。其余规则暂不启用。

规则 #1，直陈式动词（红色）。沿用第一课。本段直陈式动词：praefēcit, commīsit, animadverterat, fēcērunt, prōcurrērunt, dabātur, pugnātum est, excēpērunt, repertī sunt, coniecta est, premēbant, praeerat, mīsit, restitūtum est, vertērunt。包含 pugnātum est、repertī sunt 这类被动语态完成时分述句构造——est/sunt 是限定动词，配以过去被动分词。
规则 #2，虚拟式动词（黑底白字）。本段中有三个虚拟式，均在从句中：habēret（第 2 句，utī 引导的目的从句）、īnsilīrent 与 revellerent（第 11 句，关系特征从句）。虚拟式也是限定动词，计入。虚拟式的正式学习在第二年。
规则 #4，不定式（绿色）。coniciendī（第 7 句）是动名词（gerund），与不定式系统相关，动词形式但不是限定动词。esse（第 4 句）是 sum 的不定式，出现在间接陈述结构中。不要在任务中标记为动词。
规则 #5，分词（橙色）。四个分词，多数出现在绝对夺格中：datō（第 5 句，signō datō）、Relictīs（第 8 句，Relictīs pīlīs）、factā（第 9 句，phalange factā）、labōrantibus（第 15 句）。不是限定动词，不要在任务中标记。
规则 #9，名词关注格（★）—— 本课扩展。现在同时对第一变格法和第二变格法名词启用。本段中无第一变格法名词；你必须识别的第二变格法目标：legātōs（第 1 句）、proelium（第 3、16 句）、signō（第 5 句）、spatium, pīla（第 7 句）、pīlīs, gladiīs（第 8 句）、Germānī, gladiōrum（第 9 句）、scūta（第 11 句）、Crassus（第 14 句）、subsidiō（第 15 句）、terga（第 16 句）。提交后，正确识别的名词将获得 ★ 前缀。

本课不启用的规则：规则 #3（黄色连接词，首次启用为第 17 课）、#6（紫色主语短语，首次启用为第 11 课）、#7（下划线名词-形容词短语，首次启用为下周第 4 课）、#8（方括号绝对夺格，首次启用为第 26 课，尽管本段第 5、8、9、15 句中已清晰含有此结构）、#10（设色固定短语，教师自定；第 16 句的 terga vertere 是候选习语）。

Mission — Identify all the 2nd-declension nouns, and all the verbs任务，识别所有第二变格法名词与所有动词

Set the mode, then click words. Click again to deselect.先选择下方的模式，然后点击单词。再次点击可取消选择。

20:00

Questions on the Narrative关于叙事的问题

To whom did Caesar entrust each of his legions, and what purpose did this delegation serve?
Answer
Caesar appointed a legate (legātus) and a quaestor (quaestor) over each legion. The stated purpose was that every man would have these officers as witnesses (testēs) of his own valor — turning the chain of command into a chain of personal accountability.
Why did Caesar choose specifically the right wing of his army from which to begin the engagement?
Answer
He had noticed (animadverterat) that the corresponding part of the enemy line — the German left wing — was the least firm (minimē firmam). Roman doctrine pitted strength against weakness; Caesar led personally where his initiative would do most damage.
Why was there no time for the Romans to throw their javelins (pīla) at the start of the engagement?
Answer
Because the enemy suddenly and rapidly charged (repente celeriterque prōcurrērunt), closing the distance before the Romans could deploy their pīla. The Romans had to set the javelins aside and fight hand-to-hand with swords.
What unusual individual tactic did some Roman soldiers use against the Germanic phalanx?
Answer
Several leaped onto the phalanx itself (in phalanga īnsilīrent), tore the interlocked shields away with their hands (scūta manibus revellerent), and wounded the enemy from above. It is one of the few moments in Caesar's prose that describes Roman soldiers' individual physical bravery in detail.
Who saved the Roman right wing when it was being pressed by superior German numbers, and what unit did he commit?
Answer
P. (Publius) Crassus, "the youth" (adulēscēns) — a young officer commanding the cavalry. Being more disengaged than the legionaries already in the fight, he could read the developing crisis and sent in the third line (tertiam aciem) as reinforcement. He is later sent to conquer Aquitania (Hour 9).

Further Questions — Translation进阶问题，翻译

For students who pass the first task within 20 minutes, translate each English sentence into Latin using the vocabulary provided.在 20 分钟内完成第一项任务的学生，请利用所提供的词汇将每个英文句子翻译为拉丁语。

Caesar appointed individual legates over individual legions.
Suggested Latin
Caesar singulīs legiōnibus singulōs legātōs praefēcit.
He himself began the battle from the right wing.
Suggested Latin
Ipse ā dextrō cornū proelium commīsit.
Our men fiercely made an attack.
Suggested Latin
Nostrī ācriter impetum fēcērunt.
The enemy ran forward suddenly.
Suggested Latin
Hostēs repente prōcurrērunt.
The fighting was done with swords at close quarters.
Suggested Latin
Comminus gladiīs pugnātum est.
The Germans formed a phalanx.
Suggested Latin
Germānī phalange factā [impetūs gladiōrum excēpērunt].
Many of our men leaped onto the phalanx.
Suggested Latin
Complūrēs nostrī in phalanga īnsilīrent. (subjunctive in the original — in indicative: īnsiluērunt.)
They tore the shields away with their hands.
Suggested Latin
Scūta manibus revellerent. (subjunctive in the relative clause; indicative: revellērunt.)
The enemy battle line was put to flight on the left wing.
Suggested Latin
Hostium aciēs ā sinistrō cornū in fugam coniecta est.
From the right wing they were pressing our battle line.
Suggested Latin
Ā dextrō cornū nostram aciem premēbant.
P. Crassus was in command of the cavalry.
Suggested Latin
P. Crassus adulēscēns equitātuī praeerat.
He sent the third line as a reinforcement.
Suggested Latin
Tertiam aciem subsidiō mīsit.
Thus the battle was restored.
Suggested Latin
Ita proelium restitūtum est.
All the enemy turned their backs.
Suggested Latin
Omnēs hostēs terga vertērunt.

Hour 3 — Result & Debrief第三课 — 战果与汇报

Submit the Battle Task above to see your score here.提交上方的战斗任务即可在此查看分数。

Your score

Verbs found: 0 / 17

2nd-decl. nouns found: 0 / 14

Wrong picks: 0

Points this hour: 0

The 14 2nd-declension noun forms, by sentence

S. 1 — legātōs (acc. pl. of legātus, -ī m., "legates")
S. 3 — proelium (acc. sg. of proelium, -ī n., "battle" — object of commīsit)
S. 5 — signō (abl. sg. of signum, -ī n., in the abl. absolute signō datō)
S. 7 — spatium (nom. sg. of spatium, -ī n., subject of dabātur)
S. 7 — pīla (acc. pl. of pīlum, -ī n., object of the gerund coniciendī)
S. 8 — pīlīs (abl. pl. of pīlum, -ī n., in the abl. absolute relictīs pīlīs)
S. 8 — gladiīs (abl. pl. of gladius, -ī m., abl. of instrument: "with swords")
S. 9 — Germānī (nom. pl. of Germānus, -ī m., subject of excēpērunt)
S. 9 — gladiōrum (gen. pl. of gladius, -ī m., depending on impetūs)
S. 11 — scūta (acc. pl. of scūtum, -ī n., object of revellerent)
S. 14 — Crassus (nom. sg. m. proper name in -us, subject of praeerat)
S. 15 — subsidiō (dat. sg. of subsidium, -ī n., predicate dative)
S. 16 — proelium (nom. sg., subject of restitūtum est)
S. 16 — terga (acc. pl. of tergum, -ī n., object of vertērunt in the idiom terga vertere "to flee")

The 17 finite verbs, by sentence

praefēcit (3 sg. perf.)
habēret (3 sg. impf. subjunctive — purpose clause after utī)
commīsit (3 sg. perf.)
animadverterat (3 sg. pluperf.)
fēcērunt (3 pl. perf.)
prōcurrērunt (3 pl. perf.)
dabātur (3 sg. impf. pass.) — gerund coniciendī is not finite
pugnātum est (3 sg. perf. pass., impersonal — est + PPP)
excēpērunt (3 pl. perf.)
repertī sunt (3 pl. perf. pass.)
īnsilīrent (3 pl. impf. subjunctive) · revellerent (3 pl. impf. subjunctive) — both in a relative clause of characteristic
coniecta est (3 sg. perf. pass.)
premēbant (3 pl. impf.)
praeerat (3 sg. impf.)
mīsit (3 sg. perf.)
restitūtum est (3 sg. perf. pass.) · vertērunt (3 pl. perf.)

Hour 3 — Screening第三课 — 影片放映

Following the 20-minute countdown, the instructor announces the answer immediately, then holds a five-minute Q&A, then screens the film clip.20 分钟倒计时结束后，教师立刻宣布答案，再进行 5 分钟问答，然后播放影片片段。

Film clip (proposed): Gladiator (2000), opening battle vs. Germanic tribes.推荐影片片段：《角斗士》（Gladiator，2000 年）开场与日耳曼部族的森林之战。 Ridley Scott's opening sequence depicts a Roman army engaging Germanic warriors in a wooded clearing — a thematic if not historically literal parallel to Caesar against Ariovistus. Watch for: the deployment of multiple lines, the cavalry sweep, the moment of close hand-to-hand combat after the missile exchange. Subject to instructor confirmation; the source course-design document does not specify a clip for Hour 3.

Discussion课堂讨论

Tactical analysis of the battle scene. Sample questions for the room:战斗场面的战术分析。讨论问题示例：

Caesar appointed legates and a quaestor over each legion specifically as "witnesses of each man's valor." How does this reframe the social structure of a Roman legion in battle? Compare with the Helvetian families on the wagons at Bibracte, also serving as witnesses to their men's valor.
The Romans were unable to throw their pīla because the Germans charged too fast. The Romans had to "set the javelins aside" and switch to gladiī. Compare Bibracte: there the pīla worked decisively. Why does the same Roman weapon system work brilliantly against one Gallic phalanx and fail against the German charge?
The text reports individual Romans leaping onto the phalanx and tearing shields away with bare hands. This is the only such description in the entire DBG. What rhetorical work is this image doing — for Caesar's Roman audience and for our reading?
P. Crassus, "the youth," commits the third line at the critical moment. This is the same Crassus who will independently conquer Aquitania in Hour 9. What does his initiative here signal about his future?

Intermission课间休息

Break before Hour 4 (Battle of the Axona / Aisne — Wheelock Ch. 4, Type 1 Adjectives).第四课（阿克索纳 / 埃纳河战役，韦洛克第 4 章，第一类形容词）开始前的课间。

🗺 Campaign Map & Cursus Honōrum战役地图与晋升阶梯

How advancement works in this course. Rank is reserved for completion of whole DBG books (8 books → 8 promotions). Dōna mīlitāria — Roman military decorations — are awarded for each individual battle (Hour). The default rank cap is Centuriō / 百夫长, reached after Book 7. To rise to Tribūnus Mīlitum / 统领 or Lēgātus Legiōnis / 军团长, the student must accumulate sufficient dōna through the course.本课晋升机制。军衔（rank）专留给完整通读《高卢战记》之卷（八卷 → 八次晋升）。Dōna mīlitāria，罗马军事勋章，为每场单独战役（课时）所授。百夫长（Centuriō）是默认晋升上限，完成第七卷可达。要晋升至统领（Tribūnus Mīlitum）或军团长（Lēgātus Legiōnis），学生须于课程中累积足够 dōna。

The Cursus Honōrum — 10 ranks, 8 promotions晋升阶梯，十级军衔，八次晋升

Tīrō 新兵recruit (course start)新兵（课程开始时的起点）
Mīles 军团兵legionary (after Book 1)军团兵（完成第一卷后）
Immūnis 免役兵specialist exempt from fatigues (Book 2)免役兵：具专长免劳役（第二卷后）
Tesserārius 持牌兵watchword-keeper (Book 3)持牌兵：传递口令（第三卷后）
Optiō 副百夫长centurion's deputy (Book 4)副百夫长：百夫长副手（第四卷后）
Signifer 掌旗官standard-bearer of a century (Book 5)掌旗官：百人队旗手（第五卷后）
Aquilifer 鹰旗官eagle-bearer of the legion (Book 6)鹰旗官：军团鹰旗持有者（第六卷后）
Centuriō 百夫长commander of a century — DEFAULT CAP (Book 7)百夫长：百人队长，默认上限（第七卷后）
Tribūnus Mīlitum 统领unlocked at Book 8 + ≥20 dōna + ≥1 corōna解锁条件：完成第八卷 + 累积 ≥20 项 dōna + ≥1 顶冠
Lēgātus Legiōnis 军团长all 28 dōna + Corōna Obsidiōnālis + Corōna Triumphālis集齐 28 项 dōna，含解围冠与凯旋冠

Dōna mīlitāria — one per HourDōna mīlitāria，每课时各授一项

T1 · Major corōnaeT1 · 至尊冠 T2 · Specialty corōnaeT2 · 专项冠 T3 · Officer-grade (hasta, vēxillum)T3 · 军官级（净矛、军旗） T4 · Lower (torques, armillae, phalerae)T4 · 低级（项圈、臂环、胸牌） T5 · Memorial (Roman defeats)T5 · 哀悼（罗马败战） T6 · Scholastic (excurses)T6 · 学术（插段）

#	Battle / Topic战役／主题	Dōnum勋章	Rationale缘由
1	Battle of the Arar阿拉河战役	Torques argenteae ／银项圈	Opening ambush of the Tigurine quarter — modest field action.开战之伏击，规模适中。
2	Battle of Bibracte比布拉克特战役	Armillae ／银臂环	First major set-piece engagement.首次大型会战。
3	Battle of Vosges沃日山战役	Phalerae ／胸甲圆牌	Closing battle of Book 1 — Ariovistus routed.第一卷收束：击溃阿里奥维斯图斯。
END OF Book 1 · Helvetian War — Hours 1–3第一卷 · 赫尔维提战争（1–3）结束 → Mīles / 军团兵→ 晋升 Mīles／军团兵
4	Battle of the Axona阿克索纳战役	Torques aureae ／金项圈	Ford engagement, encumbered enemy slaughtered.浅滩遭遇战，敌于河中受困被歼。
5	Battle of the Sabis萨比斯战役	Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠	Caesar enters the line personally to save his legion — citizens saved (Maxfield p.68).凯撒亲入战阵救援军团，拯救公民（Maxfield 第 68 页）。
6	Siege of the Atuatuci阿杜亚图基围攻	Corōna Mūrālis ／城墙冠	First siege of the course — first up the wall.课程首次围城，首先登上城墙。
END OF Book 2 · Belgic Campaign — Hours 4–6第二卷 · 贝尔盖战役（4–6）结束 → Immūnis / 免役兵→ 晋升 Immūnis／免役兵
7	Battle of Octodurus屋大都鲁斯之战	Corōna Castrēnsis ／军营冠	Galba defends camp against ambush — first into the enemy camp at counter-attack.伽尔巴守营抗伏击，反扑时率先入敌营。
8	Battle of Quiberon Bay基伯龙湾海战	Corōna Navālis ／海军冠	First naval engagement — first to board an enemy ship.首次海战，首先登上敌舰。
9	Crassus's Aquitanian Camp.克拉苏的阿基坦战役	Corōna Aurea ／金冠	Crassus, a young officer, wins his independent campaign — gold crown for valor.小克拉苏年纪轻轻独立战胜，金冠表勇。
END OF Book 3 · Coast & Aquitania — Hours 7–9第三卷 · 海岸与阿基坦（7–9）结束 → Tesserārius / 持牌兵→ 晋升 Tesserārius／持牌兵
10	Usipetes & Tencteri乌西佩特斯与滕克特里	Torques aureae duae ／一对金项圈	Mass action against two German tribes; controversial.对二日耳曼部族之大规模行动；颇具争议。
11	First Rhine Crossing首次跨越莱茵河	Phalerae aureae ／金胸牌	Engineering theater — the ten-day pile-bridge.工程剧场：十日内造起木桩桥。
12	First Invasion of Britain首次入侵不列颠	Corōna Aurea ／金冠	The aquilifer of the Tenth leaps with the eagle — gold crown (Maxfield p.79).第十军团掌旗官携鹰跃入海，金冠（Maxfield 第 79 页）。
END OF Book 4 · Rhine & Britain I — Hours 10–12第四卷 · 莱茵河与首征不列颠（10–12）结束 → Optiō / 副百夫长→ 晋升 Optiō／副百夫长
13	Ambush at Atuatuca阿杜阿都加伏击	Armillae fūnebrēs ／哀悼臂环	Roman defeat — Sabinus & Cotta killed; memorial decoration for survivors.罗马败战，萨宾努斯与科塔阵亡；幸存者得哀悼臂环。
14	Second Invasion of Britain第二次入侵不列颠	Phalerae ／胸甲圆牌	Larger fleet, river crossing, Cassivellaunus engaged.舰队壮大、渡泰晤士、对阵卡西维劳努斯。
15	Ethnography of Britain不列颠民族志	Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴	Tacitean excursus — no battle, scholarly stipend awarded.塔西陀插段，非战斗，授学术津贴。
16	Britain II: Climate不列颠之二：气候	Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴	Second Tacitean excursus on geography.塔西陀第二段：地理。
17	Siege of Cicero's Camp西塞罗营垒被围	Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠	Caesar relieves Cicero's winter camp — citizens saved.凯撒解围西塞罗冬营，拯救公民。
END OF Book 5 · Britain II & Disasters — Hours 13–17第五卷 · 第二次入侵不列颠与挫败（13–17）结束 → Signifer / 掌旗官→ 晋升 Signifer／掌旗官
18	Eburones Punitive Expedition对埃布隆尼斯人的惩戒	Torques aureae ／金项圈	Revenge for Atuatuca — extensive plunder and destruction.为阿杜阿都加复仇，大规模劫掠破坏。
19	Second Rhine Crossing第二次跨越莱茵河	Phalerae aureae ／金胸牌	Repeat engineering theater — another pile-bridge.再演工程剧场，又造一桥。
20	Atuatuca Garrison Attacked阿杜阿都加守备遭袭	Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠	Cicero saves the garrison — citizens saved.西塞罗救守备，拯救公民。
21	Ethnography of the Galli高卢人民族志	Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴	Gauls' Druids/Knights/plebs — no battle.高卢德鲁伊、骑士、平民，非战斗。
22	Ethnography of the Germani日耳曼人民族志	Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴	Inverse-Gauls stereotype — no battle.高卢之反面刻板印象，非战斗。
END OF Book 6 · Vengeance & Ethnography — Hours 18–22第六卷 · 复仇与民族志（18–22）结束 → Aquilifer / 鹰旗官→ 晋升 Aquilifer／鹰旗官
23	Siege of Avaricum阿瓦里库姆围攻	Corōna Mūrālis ／城墙冠	25-day siege, walls stormed under cover of rain.25 日围城，雨中破城。
24	Defeat at Gergovia热尔戈维亚的败战	Armillae fūnebrēs ／哀悼臂环	Caesar's only acknowledged defeat — 46 centurions killed.凯撒唯一承认之败战——46 名百夫长阵亡。
25	Road to Alesia通往阿莱西亚之路	Hasta Pūra ／净矛	Labienus and the German cavalry break Vercingetorix's mobility — officer-grade dōnum.拉比埃努斯与日耳曼骑兵击碎维钦格托里克斯之机动，军官级 dōnum。
26	Siege of Alesia阿莱西亚围攻	Corōna Obsidiōnālis ／解围冠	Caesar's masterpiece — the double ring relieves nothing; he breaks the relief instead. Highest possible decoration.凯撒之杰作，双重防线击破援军。古罗马最高荣誉。
END OF Book 7 · The Great Revolt — Hours 23–26第七卷 · 大起义（23–26）结束 → Centuriō / 百夫长 (DEFAULT CAP)→ 晋升 Centuriō／百夫长（默认上限）
27	Uxellodunum & Aftermath乌克塞洛杜诺姆与战后	Vēxillum ／军旗	Caesar's final field command of the Gallic war — senior officer's banner.凯撒在高卢战争中之最后野战指挥，高级军官之军旗。
28	Capstone: Rubicon to Ides总章：自卢比孔至三月之中	Corōna Triumphālis ／凯旋冠	Caesar's quadruple triumph (46 BC) — laurel crown of the triumphātor.凯撒四重凯旋（公元前 46 年）——凯旋者所戴桂冠。
END OF Book 8 (Hirtius) & Capstone — Hours 27–28第八卷（希尔提乌斯）与总章（27–28）结束 → gated: Tribūnus Mīlitum / 统领 (≥20 dōna + ≥1 corōna) OR Lēgātus / 军团长 (all 28 dōna + Obsidiōnālis + Triumphālis)→ 解锁条件：Tribūnus Mīlitum／统领（≥20 项 dōna ＋ ≥1 顶冠）；或 Lēgātus／军团长（28 项 dōna 全集，含解围冠与凯旋冠）

Source.来源。 The hierarchy of dōna mīlitāria used here follows Valerie A. Maxfield, The Military Decorations of the Roman Army (London: Batsford, 1981) — the standard modern reference. Maxfield documents that corōnae were stratified by feat (mūrālis for first up the wall, navālis for first to board, obsidiōnālis for raising a siege, etc.), while torques, armillae, and phalerae were the routine awards for soldiers and centurions. Maxfield also notes (p. 251) that Caesar himself used promotion as a substitute for decoration — the system this course follows in reverse: decorations for battles, promotion for completing books.Dōna mīlitāria 的等级体系本课程依据 Valerie A. Maxfield《The Military Decorations of the Roman Army》（London: Batsford, 1981）——该领域之标准现代参考。Maxfield 详述：corōnae 按功勋分级（城墙冠予首登墙者、海军冠予首登敌舰者、解围冠予救援被围之军者，等等）；而 torques、armillae、phalerae 为士兵与百夫长之常规奖励。Maxfield 又指出（第 251 页），凯撒本人即以晋升代替勋章：而本课程恰反其道而行：勋章授与战役，晋升保留给读完一卷。