Lex repetundarum: the tablet drawn from its measurements勒索追偿法：依校本尺寸复原之铜版

Every picture of the Tabula Bembina is a reconstruction — a hypothesis about how wide the tablet was, from which every restored letter follows. This one is drawn from the edition rather than from a photograph: beside every line, Crawford's Roman Statutes counts what stands on each fragment and how many letters lie between. Those counts are the layout. The text is poured into it, and the drawing shows what a photograph cannot: which letters are on metal and which are conjecture.

The tablet at true scale铜版原大复原图 outlines, letters, lacunae残片轮廓、字迹与缺文

Ninety lines at the pitch measured on the Vienna fragment, 9.4 mm, with letters 6 mm high. The outlines of the pieces are traced from Mattingly's figure and scaled to Crawford's measurements; the lost pieces Ab and E are dotted. The letters stand where the edition's counts put them, in Bembina-R, a set of letterforms drawn for this page on the model of the Vienna fragment: light where the metal survives, grey where the piece is lost and the text rests on the sixteenth-century copies, faint where the counts place text beyond the traced metal. Lacunae are left blank at the width the edition counts, 5.0 mm a counted letter: the traced width of a piece divided by the edition's count for that line, taken over 144 piece-lines of this face.九十行，行距取维也纳残片实测之九点四毫米，字高六毫米。残片轮廓摹自马丁利图并按克劳福德所记尺寸校正，佚失之 Ab、E 两片以虚线示之。字迹依校勘本所计字数定位，字形为本站据维也纳残片所绘之 Bembina-R：铜存处字色浅，片佚而文赖十六世纪抄本处字色灰，字数所定位置已出摹得铜片之外者字色淡。缺文处留白，宽度即校勘本所计，每字五点零毫米：以摹得铜片之宽除以校勘本该行所计字数，取此面一百四十四片行之中位数。

Click a line in the row drawing above, or use its go-to-line box, and this view scrolls to the same line. After unlock, every lacuna receives Crawford's supplement in red in the same letterforms; where the supplement is wider than the space the edition counts, it is compressed to fit and the letters remain separate, so the red text is also a reading of how well the count and the restoration agree.点击上方行图中的某一行，或用其跳行框，此图即滚动至同一行。解锁后，每处缺文以同一字形填入克劳福德之补字，作红色；补字宽于校勘本所计之空位者压缩以纳之，字与字仍不相叠，故红字亦可见字数与补文之相合程度。

Words drawn on surviving bronze 1464, on lost pieces 584, beyond the traced metal 267. A signed end near zero means the edition's count for that piece matches the metal; a large negative one means the outline is wider than the counted text, as with E, whose shape is known only from Peiresc. Crawford himself reports 20 to 25 per cent variation in letters per length between lines.字迹落于现存铜片者 1464 词，落于佚片者 584 词，出于摹得铜片之外者 267 词。带号讫点近于零，谓校勘本于该片所计字数与铜片相合；负值大者，谓轮廓宽于所计文字，E 片即如此，其形仅据佩雷斯克所绘。克劳福德自言各行单位长度内字数之差可达百分之二十至二十五。

Count against restoration, lacuna by lacuna: 224 lacunae carry a supplement; the median ratio of counted space to the supplement's natural width is 1.09. The 17 below 0.85 are drawn compressed after unlock; the 50 above 1.3 leave room the edition counted but did not fill. Only the numbers are shown here; the supplements themselves stay behind the password.逐处比较所计字数与补文：224 处缺文有补字；所计空位与补文自然宽度之比，中位数为 1.09。低于零点八五者 17 处，解锁后压缩显示；高于一点三者 50 处，校勘本所计之空位宽于其所补。此处仅列数字，补文本身仍在口令之后。

The other face: the lex agraria另一面：土地法 111 BC, in Bembina-A前一一一年，以 Bembina-A 写出

The back of the same bronze carries the lex agraria of 111 BC (Crawford no. 2, 105 lines), parsed from the edition's counts by the same method: 105 lines · 104 match the edition's counts · 1 approximate · 0 unmatched. The pieces are the same metal, so their placement is not fitted again but taken from the front and mirrored; the counts of this face are then tested against it. Where the edition left a lacuna unmeasured, as it does at the start of most lines here, the lacuna takes its width from the placed metal: the text of a piece begins where the piece begins. Lines are 8 mm apart and the letters 5 mm; the space per counted letter, 4.9 mm, is measured the same way on this face, chord by count over 174 piece-lines, and its widest line then makes the tablet some 2 m wide, wider than the front's own estimate. After unlock, Crawford's supplements for this face too appear in red.同一铜版之背面为前一一一年之土地法（克劳福德第二号，一百零五行），以同法自校勘本所计字数析出：105 lines · 104 match the edition's counts · 1 approximate · 0 unmatched。残片既为同一金属，故不另行拟合，径取正面之位置而镜像之，再以此面所计字数检验。校勘本未量之缺文（此面多数行首皆然）依所置铜片定其宽度：片上之文自片之起处始。行距八毫米，字高五毫米；每字之距四点九毫米，亦以此面一百七十四片行之片宽除以字数而得，其最宽一行遂使铜版宽约两米，逾正面自身之估计。解锁后，此面之克劳福德补字亦以红色显示。

Words drawn on surviving bronze 1692, on lost pieces 670, beyond the traced metal 422. A signed end near zero means the edition's count for that piece matches the metal; a large negative one means the outline is wider than the counted text, as with E, whose shape is known only from Peiresc. Crawford himself reports 20 to 25 per cent variation in letters per length between lines.字迹落于现存铜片者 1692 词，落于佚片者 670 词，出于摹得铜片之外者 422 词。带号讫点近于零，谓校勘本于该片所计字数与铜片相合；负值大者，谓轮廓宽于所计文字，E 片即如此，其形仅据佩雷斯克所绘。克劳福德自言各行单位长度内字数之差可达百分之二十至二十五。

The two hands两种字体 Bembina-R and Bembina-ABembina-R 与 Bembina-A

The tablet carries two statutes cut by two engravers eleven years apart. The letters of the true-scale drawing are Bembina-R, modelled on the repetundarum face of the Vienna fragments; the agraria face has its own hand, Bembina-A, drawn from the backs of the same two pieces: letters a little smaller and the lines closer, the A's bar low, R with a long straight leg, Q with a tail that runs under the next letter, L with a rising foot. Both were set over the museum photographs and adjusted until whole lines matched the bronze within a few per cent; the specimen shows each alphabet at true scale and enlarged.此版承两部法，出自相隔十一年之两位刻工。原大复原图之字迹为 Bembina-R，据维也纳残片追赃法一面所绘；土地法一面另有一手，即 Bembina-A，据同两片之背面所绘：字略小，行略密，A 之横画偏低，R 之斜脚长而直，Q 之尾伸至下一字之下，L 之底画上扬。两者皆叠于博物馆照片之上校正，至整行与铜版相差不过百分之几；样张示两套字母之原大与放大。

How wide was the tablet?铜版原有多宽？ the editors compared诸家比较

The disagreement is the whole subject. Mommsen's tablet is over two metres wide; Mattingly brought fragments A and B thirty-five letter-spaces closer; Crawford's, resting on the join of B to D at lines 53–4, is about 340 letters. Each bar carries the sentence it rests on; hover it.

What is shown in the clear, and what is not何者公开，何者不公开

残片范围与铜上文字是关于古物的事实，向所有人公开。缺文处的补字与英译是克劳福德的工作，尚在版权之内，故加密发送，凭本课图版所用口令方可显示，并逐处署其名。未解锁时，缺文处只显示其所量长度。

The fragment extents and the letters on the bronze are facts about an ancient object, and are shown to everyone. The supplements in the lacunae and the English translation are Crawford's work and are in copyright: they are shipped encrypted and open with the passphrase the course uses for its plates, with his name on every one. Until then a lacuna shows its measured length and nothing else.

Method, and its limits方法及其限度

Source: M. H. Crawford (ed.), Roman Statutes I (BICS Suppl. 64, London 1996), no. 1, text pp. 65–84, translation pp. 85–94 (PDF pages 92–121 of the copy held). The measurement string printed beside each line is reproduced verbatim in the line panel, because it is the evidence. The letter counts of what is inscribed exclude the editor's expansions of abbreviations and his additions in angle brackets, and include letters he deletes in braces, since those stand on the metal. Where the edition gives a joint figure for the end of one line and the start of the next — "B (l. 8) – A = ?144?" — the two gaps are drawn as one lacuna with the split undetermined. The layout is a best fit to the counts; a line records how far it is from them.

magalia · generated by scripts/build_lex_repetundarum.py · the drawing may be reused with attribution; the edition's supplements may not be reproduced without its publisher's permission.