1
īdem, eadem, idem dem. pron./adj.DEM
the same同一个
Hour 9 — Briefing第九课 — 战前简报
From Hour 8 to Hour 9 — a third front in the same campaigning year
Hour 8 took us to the Atlantic and the destruction of the Venetic fleet. The third campaigning year (56 BC) is, in Caesar's narrative, a war on three simultaneous fronts: Caesar himself versus the Veneti and Morini on the Channel coast; the lieutenant Sabinus versus the Unelli on the Norman coast (DBG 3.17–19); and, simultaneously, the young Publius Crassus versus all of Aquitania — the southwestern third of Gaul that runs from the Garonne river to the Pyrenees. Caesar sends Crassus south specifically to prevent the Aquitanians from sending aid to the Gallic resistance; what unfolds becomes one of the most decisive single-summer campaigns of the war.
Publius Crassus is around 28 years old, the elder son of the triumvir Marcus Crassus, an ambitious young officer who has already distinguished himself the previous year against the Veneti on land (Hour 7's neighborhood). Caesar gives him 12 cohorts and a large cavalry force — about a legion in strength — plus auxiliaries levied from the Province (Tolosa, Carcassone, Narbo). Crassus is keenly aware of the risks: a few years before, a Roman lieutenant Lucius Valerius Praeconinus had been killed and his army routed in this exact region; the proconsul Lucius Manlius had been forced to flee with his baggage lost. Aquitania is not friendly ground.
Crassus enters the territory of the Sotiātēs, the largest Aquitanian people, on the upper Garonne. The Sotiates respond by gathering their forces and laying an ambush: they will engage the Roman column with cavalry, then — when the Romans pursue the cavalry retreat — reveal a hidden infantry force in a hollow valley (convallis). This is the moment Hour 9 narrates: the cavalry engagement that opens the campaign, the Sotiates' double-line tactic, and the disjointed first day of fighting in which Crassus's young legion must prove what an inexperienced commander with no Caesar at his elbow can do.
Connection to Wheelock. This hour pairs with Wheelock Chapter 9 — Demonstratives: the three demonstrative pronouns/adjectives hic, haec, hoc ("this"), ille, illa, illud ("that"), and iste, ista, istud ("that of yours / that there"). All three follow a similar pattern: irregular nominative singular, then largely first-and-second-declension endings with a distinctive consonant insertion in some forms. Crassus's passage gives us several test cases — hīs regiōnibus ("these regions"), Hī nostrōs ("these [the Sotiates] attacked our men"), and we will add a paradigm reference for the full set including the related demonstrative is, ea, id.
Today's task. Identify all the verbs in the passage AND, as the chapter focus, all the demonstratives (any form of hic, ille, iste, is). The 3rd-decl. ★ from Hour 7 continues.
Source-document note. Hour 9 is composed in the same paradigm as Hours 3–8 — Latin from PerseusDL canonical-latinLit (Holmes 1914), English from McDevitte & Bohn (1869), grammar from Wheelock Ch. 9. No dedicated source .docx exists for this hour (file 9 in the resource folder, 9 De Bello Gallico 4.24-25.docx, will serve a later hour on Caesar's British landing); macrons here are restored from Perseus.
从第八课到第九课，同一征战年的第三战线
第八课带我们来到大西洋，看到维内蒂舰队的覆灭。在凯撒的叙述中，第三个征战年（公元前 56 年）实际上是一场三线作战：凯撒本人对阵海岸的维内蒂与莫里尼；副将萨宾努斯对阵诺曼海岸的乌内利人（《高卢战记》3.17–19）；与此同时，年轻的普布利乌斯·克拉苏独自面对整个阿基坦：从加龙河直到比利牛斯山脉的西南三分之一高卢领土。凯撒派克拉苏南下，目标明确：阻止阿基坦人援助高卢起义。接下来发生的，将成为整场战争中最具决定性的单季战役之一。
普布利乌斯·克拉苏年约 28 岁，是"三巨头"之一马尔库斯·克拉苏的长子，是一位野心勃勃的年轻军官，上一年陆战对维内蒂之役（约第七课的邻近时段）已让他崭露头角。凯撒给他十二个步兵营、大批骑兵及行省（图卢兹、卡尔卡松、纳尔博）征调的辅助兵，大约相当于一个整军团。克拉苏深知风险：几年前，罗马副将卢基乌斯·瓦勒里乌斯·普雷科尼努斯就在这片土地上被杀，他的军队被击溃；副执政官卢基乌斯·曼里乌斯也曾在此丢光辎重而仓皇出逃。阿基坦绝非友邦。
克拉苏率军进入阿基坦最大族群——索提阿提人（Sotiātēs，加龙河上游）的领地。索提阿提人聚集兵力布下伏击：用骑兵迎击罗马行军纵队，待罗马人追击高卢骑兵时，再从一个隐蔽山谷（convallis）里释放藏匿的步兵主力。这就是第九课所读的一刻：开启战役的骑兵交战，索提阿提人的"双线"战术，以及克拉苏年轻军团在没有凯撒身旁指挥的情况下要证明的，一位经验有限的年轻指挥官究竟能做到什么。
与韦洛克拉丁语的对应。本课与韦洛克拉丁语第九章，指示代词对应：三组指示代词/形容词：hic, haec, hoc（"这"）、ille, illa, illud（"那"）、iste, ista, istud（"你那边的；那"）。三者遵循类似规律：主格单数不规则，其余大多沿用第一、第二变格法词尾，部分形式中加入特征性的辅音。克拉苏段落给我们提供了几个实例——hīs regiōnibus（"这些地区"）、Hī nostrōs（"他们 [索提阿提人] 进攻我军"）等；我们还将在语法面板提供 is, ea, id 在内的完整范式。
今日任务。识别段落中所有动词；并作为本章重点，识别所有指示代词（hic, ille, iste, is 的任何形式）。第七课起的第三变格法 ★ 沿用。
关于来源的说明。第九课按第三至第八课范式构建，拉丁文取自 PerseusDL canonical-latinLit（Holmes 1914），英译取自 McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），语法对照取自韦洛克第 9 章。本课无专用源 .docx 文件（资源文件夹中编号 9 的 9 De Bello Gallico 4.24-25.docx 将在不列颠登陆课时使用）；本课长音标记由 Perseus 文本恢复。
Grammar Target — Demonstratives (hic, ille, iste)语法目标 — 指示代词（hic, ille, iste）
What demonstratives do
Demonstratives point. They can stand alone (as pronouns: "this man" / "that thing") or modify nouns (as adjectives: "this town" / "that fleet"). Latin has three deictic axes:
- hic, haec, hoc — "this" (near the speaker). Compare French ce…ci, English "this here."
- ille, illa, illud — "that" (away from both speakers, often referring back to a remote subject). Compare French ce…là; gives English "illuminate" via Romance descendants.
- iste, ista, istud — "that of yours / that [near you]" (near the addressee). Often takes on a pejorative nuance in Cicero ("that wretched fellow of yours").
For continuity: the unstressed demonstrative/pronoun is, ea, id ("he/she/it; this/that, the aforementioned") has been used throughout Hours 1–8 and is also tested today. It is the workhorse "third-person pronoun" of Latin.
Paradigm — hic, haec, hoc (this)
| Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sg. Nom. | hic | haec | hoc |
| Gen. | huius (all genders) | ||
| Dat. | huic (all genders) | ||
| Acc. | hunc | hanc | hoc |
| Abl. | hōc | hāc | hōc |
| Pl. Nom. | hī | hae | haec |
| Gen. | hōrum | hārum | hōrum |
| Dat./Abl. | hīs (all genders) | ||
| Acc. | hōs | hās | haec |
Paradigm — ille, illa, illud (that)
| Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sg. Nom. | ille | illa | illud |
| Gen. | illīus (all genders) | ||
| Dat. | illī (all genders) | ||
| Acc. | illum | illam | illud |
| Abl. | illō | illā | illō |
| Pl. Nom. | illī | illae | illa |
| Gen. | illōrum | illārum | illōrum |
| Dat./Abl. | illīs (all genders) | ||
| Acc. | illōs | illās | illa |
Three warning signs to memorize
- Genitive sg. ends in -īus, dative sg. ends in -ī, for ALL THREE genders. This is the same pattern as ūnus, sōlus, tōtus — the "UNUS NAUTA" mnemonic of Wheelock Ch. 9. Memorize: huius / huic; illīus / illī; istīus / istī; eius / eī.
- Neuter sg. for ille and iste ends in -ud, not -um: illud, istud (NOT illum, istum — those are masc. accusatives!).
- Hic has its own little surprise: hic / haec / hoc in the singular nom., then hī / hae / haec in the plural nom. — the same form haec serves as fem.sg.nom. AND neut.pl.nom./acc. Context disambiguates.
Notes for translation
- When a demonstrative appears alone, treat it as a pronoun: haec dīxit = "she said these things" (haec = N./Ac.p.n.).
- When followed by a matching noun, treat as adjective: hīs regiōnibus = "in these regions."
- Hī nostrōs disiectōs adortī: "these men (= the Sotiates) having attacked our men scattered" — nostrōs disiectōs is a noun-adj phrase used substantively. Hī stands alone as a pronoun.
Codebook rules carried, no new color activation. Demonstratives are not given a distinct codebook color this hour (rule #3, "yellow connective," will eventually attach to certain demonstrative uses — Hour 17). The Battle Task adds a secondary toggle — "demonstrative only" — so students can isolate the chapter's grammar focus.
指示代词的作用
指示代词用来指认。它们可独立使用（作代词："这个人" / "那东西"），也可修饰名词（作形容词："这座城" / "那支舰队"）。拉丁语指认有三轴：
- hic, haec, hoc："这"（靠近说话者）。比照法语 ce…ci、英语 "this here"。
- ille, illa, illud："那"（远离双方，常指代远端先行词）。比照法语 ce…là；其罗曼语后裔可见于英语 "illuminate"。
- iste, ista, istud："你那边的；你那个"（靠近受话者）。在西塞罗笔下常带贬义意味（"你那位可怜的家伙"）。
提示：从第一课到第八课沿用的非重音代词/指示词 is, ea, id（"他/她/它；前所述者"）也在本课检测之列，它是拉丁语的"第三人称代词"主力。
范式，hic, haec, hoc（这）
| 阳 | 阴 | 中 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 单 主 | hic | haec | hoc |
| 属 | huius（三性同） | ||
| 与 | huic（三性同） | ||
| 宾 | hunc | hanc | hoc |
| 夺 | hōc | hāc | hōc |
| 复 主 | hī | hae | haec |
| 属 | hōrum | hārum | hōrum |
| 与/夺 | hīs（三性同） | ||
| 宾 | hōs | hās | haec |
范式，ille, illa, illud（那）
| 阳 | 阴 | 中 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 单 主 | ille | illa | illud |
| 属 | illīus（三性同） | ||
| 与 | illī（三性同） | ||
| 宾 | illum | illam | illud |
| 夺 | illō | illā | illō |
| 复 主 | illī | illae | illa |
| 属 | illōrum | illārum | illōrum |
| 与/夺 | illīs（三性同） | ||
| 宾 | illōs | illās | illa |
三条务必牢记的警示
- 属格单数 -īus、与格单数 -ī，三性同形。与 ūnus, sōlus, tōtus 同一范式，韦洛克第 9 章的"UNUS NAUTA"口诀。需牢记：huius / huic；illīus / illī；istīus / istī；eius / eī。
- ille 和 iste 的中性单数作 -ud（非 -um）：illud, istud（不是 illum, istum，后者是阳性宾格！）。
- hic 自带一处陷阱：单数主格 hic / haec / hoc，复数主格 hī / hae / haec，同一形态 haec 既是阴性单数主格，又是中性复数主格/宾格。靠语境辨明。
翻译提示
- 指示代词独立使用时作代词：haec dīxit = "她说了这些"（haec = 中性复数主/宾）。
- 后接配套名词时作形容词：hīs regiōnibus = "在这些地区"。
- Hī nostrōs disiectōs adortī："这些人（=索提阿提人）攻击我方已散开的士兵"——nostrōs disiectōs 作名词性短语用，Hī 独立作代词。
沿用旧规则，本课无新颜色。指示代词本课不分配独立的标注颜色（第 17 课起，部分指示用法会归入规则 #3"黄色连接词"）。战斗任务新增副切换："仅指示代词"——以隔离本章语法焦点。
Hour 9 — Passage: De Bello Gallico 3.20–21 (excerpt)第九课 — 原文段落：《高卢战记》3.20–21（节选）
Scaffolding:脚手架：
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1 Eōdem ferē tempore Pūblius Crassus, cum in Aquītāniam pervēnisset, quae pars regiōnum latitūdine et multitūdineAbl.s. hominumG.p. tertiam partemAc.s. Galliae obtinet,
2 cum intellegeret in iīs locīs sibi bellum gerendum,
3 ubi paucīs ante annīs L. Valerius Praeconīnus lēgātus [exercitū pulsō] interfectus esset atque ex quā fugā L. Mānlius prōcōnsul [impedīmentīs āmissīs] profūgisset,
4 nōn mediocrem sibi dīligentiamAc.s. adhibendam intellegēbat.
5 Itaque, [rē frūmentāriā prōvīsā], [auxiliīs equitātūque comparātō], multīs praetereā virīs fortibus Tolōsā et Carcassōne et Narbōne, quae sunt cīvitātēs Galliae prōvinciae fīnitimae hīs regiōnibus, nōminātim [ēvocātīs],
6 in Sotiātium fīnēsAc.p. exercitum intrōdūxit.
7 CūiusG.s. adventū cognitō Sotiātēs magnīs cōpiīs [coāctīs] equitātūque, quō plūrimum valēbant, in itinere agmen nostrum [adortī], prīmum equestre proeliumAc.s. commīsērunt,
8 deinde equitātū suō [pulsō] atque īnsequentibus nostrīs subitō pedestrēs cōpiās, quās in convalle in īnsidiīs collocāverant, ostendērunt.
9 Hī nostrōs disiectōs [adortī] proeliumAc.s. renovārunt.
10 Pugnātum est diū atque ācriter, cum Sotiātēs superiōribus victōriīs frētī in suā virtūte tōtīus AquītāniaeG.s. salūtemAc.s. positam putārent,
11 nostrī autem, quid sine imperātōre et sine reliquīs legiōnibus adulēscentulō duce efficere possent perspicī cuperent. Tandem cōnfectī vulneribus hostēsN.p. terga vertērunt.
Latin: Perseus canonical-latinLit (Holmes 1914). English: McDevitte & Bohn (1869), lightly adapted. ★ = 3rd-decl. noun forms (rule #9, carried). Brackets [ ] = ablative absolutes (rule #8 preview). Italic style on demonstratives highlights the chapter focus.拉丁文：Perseus canonical-latinLit（Holmes 1914）；英译：McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），略经调整。★ = 第三变格法名词形式（规则 #9，沿用）；方括号 [ ] = 绝对夺格（规则 #8 预告）；指示代词以特定样式凸显本章焦点。
Hour 9 — Vocabulary第九课 — 词汇表
Demonstratives flagged DEM; 3rd-conj. verbs 3RD CONJ; 3rd-decl. nouns 3RD DECL; 3rd-decl. adjectives 3RD ADJ. Focus this hour: hic / ille / iste / is demonstratives.指示代词标 DEM；第三变位法动词标 3RD CONJ；第三变格法名词标 3RD DECL；第三变格法形容词标 3RD ADJ。本课重点：hic / ille / iste / is 指示代词。
2
ferē adv.
almost, nearly几乎
3
tempus, temporis n. (3rd)3RD DECL
time, occasion时间、场合
4
Pūblius Crassus m. (proper)
Publius Crassus (son of the triumvir; Caesar's commander in Aquitania)普布利乌斯·克拉苏（三巨头之子；凯撒的阿基坦战役指挥官）
5
cum conj. (+subj.)
when, since, although当...时；因为；尽管
6
Aquītānia, -ae f. (1st)
Aquitania (the SW third of Gaul, from Garonne to Pyrenees)阿基坦（高卢西南三分之一，加龙河至比利牛斯山脉）
7
perveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventum v. 4th
to arrive, reach抵达
8
quī, quae, quod rel. pron.
who, which, that谁、哪个
9
pars, partis f. (3rd, i-stem)3RD DECL
part, portion部分
10
regiō, regiōnis f. (3rd)3RD DECL
region, district地区、区域
11
lātitūdō, -inis f. (3rd)3RD DECL
breadth, width, extent广度、宽度
12
multitūdō, -inis f. (3rd)3RD DECL
multitude, large number众多、人口数量
13
homō, hominis m. (3rd)3RD DECL
human being, man, person人
14
tertius, -a, -um ord. adj.
third第三的
15
Gallia, -ae f. (1st)
Gaul高卢
16
obtineō, -ēre, -tinuī, -tentum v. 2nd
to hold, occupy, make up占有、占据
17
intellegō, -ere, -lēxī, -lēctum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to understand, perceive, realize理解、知晓
18
is, ea, id dem. pron./adj.DEM
he/she/it; this, that, the aforementioned他/她/它；这、那、上述
19
locus, -ī m. (2nd; pl. loca, -ōrum, n.)
place, region地方
20
sibi refl. pron. (Dat.)
to/for himself, herself, itself, themselves为他/她/他们自己
21
bellum, -ī n. (2nd)
war战争
22
gerō, -ere, gessī, gestum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to carry on, wage; conduct进行（战争）、执行
23
ubi rel. adv.
where; when哪里；何时
24
paucī, -ae, -a adj. (pl.)
few少数的
25
ante prep. (+Acc.) / adv.
before, in front of之前
26
annus, -ī m. (2nd)
year年
27
L. Valerius Praeconīnus m. (proper)
Lucius Valerius Praeconinus (Roman legate killed in Aquitania)卢基乌斯·瓦勒里乌斯·普雷科尼努斯（在阿基坦战死的罗马副将）
28
lēgātus, -ī m. (2nd)
legate, lieutenant, envoy副将；使者
29
exercitus, -ūs m. (4th)
army军队
30
pellō, -ere, pepulī, pulsum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to drive off, rout, defeat驱逐、击败
31
interficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum v. 3rd (-iō)3RD CONJ
to kill, slay杀死
32
atque / ac conj.
and, and also和、并且
33
ex / ē prep. (+Abl.)
out of, from出自、离开
34
fuga, -ae f. (1st)
flight, rout败退、逃亡
35
L. Mānlius m. (proper)
Lucius Manlius (proconsul who fled the same theater)卢基乌斯·曼里乌斯（曾从同一战场仓促撤退的副执政）
36
prōcōnsul, -is m. (3rd)3RD DECL
proconsul前执政、副执政
37
impedīmenta, -ōrum n. pl. (2nd)
baggage, heavy equipment辎重、行李
38
āmittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to lose, let go失去
39
profugiō, -ere, -fūgī v. 3rd (-iō)3RD CONJ
to flee, escape逃走
40
mediocris, -e adj. (3rd)3RD ADJ
moderate, ordinary, middling中等的、普通的
41
dīligentia, -ae f. (1st)
diligence, carefulness勤勉、谨慎
42
adhibeō, -ēre, -uī, -itum v. 2nd
to apply, employ, bring to bear施用、运用
43
itaque conj.
and so, therefore因此、所以
44
rēs, reī f. (5th)
thing, matter; (rēs frūmentāria) the grain supply事物；rēs frūmentāria 粮草
45
frūmentārius, -a, -um adj.
of grain, pertaining to grain supply粮草的
46
prōvideō, -ēre, -vīdī, -vīsum v. 2nd
to provide, foresee提供、预见
47
auxilium, -iī n. (2nd)
help, aid; (pl.) auxiliary troops援助；（复）辅助部队
48
equitātus, -ūs m. (4th)
cavalry骑兵
49
comparō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to prepare, assemble, procure准备、调集
50
multus, -a, -um adj.
much; (pl.) many多的
51
praetereā adv.
besides, moreover此外
52
vir, virī m. (2nd)
man, hero男人、英雄
53
fortis, forte adj. (3rd)3RD ADJ
brave, strong勇敢的、强壮的
54
Tolōsa, -ae f. (1st)
Tolosa (modern Toulouse)图卢兹
55
Carcassō, -ōnis f. (3rd)3RD DECL
Carcasso (modern Carcassonne)卡尔卡松
56
Narbō, -ōnis m. (3rd)3RD DECL
Narbo (modern Narbonne; capital of the Province)纳尔博（今纳尔博讷；行省首府）
57
cīvitās, -tātis f. (3rd, i-stem)3RD DECL
city-state, community城邦、社区
58
prōvincia, -ae f. (1st)
province (here = the Roman Province of Gallia Narbonensis)行省（此处指纳尔博高卢罗马行省）
59
fīnitimus, -a, -um adj. (+Dat.)
bordering, neighboring邻接的（+与格）
60
hic, haec, hoc dem. pron./adj.DEM
this这
61
nōminātim adv.
by name, expressly按名指定
62
ēvocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to summon, call out传召
63
Sotiātēs, -um m. pl. (3rd)3RD DECL
the Sotiates (largest Aquitanian people; upper Garonne)索提阿提人（最大的阿基坦族；加龙河上游）
64
fīnēs, fīnium m. pl. (3rd, i-stem)
territory, borders (pl. of fīnis)领土、边界（fīnis 的复数）
65
intrōdūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to lead in, introduce引入、率入
66
adventus, -ūs m. (4th)
arrival, approach抵达
67
cognōscō, -ere, -nōvī, -nitum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to learn, find out知晓
68
magnus, -a, -um adj.
great, large大的
69
cōpiae, -ārum f. pl. (1st)
forces, troops军队、人马
70
cōgō, -ere, coēgī, coāctum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to gather, compel, drive together聚集、强制
71
plūrimum adv. (superl. of multum)
very much, most最多、极大
72
valeō, -ēre, -uī, -itum v. 2nd
to be strong, prevail强大、有力
73
iter, itineris n. (3rd, irreg.)3RD DECL
journey, march, route行程
74
agmen, agminis n. (3rd)3RD DECL
column, line of march纵队、行军队列
75
noster, -tra, -trum poss. adj.
our我们的
76
adorior, -orīrī, -ortus sum v. 4th (dep.)
to attack, assail袭击
77
prīmum adv.
first, for the first time首先
78
equester, -tris, -tre adj. (3rd)3RD ADJ
of cavalry, equestrian骑兵的
79
proelium, -iī n. (2nd)
battle, engagement战斗
80
committō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to commit, join (battle)投入（战斗）
81
deinde adv.
then, next, afterwards其后、接着
82
suus, -a, -um refl. poss. adj.
his/her/their own他/她/他们自己的
83
īnsequor, -sequī, -secūtus sum v. 3rd (dep.)3RD CONJ
to follow up, pursue追击
84
subitō adv.
suddenly突然
85
pedester, -tris, -tre adj. (3rd)3RD ADJ
of infantry, on foot步兵的
86
convallis, convallis f. (3rd, i-stem)3RD DECL
valley, hollow (enclosed on all sides)山谷（四面合围）
87
īnsidiae, -ārum f. pl. (1st)
ambush, ambuscade伏击
88
collocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to place, station安置、布防
89
ostendō, -ere, -tendī, -tentum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to show, display, reveal展示、揭露
90
disiciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum v. 3rd (-iō)3RD CONJ
to scatter, disperse, throw apart击散、击溃
91
renovō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to renew, restart重启、更新
92
pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to fight; (pass. impers.) it is/was fought战斗；（被动非人称）发生了战斗
93
diū adv.
for a long time良久
94
ācriter adv.
fiercely, sharply猛烈地
95
superior, -ius adj. (comp.)
higher, earlier, previous更高的；早先的
96
victōria, -ae f. (1st)
victory胜利
97
frētus, -a, -um adj. (+Abl.)
relying on (+Abl.)依赖（+夺格）
98
virtūs, virtūtis f. (3rd)3RD DECL
courage, valor, virtue勇气、勇武
99
tōtus, -a, -um adj. (UNUS NAUTA)
the whole, all全部的
100
salūs, salūtis f. (3rd)3RD DECL
safety, salvation, welfare安全、救赎
101
pōnō, -ere, posuī, positum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to place, set down; (positam) placed放置；（positam）被放置
102
putō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to think, suppose认为
103
autem conj.
however, moreover然而
104
imperātor, -ōris m. (3rd)3RD DECL
commander-in-chief, general总司令、统帅
105
reliquus, -a, -um adj.
the rest, remaining其余的
106
legiō, legiōnis f. (3rd)3RD DECL
legion军团
107
adulēscentulus, -ī m. (2nd dim.)
very young man (diminutive)年轻人（小称）
108
dux, ducis m. (3rd)3RD DECL
leader, commander首领、指挥官
109
efficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum v. 3rd (-iō)3RD CONJ
to accomplish, bring about完成、达成
110
possum, posse, potuī v. irreg.
to be able能够
111
perspiciō, -ere, -spēxī, -spectum v. 3rd (-iō)3RD CONJ
to see clearly, perceive; (pass.) be seen看清；（被动）被看见
112
cupiō, -ere, -īvī, -ītum v. 3rd (-iō)3RD CONJ
to desire, want渴望
113
tandem adv.
at last, finally终于
114
cōnficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum v. 3rd (-iō)3RD CONJ
to finish; (perf. pass.) be exhausted完成；（完成被动）筋疲力尽
115
vulnus, vulneris n. (3rd)3RD DECL
wound伤口、创伤
116
hostis, hostis m./f. (3rd, i-stem)3RD DECL
enemy敌人
117
tergum, -ī n. (2nd)
back; (terga vertere = to turn one's back, flee)背；terga vertere = 转身逃跑
118
vertō, -ere, vertī, versum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to turn转、转向
119
ille, illa, illud dem. pron./adj.DEM
that, the famous one (deictic, distant)那、那个（远指）
120
iste, ista, istud dem. pron./adj.DEM
that of yours, that near you (often pejorative)你那边的；那（常含贬义）
Hour 9 — Battle Task第九课 — 战斗任务
The instructor will only give the question paper to the players / let the players turn to the online question page right before the 20-minute countdown starts. 教师将在 20 分钟倒计时开始之前才向学生发放试题 / 开放在线试题页面。
Tagging rules in effect this Hour本课生效的标注规则
Task: identify all verbs (finite + infinitives) AND identify the demonstratives (any form of hic / ille / iste / is). No new codebook color this hour; Wheelock Ch. 9 introduces a major pronoun chapter and the new layer lives in the Battle Task's mode toggle.
- Rule #1 — Indicative (red). Carried. Indicatives this hour: obtinet, intellegēbat, sunt, intrōdūxit, valēbant, commīsērunt, ostendērunt, renovārunt, Pugnātum est, vertērunt.
- Rule #2 — Subjunctive. Cum-clause and indirect-question subjunctives: pervēnisset, intellegeret, interfectus esset, profūgisset (s. 1–3) · collocāverant is pluperfect indicative (in a relative clause inside a context, not subjunctive) · putārent, possent, cuperent (ss. 10–11).
- Rule #4 — Infinitive (green). gerendum, adhibendam (gerundives in passive periphrastic) · efficere, perspicī (s. 11).
- Rule #5 — Participle. Many in abl. abs. brackets (rule #8): pulsō, āmissīs, prōvīsā, comparātō, ēvocātīs, cognitō, coāctīs, adortī, disiectōs.
- Rule #7 — Noun-adj phrase (underlined). Carried; not focus this hour.
- Rule #8 — Abl. abs. [brackets]. Six in this passage: [exercitū pulsō], [impedīmentīs āmissīs], [rē frūmentāriā prōvīsā], [auxiliīs equitātūque comparātō], [ēvocātīs], [coāctīs], [adortī], [pulsō]. Full rule arrives in Hour 26.
- Rule #9 — Noun-case ★ — carried, 3rd-decl. only. 3rd-decl. forms in this hour: multitūdine, hominum, partem, dīligentiam, fīnēs, Cūius, proelium (s. 7) , proelium (s. 9), Aquītāniae, salūtem, hostēs. Each starred ★ with case + number.
New this hour: the Battle Task's second toggle isolates demonstratives only — the Wheelock-Ch.9 grammar focus. Targets: iīs (s. 2) · hīs (s. 5) · Hī (s. 9). These three demonstrative forms appear in the passage; the paradigm in the Grammar panel covers the full hic / ille / iste / is set.
任务：识别所有动词（限定式 + 不定式），并识别所有指示代词（hic / ille / iste / is 的任何形式）。本课不增加新的标注颜色，韦洛克第 9 章引入重要的代词章节，新的教学层在战斗任务的模式切换中。
- 规则 #1，直陈式（红色）。沿用。
- 规则 #2，虚拟式。从句与间接疑问中的虚拟式：第 1–3 句中 pervēnisset, intellegeret, interfectus esset, profūgisset；第 10–11 句中 putārent, possent, cuperent。
- 规则 #4，不定式（绿色）。gerendum, adhibendam（动形容词，被动迂言）；efficere, perspicī（第 11 句）。
- 规则 #5，分词。多数嵌于绝对夺格（规则 #8）：pulsō, āmissīs, prōvīsā, comparātō, ēvocātīs, cognitō, coāctīs, adortī, disiectōs。
- 规则 #7，名词-形容词短语（下划线）。沿用；非本课焦点。
- 规则 #8，绝对夺格 [方括号]。本段中有六处。完整规则在第 26 课展开。
- 规则 #9，名词关注格 ★，沿用，仅限三变名词。本段中 ★ 标注：multitūdine, hominum, partem, dīligentiam, fīnēs, Cūius, proelium, Aquītāniae, salūtem, hostēs 等。
本课新增：战斗任务的第二个切换专用于仅识别指示代词：韦洛克第 9 章的语法核心。目标：iīs（第 2 句）、hīs（第 5 句）、Hī（第 9 句）。这三种形式出现在段落中；语法面板的范式覆盖完整 hic / ille / iste / is。
Mission — Identify all verbs (incl. infinitives), and all demonstratives任务，识别所有动词（含不定式）与所有指示代词
Set the mode, then click words. Click again to deselect.先选择下方模式，然后点击单词。再次点击可取消选择。
20:00
1 Eōdem ferē tempore Pūblius Crassus, cum in Aquītāniam pervēnisset, quae pars regiōnum lātitūdine et multitūdine hominum tertiam partem Galliae obtinet,
2 cum intellegeret in iīs locīs sibi bellum gerendum,
3 ubi paucīs ante annīs L. Valerius Praeconīnus lēgātus [exercitū pulsō] interfectus esset atque ex quā fugā L. Mānlius prōcōnsul [impedīmentīs āmissīs] profūgisset,
4 nōn mediocrem sibi dīligentiam adhibendam intellegēbat.
5 Itaque, [rē frūmentāriā prōvīsā], [auxiliīs equitātūque comparātō], multīs praetereā virīs fortibus Tolōsā et Carcassōne et Narbōne, quae sunt cīvitātēs Galliae prōvinciae fīnitimae hīs regiōnibus, nōminātim [ēvocātīs],
6 in Sotiātium fīnēs exercitum intrōdūxit.
7 Cūius adventū cognitō Sotiātēs magnīs cōpiīs [coāctīs] equitātūque, quō plūrimum valēbant, in itinere agmen nostrum [adortī], prīmum equestre proelium commīsērunt,
8 deinde equitātū suō [pulsō] atque īnsequentibus nostrīs subitō pedestrēs cōpiās, quās in convalle in īnsidiīs collocāverant, ostendērunt.
9 Hī nostrōs disiectōs [adortī] proelium renovārunt.
10 Pugnātum est diū atque ācriter, cum Sotiātēs superiōribus victōriīs frētī in suā virtūte tōtīus Aquītāniae salūtem positam putārent,
11 nostrī autem, quid sine imperātōre et sine reliquīs legiōnibus adulēscentulō duce efficere possent perspicī cuperent. Tandem cōnfectī vulneribus hostēs terga vertērunt.
Hour 9 — Result & Debrief第九课 — 战果与汇报
Submit the Battle Task above to see your score here.提交上方的战斗任务即可在此查看分数。
Hour 9 — Screening第九课 — 影片放映
Following the 20-minute countdown, the instructor announces the answer key, then 5-minute Q&A, then the film clip.20 分钟倒计时结束后，教师宣布答案，再进行 5 分钟问答，然后播放影片片段。
Film clip (proposed):推荐影片片段：
The Last Legion (2007) — for a sense of a Roman force operating without its commander-in-chief; the young Aurelius is a Hollywood echo of how Caesar might have wanted Crassus to be remembered. Alternative: HBO's Rome Season 1, Episode 2 ("How Titus Pullo Brought Down the Republic") for the texture of a Roman cavalry-infantry mixed engagement. Drone or aerial footage of the upper Garonne valley (Aquitaine, near modern Sos / Eauze) for the topography that made the Sotiates' valley-ambush possible. Subject to instructor confirmation.
《The Last Legion》（2007）—— 让学生感受一支罗马军队在主帅缺席下作战的氛围；少年奥勒留是好莱坞对凯撒希望克拉苏被铭记成的那种形象的回响。备选：HBO《Rome》第一季第二集"提图斯·普洛如何颠覆共和国"——可见罗马骑步混合作战的肌理。今阿基坦区加龙河上游（今 Sos / Eauze 一带）的无人机航拍，可呈现索提阿提人能完成山谷伏击的地理条件。由教师确认。
Discussion课堂讨论
- Caesar opens with a narrative parenthesis: "Aquitania makes up a third part of Gaul." Why insert this geographic gloss at the moment the story begins? Is it for the Roman reader who has forgotten the opening of Book 1? For Crassus's own due diligence? For the rhetorical scale-setting of what his young commander is about to undertake? 凯撒开篇有一段叙事性插语："阿基坦占高卢的三分之一。"为何在故事将要展开的一刻插入这条地理性说明？是为已经忘了第一卷开头的罗马读者？为克拉苏自己的"风险评估"？还是为这位年轻指挥官即将承担之事在修辞上铺设规模？
- Crassus's first move is extensive preparation (rē frūmentāriā prōvīsā… auxiliīs equitātūque comparātō… virīs fortibus nōminātim ēvocātīs). Compare this with Caesar's own approach to a new theater of war — does Crassus over-prepare? Is there a hint that his caution reflects his youth, or his memory of Praeconinus and Manlius? 克拉苏的第一步是充分准备（rē frūmentāriā prōvīsā… auxiliīs equitātūque comparātō… virīs fortibus nōminātim ēvocātīs）。请比较凯撒本人在新战场的做法，克拉苏是否准备过度？这种谨慎是否暗示了他的年轻，或者他记得普雷科尼努斯与曼里乌斯的下场？
- Sentence 11 contains one of the most psychologically rich sentences in the Aquitanian narrative: "our men, on the other side, were eager to have it seen what they could achieve without the imperator and without the rest of the legions, under a youthful general." This is Caesar voicing his soldiers' competitive ambition to outshine the absent leader. Whose rhetorical purpose does this serve — Caesar's, Crassus's, or the soldiers'? 第 11 句是整段阿基坦叙述中最有心理深度的一句："我方士兵则渴望让人看到，他们在没有主帅、没有其余军团、由一位年轻将军指挥的情况下究竟能做出什么。"这是凯撒在替士兵说出"超越缺席统帅"的好胜心。这句服务于谁的修辞目的，凯撒？克拉苏？还是士兵？
Intermission课间休息
Break before Hour 10 (Massacre of the Usipetes and Tencteri — Wheelock Ch. 10, 3rd Conjugation i-stem; Caesar's controversial decision against the German invaders crossing the Rhine).第十课（乌西佩特斯与滕克特里之屠杀，韦洛克第 10 章，第三变位法 i 词干；凯撒对越过莱茵河的日耳曼入侵者所做的、备受争议的决定）开始前的课间。
🗺 Campaign Map & Cursus Honōrum战役地图与晋升阶梯
How advancement works in this course. Rank is reserved for completion of whole DBG books (8 books → 8 promotions). Dōna mīlitāria — Roman military decorations — are awarded for each individual battle (Hour). The default rank cap is Centuriō / 百夫长, reached after Book 7. To rise to Tribūnus Mīlitum / 统领 or Lēgātus Legiōnis / 军团长, the student must accumulate sufficient dōna through the course.本课晋升机制。军衔（rank）专留给完整通读《高卢战记》之卷（八卷 → 八次晋升）。Dōna mīlitāria，罗马军事勋章，为每场单独战役（课时）所授。百夫长（Centuriō）是默认晋升上限，完成第七卷可达。要晋升至统领（Tribūnus Mīlitum）或军团长（Lēgātus Legiōnis），学生须于课程中累积足够 dōna。
The Cursus Honōrum — 10 ranks, 8 promotions晋升阶梯，十级军衔，八次晋升
- Tīrō 新兵recruit (course start)新兵（课程开始时的起点）
- Mīles 军团兵legionary (after Book 1)军团兵（完成第一卷后）
- Immūnis 免役兵specialist exempt from fatigues (Book 2)免役兵：具专长免劳役（第二卷后）
- Tesserārius 持牌兵watchword-keeper (Book 3)持牌兵：传递口令（第三卷后）
- Optiō 副百夫长centurion's deputy (Book 4)副百夫长：百夫长副手（第四卷后）
- Signifer 掌旗官standard-bearer of a century (Book 5)掌旗官：百人队旗手（第五卷后）
- Aquilifer 鹰旗官eagle-bearer of the legion (Book 6)鹰旗官：军团鹰旗持有者（第六卷后）
- Centuriō 百夫长commander of a century — DEFAULT CAP (Book 7)百夫长：百人队长，默认上限（第七卷后）
- Tribūnus Mīlitum 统领unlocked at Book 8 + ≥20 dōna + ≥1 corōna解锁条件：完成第八卷 + 累积 ≥20 项 dōna + ≥1 顶冠
- Lēgātus Legiōnis 军团长all 28 dōna + Corōna Obsidiōnālis + Corōna Triumphālis集齐 28 项 dōna，含解围冠与凯旋冠
Dōna mīlitāria — one per HourDōna mīlitāria，每课时各授一项
T1 · Major corōnaeT1 · 至尊冠
T2 · Specialty corōnaeT2 · 专项冠
T3 · Officer-grade (hasta, vēxillum)T3 · 军官级（净矛、军旗）
T4 · Lower (torques, armillae, phalerae)T4 · 低级（项圈、臂环、胸牌）
T5 · Memorial (Roman defeats)T5 · 哀悼（罗马败战）
T6 · Scholastic (excurses)T6 · 学术（插段）
| # | Battle / Topic战役／主题 | Dōnum勋章 | Rationale缘由 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Battle of the Arar阿拉河战役 | Torques argenteae ／银项圈 | Opening ambush of the Tigurine quarter — modest field action.开战之伏击，规模适中。 |
| 2 | Battle of Bibracte比布拉克特战役 | Armillae ／银臂环 | First major set-piece engagement.首次大型会战。 |
| 3 | Battle of Vosges沃日山战役 | Phalerae ／胸甲圆牌 | Closing battle of Book 1 — Ariovistus routed.第一卷收束：击溃阿里奥维斯图斯。 |
| END OF Book 1 · Helvetian War — Hours 1–3第一卷 · 赫尔维提战争（1–3）结束 → Mīles / 军团兵→ 晋升 Mīles／军团兵 | |||
| 4 | Battle of the Axona阿克索纳战役 | Torques aureae ／金项圈 | Ford engagement, encumbered enemy slaughtered.浅滩遭遇战，敌于河中受困被歼。 |
| 5 | Battle of the Sabis萨比斯战役 | Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠 | Caesar enters the line personally to save his legion — citizens saved (Maxfield p.68).凯撒亲入战阵救援军团，拯救公民（Maxfield 第 68 页）。 |
| 6 | Siege of the Atuatuci阿杜亚图基围攻 | Corōna Mūrālis ／城墙冠 | First siege of the course — first up the wall.课程首次围城，首先登上城墙。 |
| END OF Book 2 · Belgic Campaign — Hours 4–6第二卷 · 贝尔盖战役（4–6）结束 → Immūnis / 免役兵→ 晋升 Immūnis／免役兵 | |||
| 7 | Battle of Octodurus屋大都鲁斯之战 | Corōna Castrēnsis ／军营冠 | Galba defends camp against ambush — first into the enemy camp at counter-attack.伽尔巴守营抗伏击，反扑时率先入敌营。 |
| 8 | Battle of Quiberon Bay基伯龙湾海战 | Corōna Navālis ／海军冠 | First naval engagement — first to board an enemy ship.首次海战，首先登上敌舰。 |
| 9 | Crassus's Aquitanian Camp.克拉苏的阿基坦战役 | Corōna Aurea ／金冠 | Crassus, a young officer, wins his independent campaign — gold crown for valor.小克拉苏年纪轻轻独立战胜，金冠表勇。 |
| END OF Book 3 · Coast & Aquitania — Hours 7–9第三卷 · 海岸与阿基坦（7–9）结束 → Tesserārius / 持牌兵→ 晋升 Tesserārius／持牌兵 | |||
| 10 | Usipetes & Tencteri乌西佩特斯与滕克特里 | Torques aureae duae ／一对金项圈 | Mass action against two German tribes; controversial.对二日耳曼部族之大规模行动；颇具争议。 |
| 11 | First Rhine Crossing首次跨越莱茵河 | Phalerae aureae ／金胸牌 | Engineering theater — the ten-day pile-bridge.工程剧场：十日内造起木桩桥。 |
| 12 | First Invasion of Britain首次入侵不列颠 | Corōna Aurea ／金冠 | The aquilifer of the Tenth leaps with the eagle — gold crown (Maxfield p.79).第十军团掌旗官携鹰跃入海，金冠（Maxfield 第 79 页）。 |
| END OF Book 4 · Rhine & Britain I — Hours 10–12第四卷 · 莱茵河与首征不列颠（10–12）结束 → Optiō / 副百夫长→ 晋升 Optiō／副百夫长 | |||
| 13 | Ambush at Atuatuca阿杜阿都加伏击 | Armillae fūnebrēs ／哀悼臂环 | Roman defeat — Sabinus & Cotta killed; memorial decoration for survivors.罗马败战，萨宾努斯与科塔阵亡；幸存者得哀悼臂环。 |
| 14 | Second Invasion of Britain第二次入侵不列颠 | Phalerae ／胸甲圆牌 | Larger fleet, river crossing, Cassivellaunus engaged.舰队壮大、渡泰晤士、对阵卡西维劳努斯。 |
| 15 | Ethnography of Britain不列颠民族志 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Tacitean excursus — no battle, scholarly stipend awarded.塔西陀插段，非战斗，授学术津贴。 |
| 16 | Britain II: Climate不列颠之二：气候 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Second Tacitean excursus on geography.塔西陀第二段：地理。 |
| 17 | Siege of Cicero's Camp西塞罗营垒被围 | Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠 | Caesar relieves Cicero's winter camp — citizens saved.凯撒解围西塞罗冬营，拯救公民。 |
| END OF Book 5 · Britain II & Disasters — Hours 13–17第五卷 · 第二次入侵不列颠与挫败（13–17）结束 → Signifer / 掌旗官→ 晋升 Signifer／掌旗官 | |||
| 18 | Eburones Punitive Expedition对埃布隆尼斯人的惩戒 | Torques aureae ／金项圈 | Revenge for Atuatuca — extensive plunder and destruction.为阿杜阿都加复仇，大规模劫掠破坏。 |
| 19 | Second Rhine Crossing第二次跨越莱茵河 | Phalerae aureae ／金胸牌 | Repeat engineering theater — another pile-bridge.再演工程剧场，又造一桥。 |
| 20 | Atuatuca Garrison Attacked阿杜阿都加守备遭袭 | Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠 | Cicero saves the garrison — citizens saved.西塞罗救守备，拯救公民。 |
| 21 | Ethnography of the Galli高卢人民族志 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Gauls' Druids/Knights/plebs — no battle.高卢德鲁伊、骑士、平民，非战斗。 |
| 22 | Ethnography of the Germani日耳曼人民族志 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Inverse-Gauls stereotype — no battle.高卢之反面刻板印象，非战斗。 |
| END OF Book 6 · Vengeance & Ethnography — Hours 18–22第六卷 · 复仇与民族志（18–22）结束 → Aquilifer / 鹰旗官→ 晋升 Aquilifer／鹰旗官 | |||
| 23 | Siege of Avaricum阿瓦里库姆围攻 | Corōna Mūrālis ／城墙冠 | 25-day siege, walls stormed under cover of rain.25 日围城，雨中破城。 |
| 24 | Defeat at Gergovia热尔戈维亚的败战 | Armillae fūnebrēs ／哀悼臂环 | Caesar's only acknowledged defeat — 46 centurions killed.凯撒唯一承认之败战——46 名百夫长阵亡。 |
| 25 | Road to Alesia通往阿莱西亚之路 | Hasta Pūra ／净矛 | Labienus and the German cavalry break Vercingetorix's mobility — officer-grade dōnum.拉比埃努斯与日耳曼骑兵击碎维钦格托里克斯之机动，军官级 dōnum。 |
| 26 | Siege of Alesia阿莱西亚围攻 | Corōna Obsidiōnālis ／解围冠 | Caesar's masterpiece — the double ring relieves nothing; he breaks the relief instead. Highest possible decoration.凯撒之杰作，双重防线击破援军。古罗马最高荣誉。 |
| END OF Book 7 · The Great Revolt — Hours 23–26第七卷 · 大起义（23–26）结束 → Centuriō / 百夫长 (DEFAULT CAP)→ 晋升 Centuriō／百夫长（默认上限） | |||
| 27 | Uxellodunum & Aftermath乌克塞洛杜诺姆与战后 | Vēxillum ／军旗 | Caesar's final field command of the Gallic war — senior officer's banner.凯撒在高卢战争中之最后野战指挥，高级军官之军旗。 |
| 28 | Capstone: Rubicon to Ides总章：自卢比孔至三月之中 | Corōna Triumphālis ／凯旋冠 | Caesar's quadruple triumph (46 BC) — laurel crown of the triumphātor.凯撒四重凯旋（公元前 46 年）——凯旋者所戴桂冠。 |
| END OF Book 8 (Hirtius) & Capstone — Hours 27–28第八卷（希尔提乌斯）与总章（27–28）结束 → gated: Tribūnus Mīlitum / 统领 (≥20 dōna + ≥1 corōna) OR Lēgātus / 军团长 (all 28 dōna + Obsidiōnālis + Triumphālis)→ 解锁条件：Tribūnus Mīlitum／统领（≥20 项 dōna ＋ ≥1 顶冠）；或 Lēgātus／军团长（28 项 dōna 全集，含解围冠与凯旋冠） | |||
Source.来源。 The hierarchy of dōna mīlitāria used here follows Valerie A. Maxfield, The Military Decorations of the Roman Army (London: Batsford, 1981) — the standard modern reference. Maxfield documents that corōnae were stratified by feat (mūrālis for first up the wall, navālis for first to board, obsidiōnālis for raising a siege, etc.), while torques, armillae, and phalerae were the routine awards for soldiers and centurions. Maxfield also notes (p. 251) that Caesar himself used promotion as a substitute for decoration — the system this course follows in reverse: decorations for battles, promotion for completing books.Dōna mīlitāria 的等级体系本课程依据 Valerie A. Maxfield《The Military Decorations of the Roman Army》（London: Batsford, 1981）——该领域之标准现代参考。Maxfield 详述：corōnae 按功勋分级（城墙冠予首登墙者、海军冠予首登敌舰者、解围冠予救援被围之军者，等等）；而 torques、armillae、phalerae 为士兵与百夫长之常规奖励。Maxfield 又指出（第 251 页），凯撒本人即以晋升代替勋章：而本课程恰反其道而行：勋章授与战役，晋升保留给读完一卷。